Diversité, structure des arbres et description du boisement dans les concessions de l’espace urbain de Parakou au centre du Bénin

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 15842-15852
Author(s):  
Prucelle Elisée ZOHOUN ◽  
Mama DJAOUGA ◽  
Soufouyane ZAKARI ◽  
David M. BALOUBI ◽  
Ibouraïma YABI
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Tree Structure ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Milieu Urbain ◽  
Local Species ◽  
The City

Objectif : L’urbanisation dans les Pays en voie de développement se traduit par une croissance démographique galopante avec pour corollaire la dégradation de la végétation dans les espaces urbains et péri-urbains. Le présent article s’intéresse particulièrement à l’analyse de la diversité spécifique, de la structure des arbres et du boisement dans les concessions de la ville de Parakou. Méthodologie et résultats : Sur la base d’un échantillonnage raisonné, un inventaire floristique suivi d’une observation sur le nombre d’arbre par concession a été fait dans 140 placettes. Les résultats montrent que 30,32 % des concessions sont dépourvues d’arbre, 21,64 % comptent 1 arbre et 48,04 % comptent 2 arbres et plus. La richesse spécifique est de 94 espèces dont 77 espèces exotiques et 17 espèces locales réparties dans 37 familles. Le peuplement est dominé par l’espèce Mangifera indica. La densité moyenne est de 18 pieds/ha. La distribution selon les classes de diamètre montre une abondance des individus dans la classe de 10 à 30 cm. Conclusion et application des résultats : Il ressort de ces résultats que les concessions de la ville de Parakou sont peu boisées et pauvres en espèces locales et à grand diamètre. Ces résultats suscitent des recherches sur l’importance et les contraintes liées à la plantation des arbres dans le milieu urbain. Par ailleurs cela montre aux gestionnaires de la ville de Parakou, l’urgence de la vulgarisation et l’application des lois qui encadrent la plantation, la conservation et la protection des arbres dans les concessions et les domaines privés de Parakou et au Bénin. Mots clés : Villes de Parakou (Bénin), concessions, arbres, diversité, dendrométrie Zohoun et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Diversité, structure des arbres et description du boisement dans les concessions de l’espace urbain de Parakou au centre du Bénin 15843 ABSTRACT Diversity, tree structure and description of afforestation in the grants of the urban area of Parakou in central Benin Objective: Urbanization in developing countries results in galloping demographic growth with as a corollary, the degradation of vegetation in urban and peri-urban areas. This article focuses on the analysis of the specific diversity, tree structure and afforestation in the grants of the city of Parakou. Methodology and results: By sampling method, a floristic inventory followed by an observation of the number of trees per grant was made in 140 plots. The results show that 30.32% of the grants have no trees, 21.64% have 1 tree and 48.04% have 2 or more trees. The specific wealth is 94 species, of which 77 species are exotic and 17 local species, distributed among 37 families. The population is dominated by the Mangifera indica species. The average density is 18 plants/ha. The distribution according to diameter classes shows an abundance of individuals in the class of 10 to 30 cm. Conclusion and application of results: It appears from these results that the grants in the town of Parakou are sparsely forested and poor in local and large-diameter species. These results prompt research on the importance of and constraints to tree planting in the urban area. Moreover, it shows the managers of the city of Parakou the urgency of the extension and application of laws that govern the planting, conservation and protection of trees in the grants and the private domains of Parakou and in Benin. Key words: City of Parakou (Benin), grants, trees, diversity, dendrometry

scholarly journals Sustainable Site System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorden J. S. Lefler
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Rating Systems ◽  
Island Effect ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Site Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This thesis discusses a method of analysing the input of interventions in a building's site design, all of which affect the heat island effect, bio-diversity and hydrology of urban areas. Existing standards from Toronto, Vancouver and Berlin have been researched and analysed. This paper presents an evolution of a method called biotope area factor used in Berlin, Germany. A synthesis of the approach of all three systems was considered and distilled into the key points which were then incorporated into the proposed method. In addition to the impact of an individual building, it also includes the impact from the adjacent street area. The final components of this thesis are the application of the method developed to an urban area in the city of Toronto and results showing the impacts on architectural design from site rating systems.

