scholarly journals Impact of foreign remittances on school enrolment and educational expenditures in district Peshawar, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205
Author(s):  
Sajid Gul ◽  
Ali Zeb ◽  
Obaid Ullah ◽  
Guo Mingyan
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Educational Expenditures ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita

This study aims to identify the effects of foreign remittances on school enrolment and the educational expenditures of children in the Peshawar district. Primary data were acquired by simple random sampling and a questionnaire. Correspondingly, the logit approach and Heckman selection theory were utilized to examine school enrolment and educational expenses. The marginal effects were evaluated to determine the co-efficient. The study's findings indicate that Per Capita Remittances (PCRM) have a highly substantial and beneficial effect on children's school attendance, with a (10.8%) point increase in school enrolment for every 100 rupees rises in Per Capita Remittances (PCRM). Suppose a household's Per Capita Income (PCIM) improves by one hundred rupees, the probability of children enrolling in school increases by (0.17). The results indicate that PCRM and educational costs per kid are significantly and positively correlated. Educational spending per child increases by 12.01 rupees for every 100 rupees rise in family remittances per capita, whereas every 100 rupees increase in per capita income increases educational expenditure per kid by (8.38 PKR). Which leads to an 8.38 % marginal propensity to spend on child education.

scholarly journals MIGRANTS’ REMITTANCES AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION NEXUS: EVIDENCE FROM AN OIL-DEPENDENT ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-125
Author(s):  
Sunday Osahon Igbinedion ◽  
Clement Atewe Ighodaro
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Secondary School Enrolment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Capita Income Growth

This study examined migrants’ remittances, public expenditure on education and their implications for educational development in Nigeria, using Secondary School enrolment rates (SSER) as a proxy for the latter for the period 1981 to 2017. The study utilised Cointegration and error correction modelling approach in order to minimise the likelihood of producing explosive regression estimates. The empirical findings of the study indicate that Migrants’ remittances received, Public expenditures on Education and Per Capita Income growth rate exert statistically significant positive impacts on educational development in the country, while the association turned negative in the case of population growth rate. The fundamental role played by both migrant’s remittances received and Public expenditures on Education in stimulating educational development was evidently established in the study. The study therefore recommends, among others, the adoption of strategic measures that will help boost the rate of school enrolment in the country by encouraging migrants’ remittances through continuous engagement of Nigerians in the Diaspora in the country’s political and socio-economic affairs, progressive increment in budgetary allocations to the nation’s education sector, as well as enhancing the per capita income of the country through investments in key sectors of the nation’s economy.

scholarly journals Community Culture Improvisation Regarding Waste Management Systems and Per Capita Income Increase

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Arman Prasetya ◽  
Anwar Sanusi ◽  
Grahi Chandrarin ◽  
Elfiatur Roikhah ◽  
Irfan Mujahidin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Medium Enterprises

The contributions of micro, small, and medium enterprises concerning the formation of small and medium enterprise gross regional domestic product are instrumental to achieve a country’s sustainability development goals. Malang is the second-largest city in East Java and the biggest contributor to Indonesia’s provincial gross regional domestic product, with 65% of its food and beverage sector producing an ever-increasing amount of waste. Indeed, its enhancement is not balanced by appropriate waste management, owing to the inhibiting factors stated in the form of variables, to increase the competitiveness of a community and improve its culture with respect to waste management, leading to an increase in the per capita income. This paper adopts a quantitative and descriptive approach to describe the phenomena and conditions pertaining to the research objective, accompanied by quantitative data processing. The primary data collected via surveys is processed, including data on the availability of waste treatment regulations and facilities, along with infrastructure and statistical analyses (as output from the survey results) to provide solutions for increasing the productivity of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Malang.

scholarly journals Um Estudo Comparado: Indicadores de Sustentabilidade, Análise do Perfil Socioeconômico de Dourados MS 2012-2013

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (41) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Daniel Massen Frainer ◽  
Marcos Roberto Costa ◽  
Wesley Osvaldo Pradella Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Data Collection Technique

