scholarly journals Generating Big Numbers for Testing Multi-Digit Arithmetic Algorithms

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Andrii Tereshchenko ◽  
Valeriy Zadiraka
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Systems ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Arithmetic Operations ◽  
Data Dependencies ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Parameters

Introduction. The emergence of new parallel computational systems, such as multi-core processors, clusters, distributed systems, is due to the solution of various applied problems in various fields. The difference between devices for which parallel algorithms are implemented causes a variety of existing methods for parallelizing the calculation of multi-digit arithmetic operations. There is a problem of developing universal algorithms for implementing multi-digit arithmetic operations that are efficiently performed on various devices and on various systems. Very often it is not possible to develop a new algorithm, since at this stage there is still no test data with which it is possible to analyze the result of calculation. Therefore, the task of preparing test data and results is no less important than the development of the algorithm itself. The quality of the prepared data determines the quality of the implemented algorithm and the time required to find and eliminate errors in the algorithm-program and its implementation. In this paper, some simple dependencies are given, using which you can visually check the correctness of the calculation of multi-digit operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, multiplication by modulo and exponentiation by modulo. Simple algorithms for generating input and output multi-digit data are presented. Using dependencies allows to check the integrity of the output when delegating computations to distributed systems such as cloud computing. The purpose of the article is to show simple dependencies between the input data and the results of performing multi-digit operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, multiplication by modulo and exponentiation by modulo. For the given dependencies, methods for generating input and output multi-digit numbers are shown, which can be used to check the correctness of the calculation of multi-digit operations, which significantly saves the time required for preparing test data. Dependencies are provided in a generic way, which allows you to generate input data and results for devices that operate on words of different lengths (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, etc. bits). Results. The dependences between the input data and the results of performing multi-digit operations are analyzed. The provided dependencies are proved in the form of lemmas. The dependencies are presented in a general form, since to generate multi-digit sequences, it is needed to set two parameters: N – the number of digits in the multi-digit value and n – the length of the digits in bits. The examples show the generation of input data and results for various multi-digit operations. Conclusions. The paper presents dependencies that are easy to remember and use for visual verification of the results of multi-digit calculations without using additional or special software or hardware, which allows to devote the saved time to developing new or more efficient modifications of multi-digit algorithms. Keywords: multi-digit arithmetic, parallel computational model.

scholarly journals Pembuatan dan Pengujian Mesin Pemotong Lidi Tusuk Sate

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Gusri Akhyar Ibrahim ◽  
Arinal Hamni ◽  
Wahyu Budiono
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Machine ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
At Home

MAKING AND TESTING OF SKEWERS CUTTING MACHINES. In Indonesia there are more than 100 types of bamboo that can be used by craftsmen, one of which is skewers. Skewers are promising commodities for business opportunities. The process of producing skewers are started from cutting down the bamboo, cutting bamboo, splitting bamboo, shriveling bamboo to become a stick skewer after that is done cutting the skewer sticks, drying sticks, polishing the sticks skewers and chopping sticks. The process of cutting a stick skewer which is done at this time is still using a simple tool, so the results are bad and the cutting time is very long. To maintain the quality of the results of a good stick skewer sticks and to increase the productivity of the stick skewers, the process of producing and testing of a skewer stick cutting machine is done. The method to produce a skewer stick cutting machine is done by designing the tool, determining the material to be used then making it. This skewer stick cutting machine is made with a press system and vertical cutting directions. From the results of testing the skewer stick cutting machine obtained that the quality of skewer cutting is good and the time required to cut is only 10 seconds. the difference is about 50 seconds faster than the hand saws used, so as to increase the productivity of the skewer sticks. The cutting machine was impelemented at home industry at Sidomulyo of South Lampung. Using the machine has increased productity and also quality of skewers.

ALGORITHM FOR EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Kopyltsov ◽  
◽  
A. A. Kopyltsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Memory Efficiency ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Convolution Algorithm ◽  
Information Input ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Discrete Values

An algorithm for evaluating the quality of software products is proposed, which includes two levels. At the first level, indicators are considered: operational efficiency, memory efficiency, error tolerance, unified communication procedures, data uniformity, traceability, consistency, information input and output speed, robustness, accuracy, access control, redistribution, availability, simplicity, information input and output volume, community, independence from other software, the availability of measuring tools, modularity, machine independence, brevity, access control, communication, informational content, completeness, the possibility of training. Applying the convolution algorithm to indicators of the first level, we can obtain indicators of the second level: efficiency, integrity, ease of use, practicality, evaluation, reliability, mobility, correctness, flexibility, the ability to use in other conditions, the possibility of interaction, security. Applying the convolution algorithm to the indicators of the second level, we can evaluate the quality of software. The convolution algorithm is the sum of indicators with weighting factors. The difference from other algorithms is that the coefficients are not calculated. Coefficients are subject to conditions. Firstly, the discreteness condition, i.e. coefficients can take only discrete values with a predetermined step. Secondly, the normalization condition, i.e. the sum of all the coefficients is equal to one. Thirdly, the priority condition, i.e. all coefficients are arranged in increasing order. Using this algorithm, we obtain several convolution values. The final result of the convolution will be their arithmetic mean. Using this algorithm, you can evaluate the quality of both software products and other products and services. In particular, this algorithm can be applied to assess the quality of educational services, medical services, etc.

