scholarly journals Is Physical Rehabilitation Need Associated With the Rehabilitation Workforce Supply? An Ecological Study Across 35 High-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago S. Jesus ◽  
Michel D. Landry ◽  
Helen Hoenig ◽  
Gilles Dussault ◽  
Gerald C. Koh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
National Income ◽  
Physical Rehabilitation ◽  
High Income ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Significant Independent Predictor ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Rehabilitation Need

Background: To determine whether population-adjusted rates of physical rehabilitation need (ie, disability-related epidemiological data) are associated with the workforce supply (ie, combined rates of practicing physical therapists (PTs) and occupational therapists (OTs) per 10 000 population) across high-income countries (HICs), adjusted for socio-demographic and economic covariates. Methods: This is a cross-national ecological study. Hierarchical, multiple linear regressions analyzed current international data across 35 HICs using: current PTs and OTs supply data obtained from the international professional federations (outcome variable); needs data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 (GBD 2017); and finally relevant socio-demographic variables and supply-side covariates extracted from the World Bank, GBD 2017, the supply data sources, and the Global Health Expenditure Database. Results: The PTs and OTs per capita varied greatly across the 35 HICs, differing by as much as 40-fold. Denmark had the greatest supply per capita. Physical rehabilitation need was not a significant, independent predictor of workforce supply regardless of the multiple regression model used (P >.10). In the final model, after Bonferroni correction, 3 covariates were significant, independent predictors of the supply variable: gross national income (GNI) per capita and the current health expenditure in % of gross domestic product (GDP) were positive factors for workforce supply, while population size was a negative factor (all P <.01). Conclusion: PT and OT workforce supply is highly variable across HICs. This variability is not accounted for by an indicator of population need but rather by financial indicators and population size.

scholarly journals AGE-STANDARDIZED INCIDENCE RATES FOR LEUKEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN 68 COUNTRIES, AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e2015027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Saadat
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
High Income ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Per Capita

Consanguineous marriage which defines as a union between biologically related persons has a variety of known deleterious correlations with factors that affect public health within human populations. To investigate the association between mean of inbreeding coefficient (a) and incidence of leukemia, the present ecological study on 67 countries was carried out. Statistical analysis showed that the age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia positively correlated with log10GNI per capita (r=0.693, df=65, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with log10a (r=-0.599, df=65, P<0.001). After controlling for log10GNI per capita, significant negative correlation between log10a and the age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia was observed (r=-0.386, df=64, P<0.001). The countries were stratified according to their GNI per capita, low and high income countries with GNI per capita less than and more than 10,000$, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that in high income countries, after controlling for log10GNI per capita, correlation between the age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia and log10a was still significant (r=-0.600, df=36, P<0.001). It should be noted that there was no significant association between the age-standardized mortality rate due to leukemia and log10a (P>0.05). The present finding indicating that the age-standardized for incidence rate of leukemia is lower in countries with high prevalence of consanguineous marriages.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH AND CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN 63 COUNTRIES

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOSTAFA SAADAT
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficient ◽  
High Income ◽  
Healthy Life Expectancy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Per Capita

SummaryIn order to investigate the association between mean inbreeding coefficient (α) and healthy life expectancy at birth (HALE; years) the present ecological study on 63 countries was done. Statistical analysis showed that HALE negatively and positively correlated with log10α and log10GNI per capita, respectively (p<0.001). It should be noted that log10α and log10GNI per capita were significantly correlated with each other (p<0.001). After controlling for log10GNI per capita, significant negative correlations between log10α and HALE were observed. The countries were stratified according to their GNI per capita into low- and high-income countries. In countries with high income, after controlling for log10GNI per capita, the correlation between HALE at birth and log10α was significant (for males r=−0.399, df=32, p=0.001; for females r=−0.683, df=32, p<0.001). In high-income Asian and African countries, where consanguineous marriage is common, after controlling for log10GNI per capita, the correlation between HALE at birth and log10α was significant (for males r=−0.819, df=8, p=0.004; for females r=−0.936, df=8, p<0.001). It seems that consanguinity influences HALE independent of country income.