ResumoO processo de sustentabilidade é visto neste artigo por meio dos indicadores socioeconômicos realizados no munícipio de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus os indicadores do ano de 2013. O perfil socioeconômico realizado no munícipio de Dourados MS visou a elaboração deste artigo, com o intuito de levantar a principal correlação do processo evolutivo de sustentabilidade (saneamento básico, renda per capita e IDH) ocorrida entre 2012 e 2013. O objetivo geral deste artigo é de comparar os indicadores de sustentabilidade no município de Dourados MS, nos anos de 2012 versus 2013. Como objetivo específico haviam sido analisados os indicadores de saneamento básico, no município de Dourados MS, mais precisamente a extensão de esgoto implantado e renda per capita evolutiva no município. Este artigo se utilizou de uma metodologia comparativa e descritiva, através de métodos exploratórios. As técnicas de coleta de dados envolveram o uso de dados primários, com a análise dos indicadores construídos nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Em suas considerações finais se obteve um resultado evolutivo aos índices comparativos de renda per capita versus tratamento de água e esgoto e o processo reflexivo nos ganhos de qualidade de vida, com relação ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH). Palavras-chave: Econômico. Indicadores. Renda. Saneamento. AbstractThe sustainability process is seen in this article through the socioeconomic indicators carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, in the years of 2012 versus the 2013 year indicators. The socio-economic profile carried out in the Municipality of Dourados MS, aimed at the elaboration of this article in order to raise the main correlation of the sustainability evolutive process (basic sanitation, per capita income and HDI) that occurred between 2012 and 2013. The general objective of this article is to compare sustainability indicators in the municipality of Dourados MS in the years of 2012 versus 2013. In its specific objective, the indicators of basic sanitation in the municipality of Dourados MS were analyzed, more precisely, extension of implanted sewage and per capita evolutionary income in the municipality. This article used a comparative and descriptive methodology, through exploratory methods. Their data collection technique prevailed through primary data, with the analysis of indicators constructed in the years of 2012 and 2013. In their final considerations, an evolutionary result was obtained for the comparative indices of per capita income versus water and sewage treatment and the reflective process in the quality of life gains, in relation to the Human Development Index (HDI). Keywords: Economic. Indicators. Income. Sanitation.

scholarly journals Eliminating Dependence on Foreign Aid— Some Policy Implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Kemal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
National Income ◽  
Capital Inflow ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

The domestic resources of the developing countries are usually too limited even to permit a steady maintenance of their per capita income. In their attempt to improve the level of their per capita income, such countries resort to the strategy of increasing their growth rate by relying on foreign resources. In an economy, where population is growing at the rate of 3 percent per annum, and saving capacity is less than 10 percent of the G.N.P., the chances of increasing the per capita income are very low. Capital inflow allows an economy to grow at a higher rate. It is expected that an increasing proportion of increased income will be saved so that the economy would be self-reliant after some years. How¬ever, most of the aid to the developing countries is in the form of loans, often on very unfavourable terms, with the result that the debt servicing problem becomes quite serious. The huge burden of debt servicing makes it rather difficult for the developing countries to attain self-reliance. Since a continuous aid inflow means a surrender of national sovereignty to some extent, almost all the developing countries want to eliminate their dependence on aid as soon as possible. To achieve this objective, many developing countries set a time period after which the capital inflow would hopefully be zero. If a time limit is to be set, then we must know the policies that a government will have to follow in order to eliminate aid flows. In particular, we need to know the maximum allowance for consumption out of the increase in national income. Similarly, if there is a limit to the marginal propensity to save, we must determine the period over which a country can realistically hope to do away with the aid.

Levels, Pattern and Distribution of Income of Farmers in Rural Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The present study examined the levels, pattern and distribution of income of farmers in rural Punjab. For this purpose, the primary data was collected from 510 farm households randomly from the selected villages from all the development blocks of the high, medium and low productivity regions during the period of 2015-16. The results of the study revealed that average household and per capita income increased with an increase in the farm size. The average household income of the large farm-size category was 9.94 and 6.31 times of the marginal and small farm-size categories, respectively. Farm business income was the largest source of income for all the farm-size categories followed by milk and milk products. The marginal and small farm-size categories have to work as labourers in agricultural and non-agricultural sector due to inadequate income from small landholdings, whereas the semi-medium, medium and large farm-size categories supplemented their income by hiring out agricultural machinery. The marginal and small farm-size categories earned 6.05 and 4.28 times less per capita income than the large farm-size category. The study showed the highly skewed distribution of per household and per capita income among farmers in the rural areas of Punjab.

Research on the Relationship between Income and Consumption of Residents Based on the Regression Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 4331-4334
Author(s):  
Zai Tang Wang ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Marginal Propensity To Consume ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. The text area for your manuscript In this paper, through regression model analysis relationship between income and consumption of the residents, found that the rural per capita income, urban per capita income has significant effects on the rural consumption and urban per capita consumption. After comparison with regression coefficients found that spontaneous consumption of rural household per capita is less than the urban, but the marginal propensity to consume of rural is higher than urban.

scholarly journals The Role of ICT and Human Capital Development in Pursuing a Demographic Dividend and Improving Economic Welfare in Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Nurarifin ◽  
Sedwivia Ridena
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Economic Welfare ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Per Capita

This article aims to provide evidence that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and human development play an important role in pursuing a demographic dividend and accelerating economic welfare in Indonesia by exploiting provincial data from 2012 to 2017. The empirical evidence implemented in this research is Two-Stage Least Squares and dynamic system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) techniques. The results show that a 1%-point rise in ICT development growth potentially leads to an approximately 0.24%-point increase in economic welfare growth, whereas an in life expectancy may decrease GDP per capita. The analysis also finds that a 1%-point increase in the ratio of the participation rate will promote a nearly 0.16%-point rise in per capita output. Meanwhile, a 1%-point increase in the share of the working-age population will generate roughly 0.19%-point rise in per capita income. A recent paper suggests that policymakers have to promote more supportive ICT and human development policies to pursue a demographic dividend since even though they have a positive impact on per capita income, the magnitude remains relatively low.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

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