scholarly journals An automated classification system for urban areas matching the ‘city country fingers’ pattern: the cases of Kamakura (Japan) and Acireale (Italy) cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Spina ◽  
Emiliano Tramontana
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
City Development ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The City

Abstract The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas is one of the main factors that reduce the liveability of cities. In recent years, to contrast urban sprawl, several nations have promoted policies aimed at developing urban green spaces. The importance of green oases within cities had already been highlighted, in 1977, by the architect Christopher Alexander who had developed a series of patterns including ‘City Country Fingers’ claiming that city development should consider the prolongation of country land in to the urban area. In several cities, especially in Japan, it is possible to recognize the imprint of urban development based on country fingers. This term refers to extensive urban intersections of agricultural land or wooded hills which, from the peripheral areas, penetrate the city. Inside them, there are urban windows, called city fingers, whose development direction is opposite to those of the country fingers. To recognize and analyze, in an automated way, these particular structures, a Python-based application was created. Starting from the original high-resolution image of Google Earth, a complete analysis was performed, labeling and delimiting urban and vegetational areas and extrapolating the main geometric parameters of the country and city fingers. The finalization of the results obtained was carried out through a classification model whose criteria were based on Alexander’s pattern. Thanks to this classification scheme, the distinction between Active Green Areas (country fingers) and Passive Green Areas (gardens and public parks) have been revealed for the analyzed cities. The tests performed showed almost ideal conditions for the city of Kamakura and a limited match for the urban area of Acireale. The proposed method is suitable for fields of application that require a qualitative and quantitative determination of the vegetation cover present within the city, an essential condition for correct territorial planning.

Simulation of the Cooking Organic Aerosol Concentration Variability in an Urban Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Siouti ◽  
Ksakousti Skyllakou ◽  
Ioannis Kioutsioukis ◽  
Giancarlo Ciarelli ◽  
Spyros N. Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Cooking Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Lunch Time

<p>Cooking operations can be an important fine PM source for urban areas. Cooking emissions are a source of pollution that has been often ignored and are not included or are seriously underestimated in urban emission inventories. However, several field studies in cities all over Europe suggest that cooking organic aerosol (COA) can be an important component of the total organic PM. In this study we propose and evaluate a methodology for the simulation of the COA concentration and its variability in space and time in an urban area. The city of Patras, the third biggest in Greece is used for this first application for a typical late summer period. The spatial distribution of COA emissions is based on the exact location of restaurants and grills, while the emissions on the meat consumption in Greece. We estimated COA emissions of 150 kg d<sup>-1</sup> that corresponds to 0.6 g d<sup>-1</sup> per person. The temporal distribution of COA was based on the known cooking times and the results of the past field studies in the area. Half of the daily COA is emitted during dinner time (21:00-0:00 LT), while approximately 25% during lunch time (13:00-16:00 LT). The COA is simulated using the Volatility Basis Set with a volatility distribution measured in the laboratory and is treated as semivolatile and reactive. The maximum average COA concentration during the simulation period is predicted to be 1.3 μg m<sup>-3</sup> in a mainly pedestrian area with a high density of restaurants. Peak hourly COA concentrations in this area exceed 10 μg m<sup>-3</sup> during several nights. The local production of secondary COA is predicted to be slow and it represents just a few percent of the total COA.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals A Needs-Driven, Multi-Objective Approach to Allocate Urban Ecosystem Services from 10,000 Trees

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Almeter ◽  
Arik Tashie ◽  
Andrew Procter ◽  
Tara McAlexander ◽  
Douglas Browning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Urban Ecosystem ◽  
Multiple Objectives ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Stormwater Reduction ◽  
The City ◽  
The U.S

