scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF MIND MAPPING VS LECTURE METHOD ON LEARNING REGARDING PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN OJASWINI COLLEGE OF NURSING DAMOH.

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-60
Author(s):  
Sudharani B Banappagoudar
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Lecture Demonstration ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Structured Questionnaire ◽  
Group 1

Background of the study: The several teaching-learning methods used in education are lecture, demonstration, simulation, micro teaching, field trip, computer oriented instruction, socio drama, programmed instruction, and socialized classroom method. Mind mapping is a newer method of teaching, in which a main idea will be in the center from which sub branches arise. Lecture method is a traditional method of teaching. Purpose The purpose of the study was to find out the effective method of teaching to improve the learning ability of nursing students .Physiological changes during pregnancy was the topic selected to assess the learning because it is an important and vast topic in obstetrics and gynaecology. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mind mapping and lecture method on learning regarding physiological changes during pregnancy. Method: A quantitative approach with true experimental pre-test post test design was used for the study. The subjects consisted of 60 nursing students. The subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique . The data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire regarding physiological changes during pregnancy. The researcher gave teaching to Group 1 using mind map and Group 2 using lecture method. A post test was conducted on the seventh day using the same structured questionnaire. Results: The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The pre and post test learning scores on mind mapping and lecture method were compared by using paired ‘t’test. In Group-1,mean pre and post test learning scores were 23.75± 2.62 and 31.2± 3.37 respectively ,whereas in Group-2 it was 22.13± 2.33 and 29.73± 3.98 respectively. The calculated paired‘t’ values of group-1 and group-2 were 7.306 and 10.15 respectively (t29=1.70, P< 0.05). It concluded that both mind mapping and lecture method were effective in increasing learning score on physiological changes during pregnancy among nursing students. Interpretation and conclusion: The study findings showed that both mind mapping and lecture method were equally effective in improving the learning scores on physiological changes during pregnancy among third year B.Sc nursing students. No significant association was found between the pre-test learning scores and the selected demographic variables.

scholarly journals A study to assess the effectiveness of mind mapping technique vs lecture method regarding psychological test on knowledge among nursing students at St. James College of Nursing, Chalakudy

2019 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Christy Antony
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Psychological Test ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Mind Mapping ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Post Test ◽  
College Of Nursing ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Mapping Group

Background: Mind maps are highly effective visual aids that enable students to group together different ideas and enable teachers to present ideas visually and assess their students’ conceptual development and understanding. The present study was to assess effectiveness of mind mapping technique vs lecture method regarding psychological test on knowledge among nursing students at St. James College of Nursing Chalakudy. The study included 50 first year B.Sc. nursing students, 25 in lecture group and 25 in mind mapping group. Materials and methods: A Quasi-experimental non randomized control group design was adopted and nonprobability convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. Structured teaching programme regarding psychological test was administered on both group and knowledge level of the students was evaluated immediately after the teaching (‘0 day’) and 7th day to assess the retention of knowledge. Data collected by using structured questionnaire and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.   Results:The study revealed that the mean post test knowledge score of students on ’0’day in mind mapping group is (13.52) higher than the lecture group (9). The calculated t value (7.66) is higher than the table value (6.06) at 0.05 level of significance. The mean of the post test knowledge of students on 7th day by using mind map score is 13.32, it is higher than mean of the lecture method knowledge score (8.80). The calculated t value is (7.92) is greater than the table value (2.60) at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: There for it can be concluded that the mind mapping teaching method is very effective than lecture method among the nursing student on psychological test. The study shows that mind mapping technique help the student to learn, recall, organize and make information meaningful. So they can perform and get good result in examination by using mind mapping technique.

scholarly journals Effects of practice on a mechanical horse with an online feedback on performing a sitting postural coordination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héloïse Baillet ◽  
David Leroy ◽  
Eric Vérin ◽  
Claire Delpouve ◽  
Jérémie Boulanger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Feedback Group ◽  
Postural Coordination ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Online Feedback ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThe present research aims at quantifying the impact of practicing a new coordination pattern with an online visual feedback on the postural coordination performed on a mechanical horse. Forty-four voluntary participants were recruited in this study. They were randomly assigned to four practice groups based on i) with or without feedback (i.e., group 1, control, did not receive the feedback; group 2, 3 and 4 received an online feedback during practice) and ii) the specific trunk/horse coordination to target during practice (group 1, target coordination = 180° (without feedback); group 2, target coordination = 0°; group 3, target coordination = 90°; group 4, target coordination = 180°). All participants performed pre-, practice, post- and retention sessions. The pre-, post- and retention sessions consisted of four trials, with one trial corresponding to one specific target coordination to maintain between their own oscillations and the horse oscillations (spontaneous, 0°, 90°, and 180°). The practice phase was composed of three different sessions during which participants received an online feedback about the coordination between their own oscillations and the horse oscillations.Results showed a significant change with practice in the trunk/horse coordination patterns which persisted even after one month (retention-test). However, all the groups did not show the same nature of change, evidenced by a high postural variability during post-test for 0° and 90° target coordination groups, in opposition to the 180° and spontaneous groups who showed a decrease in coordination variability for the 180° group. The coordination in anti-phase was characterized as spontaneously adopted by participants on the mechanical horse, explaining the ease of performing this coordination (compared to the 0° and 90° target coordination). The effect of online visual feedback appeared not only on the coordination pattern itself, but most importantly on its variability during practice, including concerning initially stable coordination patterns.