Costs of Imatinib, Costs of Transplants and Gross National Income Per Capita Impact on Transplant Rates for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in European Countries.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2979-2979
Author(s):  
Alois Gratwohl ◽  
Helen Baldomero ◽  
Alvin Schwendener ◽  
Michael Gratwohl ◽  
Karl Frauendorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
National Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Allogeneic Hsct ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are among the most expensive medical procedures. As a consequence, transplants are preferentially done in more wealthy countries. This significant dependency between transplant rates (number of transplants per 10 million inhabitants) and gross national income (GNI) per capita has been well described. We noticed a different pattern in HSCT for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in recent years. We did investigate the evolution of transplant rates for leukemias in Europe in respect to the economy of the participating 38 countries. Using World Bank definitions, countries were grouped according to their GNI per capita into low (A), middle (B), and high income (C) countries and trends of transplant rates for CML and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were computed with regression analyses from 1991 to 2004. Transplant rates increased for AML in significant dependency with GNI per capita from 0.1 (A), 0.3 (B) and 12 (C) in 1991 to 2.8 (A), 22 (B) and 47 (C) in 2004. Transplant rates were distinct by World Bank category and the increase presented in all three groups with a near linear clear predictability as illustrated by the R2 ’s of 93.55, 94.34 or 98.76 (Groups A, B, C). A different pattern was observed for CML. Initially transplant rates did increase from 0.1 (A), 0.7 (B) and 13 (C) in 1991 to 0.28 (A), 15 (B) and 28 (C) in 1999, distinct by World Bank category and with a similar linear prediction pattern as for AML (R2 96.39, 95.75, 95.35 for groups A, B, C). Transplant rates then declined for CML in high income countries (C), they remained at the same level in middle income countries to the extent that comparable transplant rates (15, 15) were observed for middle and high income countries in recent years. We compared costs. Costs for one year treatment with Imatinib (400 mg daily dose) in the different participating European countries ranged between 28 000 and 44 000 Euros with a median of 30 411 Euros (mean 32 417 Euros). Costs for an allogeneic HSCT from an HLA identical sibling ranged from 26 515 Euros to 180 000 Euros with a median of 63 450 Euros (mean 72 173 Euros). Cost comparisons indicate that cost for an allogeneic HSCT correspond to 0·9 to 5·9 (median of 2·0, mean 2·3) years of drug treatment. Data suggest that Imatinib has replaced HSCT preferentially in countries with high income. HSCT remains a cost effective procedure in countries with middle income. Cost considerations appear to impact on the choice between a once in a lifetime procedure or continuous drug treatment. Integration of cost analyses into the decision algorythms will become of increasing importance.

scholarly journals Early childhood caries and its associations with sugar consumption, overweight and exclusive breastfeeding in low, middle and high-income countries: an ecological study

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9413
Author(s):  
Morenike O. Folayan ◽  
Maha El Tantawi ◽  
Francisco Ramos-Gomez ◽  
Wael Sabbah
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Effect Modification ◽  
High Income ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Per Capita

Aim This ecological study examined the associations between the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC), overweight, country’s per capita sugar consumption and duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Methods Per capita consumption of sugar in kilograms, percentage of children exclusively breastfed until 6 months of age, percentage of 0–5-year-old children with overweight status, and percentage of 3–5-year-old children with ECC were compared among low-income countries (LICs), middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). The association between the prevalence of ECC and the study variables, and the effect modification by income region were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Regression coefficients, confidence intervals, partial eta squared and P-values for effect modification were calculated. Results The per capita sugar consumption in LICs was significantly lower than in MICs (P = 0.001) and HICs (P < 0.001). The percentage of infants who exclusively breastfed up to 6 months was significantly lower in HICs than in LICs (P < 0.001) and MICs (P = 0.003). The prevalence of overweight was significantly lower in LICs than in MICs (P < 0.001) and HICs (P = 0.021). The prevalence of ECC was significantly lower in HICs than in MICs (P < 0.001). Income was a significant modifier of the associations between the prevalence of ECC, per capita sugar consumption (P = 0.005), and exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months (P = 0.03). The associations between the prevalence of ECC and per capita sugar consumption at the global level and for MICs were stronger (partial eta squared = 0.05 and 0.13 respectively) than for LICs and HICs (partial eta squared <0.0001 and 0.003 respectively). Only in MICs was there a significant association between the prevalence of ECC and per capita sugar consumption (P = 0.002), and between the prevalence of ECC and the percentage of children exclusively breastfed up to 6 months (P = 0.02). Conclusion Though the quantity of sugar consumption and exclusive breastfeeding may be a significant risk indicator for ECC in MICs, sugar consumption may be more of a risk indicator for ECC in HICs than in LICs, and vice versa for exclusive breastfeeding. Although ECC and overweight are both sugar-related diseases, we found no significant relationship between them.

scholarly journals HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES OF 179 COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT GNI PER CAPITA IN 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-683
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Vezhnovets ◽  
Vitalyi G. Gurianov ◽  
Natalia V. Prus ◽  
Oleksandr V. Korotkyi ◽  
Olena Y. Antonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim: To study the difference in health care expenditures in groups of countries with different GNI per capita. Materials and methods: In 4 groups of countries with different GNI per capita were analyzed indicators of Current health expenditure per capita ($) (СHE), Domestic general government health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (GGHE $) and GGHE%, Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (PHE) and PHE%, Out-of-pocket expenditure (%) (OOP), Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (CHE% GDP). Results: The group of high-income countries differs by CHE, GGHE $, GGHE%, PHE $, PHE%, OOP, CHE% GDP (p <0.001), the group with incomes above the average – by CHE, GGHE $, PHE $, PHE%, CHE%GDP (p <0.001). Groups with lower average income and low income do not differ in CHE, GGHE$, PHE$, PHE%, OOP (p> 0.05). GNI per capita has a positive effect on GDP%GDP, CHE, GGHE, PHE in the high-income group and negatively affects the OOP (p <0.05), GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE in the above-average income group, GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE, GGHE%, PHE and negatively affects OOP (p <0.05) in the income group below average. GNI percapita has a positive effect on the OOP and negatively affects the CHE%GDP (p <0.05) in the low-income group. Conclusions: Each group of countries, depending on per capita income, has its own health care costs.

