scholarly journals Patogenisitas Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Viull. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Jenis Inang Terhadap Kepik Hijau, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Parluhutan Siahaan ◽  
Jusak Wongkar ◽  
Susan Wowiling ◽  
Rowland Mangais
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Nezara Viridula ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lethal Time

Kepik Hijau (Nezara viridula L.) merupakan hama penting bagi beberapa tanaman pangan seperti kedelai,  padi  dan  jagung.  Salah  satu  upaya  untuk  mengendalikan  hama  adalah  dengan pemanfaatan  entomopatogen,  seperti  virus,  bakteri  maupun  jamur.  Salah  satu  jamur entomopatogen  yang berpotensi untuk dieksploitasi adalah Beauveria bassiana yang mempunyai berbagai jenis inang. Belum diketahui patogenesitas B. bassiana yang diisolasi dari beberapa jenis inang terhadap hama kepik hijau (N. viridula), untuk itulah penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui patogenesitas B. bassiana yang diisolasi dari   inang yang berbeda terhadap hama kepik hijau (N. viridula). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Agens Hayati (LAH) Kalasey, Balai Perlindungan dan Pengujian Mutu Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura (BPPMTPH), Dinas Pertanian dan Peternakan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.  Penelitian dilakukan secara in- vitro dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 6 perlakuan yaitu (Kontrol negatif , N1: suspensi B. bassiana isolat WBC (wereng batang coklat), N2: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Jati Sari sebagai kontrol positif (rekomendasi Kementan), N3: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (kepik hitam), N4: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Leptocorisa acuta (walang sangit) dan N5: suspensi B. bassiana isolat Scotinopara coarctata (kepinding tanah). Perlakuan menggunakan konsentrasi atau kerapatan konidia 109/ml air, dengan 5 ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan Uji Anava 95% dan analisis probit untuk menentukan LT50  (Lethal Time 50). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jamur B. bassiana isolat Jati Sari memiliki patogenisitas tertinggi dengan membunuh kepik hijau (N. viridula) sampai 100% pada hari ke-5 HSP (hari setelah perlakuan), sedangkan isolat lain semuanya pada hari ke-6 HSP. Nilai  LT50  (waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membunuh 50% serangga uji) terdapat pada isolat P. pallicornis yaitu  2,1 hari. Persentasi mortalitas pada hari ke-3 HSP tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan isolat P. pallicornis dengan rata-rata mortalitas sebesar 78% diikuti isolat L. acuta dan S. coarctata masing-masing sebesar 68%   dan isolat Jati sari sebesar 58%, sedangkan mortalitas terendah terdapat pada perlakuan isolat WBC yaitu sebesar 32%. Tidak ada perbedaan patogenisitas yang signifikan diantara isolat Jati Sari, P. pallicornis, L. acuta maupun S. coarctata kecuali isolat WBC.Kata kunci: Beauveria bassiana; Entomopatogen; Nezara viridula Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Viull. Isolated from Several Host Species Against Green Ladybug, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) ABSTRACTGreen Ladybugs (Nezara viridula L.) are important pests for several food crops such as soybeans, rice and corn. One of the efforts to control this pest is the use of entomopathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. One of the entomopathogenic fungi that has the potential to be exploited is the fungus Beauveria bassiana. The fungi B. bassiana has various of hosts. There are no data on the pathogenicity  of  B.  bassiana  isolated  from  several  host  species  against  green  ladybugs  (Nviridula), for that reason this study was conducted with the aim of knowing the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolated from different hosts against green ladybugs (N. viridula).. This research was conducted at Laboratory of Biological Control Agents, the Center for the Protection and Quality Testing of Food Crops and Horticulture, the Regional Agriculture and Livestock Service Office of North Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in-vitro using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments, namely (Negative control, N1: suspension B. bassiana, WBC isolate (brown planthopper), N2: B. bassiana suspension, Jati Sari isolate as a positive control (Ministry of Agriculture Recommendation), N3 : B. bassiana suspension isolate Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (black ladybug), N4: suspension B. bassiana isolate Leptocorisa acuta (Rice ear bug) and N5: suspension B. bassiana isolate Scotinopara coarctata (rice black bug) Treatment using conidia concentration or density 109  / ml water, with 5 replications. Data were analyzed with Anava test 95% and probit analysis to determine LT50 (Lethal Time 50). The results showed that the fungus B. bassiana Jati Sari isolate had the highest pathogenicity, because this isolate was able to kill green ladybugs (N viridula) to 100% on the 5th day of DAT (the day after treatment), while the other isolates were all on the 6th DAT. While the value of LT50  (time needed to kill 50% of the insect test) was found in P. pallicornis isolates which were 2,1 days of DAT. Because LT50 in all isolate treatments was between the 2nd and 3rd day of DAT, the Anava test for mortality was carried out on the 3rd day of DAT. The highest percentage of mortality on the 3rd day of DAT was found in the treatment of P. pallicornis isolates with an average mortality of 78% followed by L. acuta and S. coarctata isolates each at 68% and Jati sari isolates at 58%, while the lowest mortality was found in the treatment of WBC isolates, namely 32%. There was no significant difference in pathogenicity between Jati Sari, P. pallicornis, L. acuta and S. coarctata isolates except for WBC isolates.Keywords: Beauveria bassiana; Entomopatogen;  Nezara viridula

scholarly journals Effectiveness Test of Papaya Leaves Extract (Carica papaya L.) as Antihelmintics of Ascaridia galli Worm