On the limited aperture migration in two dimensions

Geophysics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 984-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Tangent Point ◽  
Prestack Migration ◽  
Taper Function ◽  
Exploration Seismology ◽  
The Difference

Migration of incomplete data aperture is an important problem in exploration seismology because both the location and the size of the migration aperture affect the quality of migration. In 2-D cases, a stationary phase (high‐frequency) analysis concludes that a finitely large migration aperture results in a migrated image with three components. One comes from the tangent point between the traveltime curves of reflected and point‐diffracted rays and gives migration signal. The others are from the two endpoints of the migration aperture and result in migration noise. To guarantee the true‐amplitude reconstruction as well as to remove the migration noise, the migration aperture should be positioned so its central part contains the tangent point mentioned above, and the true‐amplitude weight function should be modified so it tapers the input data near the boundary of the migration aperture. Also, the central part of the migration aperture should be not smaller than the interval confined by the points where the difference between the traveltimes of reflected and point‐diffracted rays equals the half‐duration of the recorded seismic pulse. If the central part of the migration aperture is equal to the interval described here, the whole migration aperture should be confined by the points where the difference between the traveltimes of reflected and point‐diffracted rays equals the duration of the recorded seismic pulse. A migration aperture larger than this size does not improve the migration quality. Furthermore, for the migration apertures suggested here, the form of the taper function is not essential for migration. These results apply to both time and depth (poststack and prestack) migration.

scholarly journals Understanding Dilated Mathematical Relationship between Image Features and the Convolutional Neural Network’s Learnt Parameters

Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Eyad Alsaghir ◽  
Xiyu Shi ◽  
Varuna De Silva ◽  
Ahmet Kondoz
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Parameter Tuning ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Model Learning ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Feature Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Model Training ◽  
Time Required

Deep learning, in general, was built on input data transformation and presentation, model training with parameter tuning, and recognition of new observations using the trained model. However, this came with a high computation cost due to the extensive input database and the length of time required in training. Despite the model learning its parameters from the transformed input data, no direct research has been conducted to investigate the mathematical relationship between the transformed information (i.e., features, excitation) and the model’s learnt parameters (i.e., weights). This research aims to explore a mathematical relationship between the input excitations and the weights of a trained convolutional neural network. The objective is to investigate three aspects of this assumed feature-weight relationship: (1) the mathematical relationship between the training input images’ features and the model’s learnt parameters, (2) the mathematical relationship between the images’ features of a separate test dataset and a trained model’s learnt parameters, and (3) the mathematical relationship between the difference of training and testing images’ features and the model’s learnt parameters with a separate test dataset. The paper empirically demonstrated the existence of this mathematical relationship between the test image features and the model’s learnt weights by the ANOVA analysis.

Letter to the Editor: The Continuing Challenge of Evaluating RSD Impairment and Disability

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Robert L. Knobler ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Leon H. Ensalada ◽  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Major Cardiac Event ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Impairment Score ◽  
Occupational Activities ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The author of the two-part article about evaluating reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) responds to criticisms that a percentage impairment score may not adequately reflect the disability of an individual with RSD. The author highlights the importance of recognizing the difference between impairment and disability in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides): impairment is the loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function; disability is a decrease in or the loss or absence of the capacity to meet personal, social, or occupational demands or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements because of an impairment. The disparity between impairment and disability can be encountered in diverse clinical scenarios. For example, a person's ability to resume occupational activities following a major cardiac event depends on medical, social, and psychological factors, but nonmedical factors appear to present the greatest impediment and many persons do not resume work despite significant improvements in functional capacity. A key requirement according to the AMA Guides is objective documentation, and the author agrees that when physicians consider the disability evaluation of people, more issues than those relating to the percentage loss of function should be considered. More study of the relationships among impairment, disability, and quality of life in patients with RSD are required.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

THE INFLUENCE OF TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF LONG-FLAX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dumych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flax Seeds