Urban areas face challenges including vehicular emissions, stormwater runoff, and sedentary lifestyles. Communities recognize the value of trees in mitigating these challenges by absorbing pollution and enhancing walkability. However, siting trees to optimize multiple benefits requires a systems approach that may cross sectors of management and expertise. We present a spatially-explicit method to optimize tree planting in Durham, NC, a rapidly growing urban area with an aging tree stock. Using GIS data and a ranking approach, we explored where Durham could augment its current stock of willow oaks through its plans to install 10,000 mid-sized deciduous trees. Data included high-resolution landcover metrics developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), demographics from the U.S. Census, an attributed roads dataset licensed to the EPA, and sidewalk information from the City of Durham. Census block groups (CBGs) were ranked for tree planting according to single and multiple objectives including stormwater reduction, emissions buffering, walkability, and protection of vulnerable populations. Prioritizing tree planting based on single objectives led to four sets of locations with limited geographic overlap. Prioritizing tree planting based on multiple objectives tended to favor historically disadvantaged CBGs. The four-objective strategy met the largest proportion of estimated regional need. Based on this analysis, the City of Durham has implemented a seven-year plan to plant 10,000 trees in priority neighborhoods. This analysis also found that any strategy which included the protection of vulnerable populations generated more benefits than others.

scholarly journals Home range areas of koalas in an urban area of north-east New South Wales

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Barbara Dobner
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Minimum Convex Polygon ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
North East ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Primary Habitat

Conserving wildlife within urban areas requires knowledge of habitat requirements and population processes, and the management of threatening factors. The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is one species that is adversely affected by urban development. Sick and injured koalas in the Lismore urban area are regularly taken into care. We radio-tracked koalas released from care in order to estimate home-range areas and to determine their fate. Koalas were tracked for periods of 90–742 days; 7 of 10 survived for a period of at least one year. Home ranges defined by the minimum convex polygon (MCP100%) were large (mean ± s.e. = 37.4 ± 8.2 ha). Analysis using the 95% Fixed Kernel revealed home-range areas of 8.0 ± 1.7 ha. Analysis of the habitat composition of each MCP home range showed that they included 4.3 ± 0.9 ha of primary habitat (dominated by their primary food trees). These home ranges contained 27.6 ± 6.8 ha of non-habitat (cleared or developed land). Koalas crossed roads within their home ranges at least 5–53 times; one crossed the Bruxner Highway near a roundabout at least 32 times over his 2-year tracking period. Future management should include strategic food tree planting that enhances habitat connectivity and minimises the risk of car strike or dog attack.

scholarly journals Analysis of the feeding habits of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788), in an urban park in southeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
MCB. Toledo ◽  
DM. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Urban Park ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
The City

The aim of this work was to observe and describe the feeding habits and available food resources of the swallow-tailed hummingbird, Eupetomena macroura. The study was carried out in a municipal park located in the city of Taubaté, in the state of São Paulo. The observations took place between December 2003 and October 2004, recording the following variables: 1) the plant species visited for feeding and territorial defense; 2) the kinds of food resources; and 3) the kinds of flight to procure and obtain food. E. macroura visited 12 plant species. For territorial defense, Mangifera indica was the most visited, whereas Malvaviscus arboreus was most visited for feeding. The foliage was the plant part that received the most frequent visits. In order to obtain nectar, the only species visited was M. arboreus; to obtain arthropods, the species most visited were Mangifera indica and Hymenaea stilbocarpa. In the dry season, the hummingbirds visited flowers, whereas in the rainy season they visited leaves to acquire food. The arthropod groups most frequently found on leafy branches were Homoptera and Psocoptera. Finally, the results of the type of flight analysis showed that flight used to capture food was more often observed than were flights to search for food. In conclusion, these observations suggest that E. macroura shows plasticity in feeding behavior, which can help it to persist in urban areas.