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Farindira Vesti Rahmasari ◽  
Fikri Adhi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lethal Time ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Abstract: Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminth is a group of nematoda worm parasite that causes infection in human because the egg is swallowed or direct contact with the larva. More than two billion people in the world had infection for at least one spesies of the nematoda worm, especially A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and A. duodenale. Ascaridia galli is a worm parasite that classifeid in nematoda fillum. Ascaridia worm has the same genus with Ascaris Lumbricoides that infect human. Antihelmintic is a drug that can eradicate the worm in human and animal body. There is a side effect in the antihelmintic drug like Mebendazole so another alternative like organical antihelmintic from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) is needed. This research is a true experiment with post test control group design. The subjects were 160 Ascaridia galli worm which were divided into 5 worms in each test group (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%), positive control group (Pirantel pamoat 0,5%) and negative control  repeated as many as 4 replications. The treatment was given for 12 hours and observed the number of dead worm at each hour. Data were analyzed by statistical test of Kruskal Wallis Test and followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney Test. It is also tested the probit analysis to determine lethal time (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90).There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between all test concentrations except between 5% to negative control. It could be evidenced that the papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) has an antihelmintic effect on Ascaridia gall. The results of probit analysis for LC50 and LC90 were 6,182% and 14,422% respectively. It is known that LT50 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 11,84 hours, 10,536 hours, 9,328 hours, 6,794 hours, 5,472 hours and 2,892 hours. While the LT90 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 13,608 hours, 12,303 hours, 11,095 hours, 8,562 hours, 7,24 hours, dan 4,66 hours.The ethanol extract of Papaya leaves Carica papaya was shown to have an antihelmentic effect on Ascaridia galli effectifically at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% dan 80%. The values of LC50 and LT50 at highest concentration (80%) at the end of the observations are 6,182% and 2,892 hours respectively. The values of LC50 and LT90 at the highest concentration (80%) were 14,442% dan 4,66 hours respectively. The higher concentration of ethanol extract of papaya leaves Carica papaya the greater the effectiveness in killing Ascaridia galli. Keywords: Antihelmintic – Ascaridia galli – Carica papaya L. – Lethal Concentration – Lethal Time

Aktivitas Antifungi Air Perasan Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) Terhadap Candida albicans Secara In Vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Nurhasanah Nurhasanah ◽  
Fauzia Andrini ◽  
Yulis Hamidy
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic(Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity toCandida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too.The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot’s water extortion againsts Candida albicans invitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method.Shallot’s water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2%was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians(Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New MultipleRange Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot’s water extortion with othertreatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot’s water extortion with 200% shallot’s. Theconclusion was shallot’s water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

scholarly journals A Tumbling Magnetic Microrobot System for Biomedical Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Niedert ◽  
Chenghao Bi ◽  
Georges Adam ◽  
Elly Lambert ◽  
Luis Solorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Circular Path ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Significant Difference

A microrobot system comprising an untethered tumbling magnetic microrobot, a two-degree-of-freedom rotating permanent magnet, and an ultrasound imaging system has been developed for in vitro and in vivo biomedical applications. The microrobot tumbles end-over-end in a net forward motion due to applied magnetic torque from the rotating magnet. By turning the rotational axis of the magnet, two-dimensional directional control is possible and the microrobot was steered along various trajectories, including a circular path and P-shaped path. The microrobot is capable of moving over the unstructured terrain within a murine colon in in vitro, in situ, and in vivo conditions, as well as a porcine colon in ex vivo conditions. High-frequency ultrasound imaging allows for real-time determination of the microrobot’s position while it is optically occluded by animal tissue. When coated with a fluorescein payload, the microrobot was shown to release the majority of the payload over a 1-h time period in phosphate-buffered saline. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the microrobot’s constituent materials, SU-8 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), did not show a statistically significant difference in toxicity to murine fibroblasts from the negative control, even when the materials were doped with magnetic neodymium microparticles. The microrobot system’s capabilities make it promising for targeted drug delivery and other in vivo biomedical applications.

scholarly journals The mortality effect of castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract on Aedes aegypti larvae