The purpose of research: to improve the technology of growing flax in the Western region of Ukraine on the basis of the introduction of systems for minimizing tillage, which will increase the yield of trusts and seeds. Research methods: field, laboratory, visual and comparative calculation method. Research results: Field experiments included the study of three tillage systems (traditional, canning and mulching) and determining their impact on growth and development and yields of trusts and flax seeds. The traditional tillage system included the following operations: plowing with a reversible plow to a depth of 27 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage. The conservation system is based on deep shelfless loosening of the soil and provided for chiseling to a depth of 40 cm, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing, pre-sowing tillage. During the implementation of the mulching system, disking to a depth of 15 cm, cultivation with simultaneous harrowing and pre-sowing tillage with a combined unit was carried out. Tillage implements and machines were used to perform tillage operations: disc harrow BDVP-3,6, reversible plow PON-5/4, chisel PCh-3, cultivator KPSP-4, pre-sowing tillage unit LK-4. The SZ-3,6 ASTPA grain seeder was used for sowing long flax of the Kamenyar variety. Simultaneously with the sowing of flax seeds, local application of mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska 2 c/ha) was carried out. The application of conservation tillage allows to obtain the yield of flax trust at the level of 3,5 t/ha, which is 0,4 t/ha (12.9 %) more than from the area of traditional tillage and 0,7 t/ha (25 %) in comparison with mulching. In the area with canning treatment, the seed yield was the highest and amounted to 0,64 t/ha. The difference between this option and traditional and mulching tillage reaches 0,06 t/ha (10,3 %) and 0.10 t/ha (18.5 %), respectively. Conclusions. Preservation tillage, which is based on shelf-free tillage to a depth of 40 cm and disking to a depth of 15 cm has a positive effect on plant growth and development, yield and quality of flax.

Pengaruh ovaprim, aromatase inhibitor, dan hipofisa terhadap kualitas telur ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias gariepinus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin A. Aziz ◽  
Ockstan Kalesaran
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Fish Larvae ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hatching Eggs

This study aimed to determine the effect of ovaprim hormone, aromatase inhibitor and pituitary on the quality of the catfish eggs (Clarias gariepinus). Experimental Design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments, each with three replications. Treatment A: ovaprim; treatment B: Aromatase inhibitors, treatment C: hypophysis and treatment D: Control. The results showed that the difference in treatment gave highly significant effect on fertilization and hatching eggs but no significant effect on the survival rate of larvae. Aromatase inhibitor hormone was the best because it provided highly significant effect on fertilization (92.66%), hatchability of eggs (95%), and surviva rate (81.33%) of fish larvae.   Keywords : Clarias gariepinus. Ovaprim, Aromatase Inhibitor, Hypophysis, egg, larvae

Heat Transfer Enhancement in Separation Process of Ethanol from Ethanol Water Mixture by Using Surfactants

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acharya Anil Ramchandra ◽  
R. Kadam ◽  
A. T. Pise
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Transfer Enhancement ◽  
Surface Tension Reduction ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Time Required

Here the investigations are done while distillation of ethanol-water mixture for separating ethanol from fermentation process. Focus is to study reduction in time required and hence saving in energy for the distillation process of ethanol-water mixture under the influence of surface-active agents (Surfactants). This novelty is from observation of these surfactants to enhance heat transfer rate because of surface tension reduction in aqueous solutions. SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate), NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride) and SLBS (Sodium lauryl benzene sulphonate) surfactants in different concentration are experimented. The concentration of these surfactant is varied from 1700 ppm to 2800 ppm. This range is decided by observing critical micelle concentration of used surfactants. Results showed that time is reduced and hence energy consumption is also reduced. Results shown by NH4Cl are found to be more useful as it is ecofriendly surfactant which is not affecting ethanol-water mixture. Use of ammonium chloride as surfactant in distillation is actually useful to reduce energy without hampering the quality of process is the novelty of this work.

Multivariate micropollutants analysis in marine waters

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
V. Librando ◽  
G. Magazzù ◽  
A. Puglisi
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Data Analysis ◽  
Partial Least Squares Regression ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Suspended Material ◽  
The Difference

The monitoring of water quality today provides a great quantity of data consisting of the values of the parameters measured as a function of time. In the marine environment, and especially in the suspended material, increasing importance is being given to the presence of organic micropollutants, particularly since some are known to be carcinogenic. As the number of measured parameters increases examining the data and their consequent interpretation becomes more difficult. To overcome such difficulties, numerous chemometric techniques have been introduced in environmental chemistry, such as Multivariate Data Analysis (MVDA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). The use of the first technique in this work has been applied to the interpretation of the quality of Augusta bay, by measuring the concentration of numerous organic micropollutants, together with the classical water pollution parameters, in different sites and at different times. The MVDA has highlighted the difference between various sampling sites whose data were initially thought to be similar. Furthermore, it has allowed a choice of more significant parameters for future monitoring and more suitable sampling site locations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document