scholarly journals Floristic diversity, origins and properties of city trees in Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1967-1987
Author(s):  
Souleymane Ganaba
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
The City

In Burkina Faso, insufficient or partial information exists on the forest potential of urban areas, marked mainly by the introduction of many exotic species. The objective of this study was to assess the floristic diversity of city trees, to reveal the benefits and risks associated with their properties in a context of climate change, increasing demography and accelerated urbanization. Surveys on 49 urban municipalities were conducted from 2015 to 2020 to identify and describe species at different phenological stages to enable photographic image recognition. Confirmations are made with floras, previous works and documentary compilations. The analyses relate to the biological diversity of species, their origins and uses. The floristic diversity of Burkina Faso's city trees consists of 251 species belonging to 174 genera and 58 families. It is comprised of 178 introduced species and 73 native species. The most represented families are Arecaceae with 7.97% of species, Euphhorbiaceae (7.57%), Moraceae (6.37%), Fabaceae - Mimosoideae (5.98%), Apocynaceae (5.98%) and the Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae (5.58%). The most common species are Khaya senegalensis, Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica. This work has helped to characterize the city trees of Burkina Faso. It will update the flora of the country, which is enriched with 36 new exotic species.Keywords: Urban tree, characterization, biological diversity, communes.

scholarly journals Incentivo para o plantio de árvores nativas em áreas urbanas para proliferação de abelhas sem ferrão

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
G. Martins ◽  
R. L. S. Ferraz ◽  
J. L. Batista ◽  
M. A. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Education ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stingless Bees ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Native Trees ◽  
The City

<p>Em decorrência de atividades antrópicas exploratórias, tem ocorrido aumento na supressão de espécies arbóreas, refletindo na biodiversidade e equilíbrio dos ecossistemas, reduzindo a população de espécies de abelhas.<strong> </strong>Objetivou-se com este trabalho, fazer um levantamento da ocorrência de árvores, nidificações e espécies de abelhas com intuito de incentivar o plantio de espécimes, principalmente nativos, na área urbana, para que ocorra uma maior proliferação das abelhas indígenas sem ferrão. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo na Praça Dr. Joaquim Batista na cidade de Jaboticabal, SP. Através de consultas em literatura especializada, identificou-se o número de espécies arbóreas e abelhas sem ferrão, o número e altura média de nidificações, além da coleta de sementes para produção de mudas. Foram identificadas 27 espécies de árvores nativas, 14 exóticas, cinco de abelhas sem ferrão, 37 nidificações, com altura média geral de 2,3 m, além da produção de 20 mudas nativas. A elevada ocorrência de nidificações em plantas nativas e a presença de sementes, demonstram a adaptabilidade destes polinizadores, além de subsidiar a viabilidade da proposta de incentivar o plantio de espécimes, principalmente nativas em área urbana para a proliferação das abelhas indígenas sem ferrão. Estudos complementares podem ser realizados visando educação ambiental nestes locais.</p><p align="center"><strong>Encouraging the planting of native trees in the urban area for proliferation of stingless bees</strong></p><p>As a result of exploratory human activities, there has been an increase in the suppression of tree species, reflecting on biodiversity and ecosystem balance, reducing the population of bee species. The objective of this work, to survey the occurrence of trees, Nest establishment and bee species in order to encourage the planting of species, mostly native, in urban areas, so that there is a higher proliferation of indigenous stingless bees. Therefore, we carried out a study in Dr. Joaquim Batista Square in the city of Jaboticabal, SP. Through consultations in the literature, we identified the number of tree species and stingless bees, the average number and height of Nest establishment, besides the collection of seeds for seedlings. They identified 27 species of native trees, 14 exotic, five of stingless bees, 37 Nest establishment, with overall average height of 2.3 m, in addition to producing 20 native seedlings. The high occurrence of Nest establishment of native plants and the presence of seeds demonstrate the adaptability of these pollinators, in addition to supporting the viability of the proposal to encourage the planting of specimens, especially in urban areas native to the proliferation of indigenous stingless bees. Additional studies can be conducted to environmental education in these places.</p>