Empirical analysis of factors influencing the public health expenditure in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Kok Wooi Yap ◽  
Doris Padmini Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Public Health Expenditure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to investigate the determinants of public health expenditure in Malaysia. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach proposed by Pesaran & Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001) is applied to analyse annual time series data during the period from 1970 to 2017. The study focused on four explanatory variables, namely per capita gross domestic product (GDP), healthcare price index, population aged 65 years and above, as well as infant mortality rate. The bounds test results showed that the public health expenditure and its determinants are cointegrated. The empirical results revealed that the elasticity of government health expenditure with respect to national income is less than unity, indicating that public health expenditure in Malaysia is a necessity good and thus the Wagner’s law does not exist to explain the relationship between public health expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia. In the long run, per capita GDP, healthcare price index, population aged more than 65 years, and infant mortality rate are the important variables in explaining the behaviour of public health expenditure in Malaysia. The empirical results also prove that infant mortality rate is significant in influencing public health spending in the short run. It is noted that macroeconomic and health status factors assume an important role in determining the public health expenditure in Malaysia and thus government policies and strategies should be made by taking into account of these aspects.

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals The prevalence and contextual correlates of non-communicable diseases among inter-provincial migrants and non-migrants in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero ◽  
Nicole De Wet-Billings ◽  
Chiemezie Atama ◽  
Prince Agwu ◽  
Eberechukwu J. Eze
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Older Populations

Abstract Background The socioeconomic conditions of different environments manifest in varying experiences of illnesses. Even as migrants do transit across these different environments for various reasons, including settlement, they are bound to have peculiar experiences of diseases, which could be traced to lifestyle, gender, adaptation, and reactions to specific social, economic, psychological and climatic conditions. Paying attention to such unique scenarios, our study examines the prevalence and contextual correlates of non-communicable diseases among inter-provincial migrants and non-migrants in South Africa. Methods Data was from the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), waves 5 of 2017, which comprised of 28,055 respondents aged 15–64 years made up of 22,849 inter-provincial non-migrants and 5206 inter-provincial migrants. A composite dependent/outcome variable of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was generated for the study and data analysis involved descriptive statistics, chi Square analysis and multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results More migrants (19.81%) than non-migrants (16.69%) reported prevalence of NCDs. With the exception of household size for migrants and smoking for non-migrants, the prevalence of NCDs showed significant differences in all the community, behavioral, and individual variables. The factors in the full model, which significantly increased odds of NCDs among the migrants and the non-migrants, were older populations, the non-Blacks, and those with higher education levels. On the one hand, being married, having a household with 4–6 persons, and being residents of urban areas significantly increased odds of NCDs among the migrant population. While on the other, living in coastal provinces, being a female, and belonging to the category of those who earn more than 10,000 Rands were significantly associated with increased odds of NCDs among the non-migrants. Conclusions These findings, therefore, among other things underscore the need for increased education and awareness campaigns, especially among the older populations on the preventive and mitigative strategies for NCDs. In addition, changes in lifestyles with regard to smoking and physical exercises should be more emphasized in specific contextual situations for the migrant and non-migrant populations, as highlighted by the results of this study.

Framework for Colorectal Cancer Health Needs Assessment in North and Central Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 569-575
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pratiti
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
National Income ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Central Asian Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause for cancer worldwide. Prevalence of CRC is increasing in North and Central Asian Countries (NCAC). European guidelines encourage member countries to allocate resources for primary prevention of CRC through screening. Though, cost-effective screening is becoming a priority. A framework for health priority determination to prioritize CRC screening was developed. Public health websites were accessed to abstract epidemiologic data. The framework included prioritization by absolute risk (incidence, prevalence), relative risk (CRC ranking for national cancer deaths) and population attributable risk for the disease. Risk indicators were identified for the NCAC. Further detailed risk assessment scoring was completed to assess the CRC disease burden. Statistical analysis was performed for correlation. Variables included in risk assessment were population, life expectancy, gross national income per capita, percent GDP spent on health expenditure, total expenditure on health per capita, age standardized mortality to incidence ratio, cancer ranking by incidence and smoking prevalence. Risk assessment showed Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Belarus and Armenia have more than expected CRC burden. Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Latvia have lower than expected CRC burden. Conclusion: Identifying high CRC burden countries to prioritize screening is important. Uniform and comparable CRC risk indicators for the region is needed. Health need assessment and priority setting is important for better distribution of resources. Countries with lower risk score may implement preventive policy to reduce CRC risk factors and countries with higher risk could adapt mitigating policy for early diagnosis of CRC.

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