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
TRI NUGROHO WIBOWO ◽  
DARUKUTNI DARUKUTNI ◽  
SUTARTINAH SRI HANDAYANI
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Mortality Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

Wibowo TN, Darukutni, Handayani SS. 2010. The mortality effect of castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract on Aedes aegypti larvae. Biofarmasi 8: 77-81. The aim of this research was to determine the mortality effect of Ricinus communis L. extract on Aedes aegypti L. larvae. This research was an laboratory experimental, with a post-test only controlled group design, and used 750 larvae Instar III of A. aegypti L. that divided into 6 groups (control group, and five treatment groups consisted of 0.10% extract, 0.25% extract, 0.50% extract, 0.75% extract and 1% extract). The sampling technical was a purposive sampling method. The larvae were put into 25 ml experimental liquid for 24 hours. The observation was counting a number of dead larvae in 24 hours. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test continued with Least Significant Difference (LSD) using SPSS for Windows Release statistically with a significance level p<0.05 then continued with a probit analysis. There were 0 larva death at negative control, 23.8 (95%) larvae death at 0.10% extract concentration, 24.6 (98%) larvae death at 0.25% extract concentration, 25.0 (100%) larvae death at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% extract concentration. There was a significant difference in larvae death of A. aegypti in all groups. The LC50 of R. communis extract was 0.01036% (103.6 ppm), therefore it could be concluded that R. communis extract had a mortality effect to A. aegypti larvae.

scholarly journals PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN IN VITRO JAMUR Beauveria bassiana MUTAN SERTA VIRULENSINYA TERHADAP HAMA PENGISAP POLONG KEDELAI (Riptortus linearis) DI LABORATORIUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Lita Aprianda Sari ◽  
F.X. Susilo ◽  
Yuyun Fitriana ◽  
Lestari Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Lethal Time

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pertumbuhan dan perkembangan in vitro jamur Beauveria bassiana mutan serta virulensinya terhadap hama pengisap polong kedelai, R. linearis. Penelitian dilakukan di LaboratoriumBioteknologi Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Lampung dan dilaksanakan bulan Januari - Juni 2017. Uji pertumbuhan B. bassiana secara in vitro menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Uji virulensi jamur B. bassiana terhadap R. linearis menggunakan analisis probit. Virulensi diindikasikan dengan LT 50 atau lethal time 50, yaitu waktu yang dibutuhkan jamur ini untuk mematikan 50% larva uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat Bbyf22 dan Bbyf24 (mutan) mampu tumbuh dan berkembangdengan normal seperti isolat Bbyf (wildtype). Jamur B. bassiana terbukti virulen terhadap hama R. linearis dengan LT 50 = 3,7 hari (isolat Bbyf22, mutan); 4,9 hari (isolat Bbyf24, mutan); dan 3,5 hari (isolat Bbyf, wildtype).

Evaluating Dentin Surface Treatments for Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Imbery ◽  
A Namboodiri ◽  
A Duncan ◽  
R Amos ◽  
AM Best ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Testing Machine ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Surface Treatments ◽  
Band Matrices ◽  
Dentin Surface ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Significant Difference

SUMMARY This in vitro study evaluated the effect of six surface treatments on the shear bond strength of three resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) to dentin. Occlusal surfaces of caries-free third molars were reduced to expose only dentin. Surface treatments were smear layer intact (negative control), Cavity Conditioner, EDTA, Ketac Primer, Self Conditioner, and etching with 35% phosphoric acid followed by the application of Optibond Solo Plus. Filtek Z250 composite resin bonded with Optibond Solo Plus served as a positive control. Conditioning agents were used according to the manufacturers' instructions. After surface treatments, Fuji II LC, Riva LC, Ketac Nano, and Filtek Z250 were placed in copper-band matrices 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height and were light-cured for 20 seconds. Specimens were stored in 100% humidity for 24 hours, after which they were placed in deionized water for 24 hours at 37°C. They were then tested under shear forces in an Instron Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. A two-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference statistical analyses (p&lt;0.05) indicated significant interaction between RMGIs and conditioning agents. Acid etching followed by Optibond Solo Plus provided highest bond strengths for all three RMGIs, which were not statistically different from the positive control.