scholarly journals The relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Putri Noer Fadilah ◽  
Azkya Patria Nawawi ◽  
Andi Supriatna ◽  
Sri Sarwendah ◽  
Ratih Widyasari
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries among children has increased in the past decades. Dental caries has a multifactorial aetiology, including host (saliva and teeth), microbiology (plaque), substrate (diet), and time. The role of fermentable carbohydrates intake as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia. Methods: The method used was an analytical cross-sectional study with pathfinder survey based on the WHO basic methods of oral health surveys. The data were collected through intraoral examination, and nutritional status measurement was done by using food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analysis used was the chi-square test. Results: From the study towards 100 preschool children resulted the prevalence of dental caries in rural and urban area respectively was 96 and 92%. The average value of deft index in urban area was 8.46 (95% CI:7.00-9.91) and was 7.98 (95% CI:6.50-9.45) in rural area. The average value of sucrose intake frequency in urban area was 237.14 (95% CI:204.95-269.32), whilst in rural area was 177.54 (95% CI:155.66-199.41). Conclusion: There was a relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Machas de inundação no município de Itajubá-MG

ForScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e00594
Author(s):  
Caik Elisio Tonelli Faria ◽  
Alexandre Augusto Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Planning Problems

Problemas e catástrofes geradas por ações da natureza são cíclicos na história de nosso planeta.Um desses problemas, se não o principal e mais recorrente, são as inundações que vêm ocasionando diversos prejuízos tanto para a população quanto para os municípios em geral. Com o município de Itajubá-MG não é diferente. Principalmente por ter se desenvolvido às margens do rio Sapucaí, tem passado por problemas com inundações desde a sua fundação em 1819. No ano 2000, foi registrada uma das suas maiores inundações, que afetou 80% da sua população urbana. Atualmente, devido aos avanços da tecnologia, problemas referentes às inundações podem ser diagnosticados e evitados, utilizando-se programas computacionais, como Autocad e Global Mapper, com os quais, dentro deste trabalho, pôde-se se ter a real noção das áreas dentro do município em estudo susceptíveis a enchentes e inundações. Como principal resultado, observou-se uma mancha de inundação ocupando 65% da área urbana total do município, o que pode servir como base para realizar obras de prevenção e permitir um avanço municipal controlado. A partir desse levantamento pode-se ter a representação da fragilidade da cidade quanto a problemas ambientais decorrentes das chuvas torrenciais. Percebe-se a necessidade de um maior e melhor planejamento do crescimento urbano, por parte dos órgãos regulamentadores, adotando-se estratégias para o desenvolvimento eficiente e sustentável da região. Palavras-chave: Inundações. Planejamento. Problemas.   Flood spots in municipality of Itajubá-mg Abstract Problems and disasters generated by nature actions are cyclical in the history of our planet. One of these problems , maybe the major and most frequent, are the flooding which has been causing many losses for both the population and the municipalities in general. In the city of Itajubá -MG it is not different. Mainly because the city is located in the banks of the Sapucai river, it has experienced problems with flooding since its foundation in 1819. In 2000, the city faced one of its biggest floods, which affected 80% of its urban population. Currently, due to advances in technology, problems related to flooding can be diagnosed and prevented by using computer programs such as Autocad and Global Mapper, which ones, in this work, allow us to have a good idea about areas in the studied city, that could be potentially affected by floods. As the best result,  one flood spot occupying 65% of the urban area of the city was observed. The information can be used for preventing actions and as a base for a mediated growing. From this results, it is possible to measure how fragile is the city regarding to environmental problems related to storms, which requires that regulatory organizations make a bigger and better growing planning for the urban areas, applying strategies for the efficient and sustainable development in the region. Keywords: Floods. Planning. Problems.

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