Effect of Different Intermediary Bases on Microleakage of a Restorative Material in Class II Box Cavities of Primary Teeth

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faika Y. Abdelmegid ◽  
Fouad S. Salama ◽  
Waleed M. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Saud K. Al-Mutairi ◽  
Sultan O. Baghazal
Keyword(s):  
Primary Teeth ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction The aim of this in vitro study was to assess and compare the effect of different intermediary bases on microleakage between tooth and a nanocomposite interface in Class II box cavities in primary teeth. Methods Standard Class II box cavities were prepared in 52 primary molars and randomly divided into 9 groups according to the intermediary base used (Multicore Flow, Fuji II LC, SDR, Smart Dentin Replacement, and Biodentine). All specimens were subjected to thermocycling and prepared for microleakage testing and evaluation. Results There was significant difference in the mean ranks of microleakage between the 9 groups, which was observed in the gingival side (p<0.0001) and the occlusal side (p<0.0001). The mean ranks microleakage was significantly higher with experimental SDR, experimental Multicore Flow, and positive control materials when compared with the other 6 groups. The microleakage mean ranks were statistically significantly lower in experimental Fuji II LC, experimental Biodentine, and all negative control groups when compared with the other 3 groups. Conclusions Microleakage is affected by the application of intermediate material. Experimental Biodentine and Fuji II LC showed the lowest microleakage while experimental SDR and experimental Multicore Flow showed the highest microleakage.

scholarly journals Cleaved CD31 as a target for in vivo molecular imaging of inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Vigne ◽  
Sylvie Bay ◽  
Rachida Aid-Launais ◽  
Guillaume Pariscoat ◽  
Guillaume Rucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Imaging ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Biodistribution Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThere is a need for new targets to specifically localize inflammatory foci, usable in a wide range of organs. Here, we hypothesized that the cleaved molecular form of CD31 is a suitable target for molecular imaging of inflammation. We evaluated a bioconjugate of D-P8RI, a synthetic peptide that binds all cells with cleaved CD31, in an experimental rat model of sterile acute inflammation. Male Wistar rats were injected with turpentine oil into the gastrocnemius muscle two days before 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI (or its analogue with L-Proline) SPECT/CT or [18F]FDG PET/MRI. Biodistribution, stability study, histology, imaging and autoradiography of 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI were further performed. Biodistribution studies revealed rapid elimination of 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI through renal excretion with almost no uptake from most organs and excellent in vitro and in vivo stability were observed. SPECT/CT imaging showed a significant higher 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI uptake compared with its analogue with L-Proline (negative control) and no significant difference compared with [18F]FDG (positive control). Moreover, autoradiography and histology revealed a co-localization between 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI uptake and inflammatory cell infiltration. 99mTc-HYNIC-D-P8RI constitutes a new tool for the detection and localization of inflammatory sites. Our work suggests that targeting cleaved CD31 is an attractive strategy for the specific in vivo imaging of inflammatory processes.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOURSOP LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST GROWTH OF AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS ATCC® 6514™ IN VITRO

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Ameta Primasari ◽  
Minasari Nasution ◽  
Nurul Hidayati Arbi ◽  
Dini Permata Sari ◽  
Mohammad Basyuni
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) antibacterial power of soursop leaf extract on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) ATCC® 6514™ growth.Methods: This study was experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design and consists of 8 treatment groups that were soursop leaf extract group with concentration 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.5625% as well as negative control groups were brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) media and chlorhexidine as positive controls. Each treatment was done 3 repetitions. Testing the effectiveness of soursop leaf extract using dilution methods on BHIB and subculture media on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The number of Aa ATCC® 6514 ™ colonies was calculated manually using the total plate count method on the MHA media. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test (p<0.05) followed by least significance different (LSD) test to see the significant mean difference between treatment groups.Results: Concentration of MIC from soursop leaf extract on Aa ATCC® 6514™ growth was 1.5625% and MBC was 6.25%. LSD assay results showed significant difference effect (p<0.05) Aa ATCC® 6514™ from each treatment group.Conclusion: Soursop leaf extract has antibacterial effectivity against Aa ATCC® 6514 ™.

scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Over-the-Counter Products on Tooth Whitening

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammet Karadas ◽  
Zeynep Yesil Duymus
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Tooth Whitening ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cielab System

<p>This <italic>in vitro</italic> study evaluated the whitening effect of four different over-the-counter products compared with a 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching gel. Specimens obtained from bovine incisors were stained in a tea solution and randomly divided into six groups according to the product used (n=10): CT: conventional toothpaste (negative control); CWT: Crest 3D White toothpaste; CWR: Crest 3D White mouth rinse; CWS: Crest 3D White strips; DW: Dazzling White (paint-on gel); and OP: Opalescence PF 10% CP (at-home bleaching gel, positive control). Over-the-counter products and 10% CP were used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Color measurements were performed according to the CIELab system using spectrophotometer after staining, and after 4 and 8 weeks of the treatment procedure. The ∆E, ∆L, ∆a, and ∆b values were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Tukey's test for multiple comparisons was applied (p<0.05). All groups, except CWT, were effective in tooth whitening in comparison with conventional toothpaste. There was no significant difference in tooth whitening between CWT and CT (p=0.93). CWS, DW and OP groups presented significantly higher color changes than the CWR group. DW and CWS showed similar tooth whitening to OP.</p>

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