scholarly journals A Comparison Between Save The Last Word For Me And Listen-Read-Discuss (Lrd) Strategies On Students’ Reading Comprehension At Smpn 1 Teluk Pinang

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Martina Napratilora
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Comprehension Score ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Group 1

Abstract: The aim of the study wasto find out whether there is any significant difference between students’ reading comprehension using Save the Last Word for Me strategy and students’ reading comprehension using Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategy through assessment of their reading comprehension. The study utilized Quasi Experimental Design Non-equivalent Pre-test and Post-test Group Design. The participants of the study comprised 76, year two students of Junior High School 1 Teluk Pinang. Save the Last Word for Me and Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategies were used on two experimental groups which experimental group 1 (n= 38) using Save the Last Word for Me strategy and experimental group 2 (n= 38) using Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategy. Data were collected using pre-test and posttest of students’ reading comprehension test. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The finding showed significant difference in reading comprehension score between the experimental group 1 and experimental group 2 through Save the Last Word for Me and Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategies.   Key Words: Save the Last Word for Me strategy, Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) strategy, Students’ Reading Comprehension,   Abstrak: Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemahaman membaca siswa menggunakan strategi Save the Last Word for Me dan Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian Kuasi-eksperiment atau perbandingan eksperimen dengan menggunakan pre-test-posttest design. Penelitian ini melibatkan 76 peserta yang terdiri dari kelompok eksperimen 1 dan kelompok eksperimen 2 dari siswa SMPN 1 Teluk Pinang. StrategiSave the Last Word for MedanListen-Read-Discuss (LRD)digunakanpadaduakelasexperimen yang manakelasexperimen 1 dengan sample 38 siswamenggunakan strategy Save the Last Word for Me dankelasexperimen 2 dengan sample 38 siswamenggunakanstrategiListen_Read-Discuss (LRD). Pengumpulan data melalui test pemahamankemampuanmembacasiswamelalui pre-test dan post-test. Data kuantitativedianalisamenggunakan descriptive dan inferential statistic.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa adanya pengaruh yang signifikan dari nilaipemahamanmembacasiswaantarakelasexperimen 1 dan experiment 2 melaluistrategi Save the Last Word for Me and Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD).   Kata kunci: starategi Save the Last Word for Me, strategi Listen-Read-Discuss (LRD) dan pemahaman membaca siswa.

scholarly journals Knowledge Assessment of BSc Nursing 4th Year Students about Breathing Exercises during First Stage of Labour

2020 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Sharda Nagvanshi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Knowledge Assessment ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Breathing Exercise ◽  
Breathing Exercises ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: For a woman, labour is both the most exciting and the most traumatic experience. Women have varying pain thresholds and deal with pre-labour anxiety in various ways. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of BSc Nursing students about breathing exercises that can be done during the first stage of labour. Methods: An experimental research design with one group pre- and post-test was selected. The sample size was 30 BSc Nursing 4th year students. Demographic data, as well as a self-structured questionnaire was used to assess their level of knowledge regarding breathing exercises. Result and Conclusion: The post-test knowledge scores o the participants were better than the pre-test knowledge scores. Thus the study clearly shows that there was a significant gain in the knowledge of BSc Nursing students after the interventions on breathing exercise during the first stage of labour.

scholarly journals Study on Effectiveness of Lecture and Smart Class Method of Teaching on Academic Achievements among Upper Primary School Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Poonam Bala ◽  
Tanivir Kaur ◽  
Maninder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Primary School ◽  
International School ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Primary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
Teaching Programme ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

This is an experimental study conducted on the upper primary school students in the district of S.B.S Nagar, Punjab. The study was conducted on the students of 6th and 7th class of an international School. Total of 100 students were enrolled for this experimental study who met the inclusion criteria and were randomly divided into 2 equal groups by simple randomization technique. They received either the lecture method teaching or the smart class method teaching. For conducting the experiment, the investigator used pre-test and post-test comparison group design. For collection of data, a structured questionnaire and a structured teaching programme was used. t-test was used for analysis and interpretation of the data. The results of the study revealed that the lecture method of teaching was more effective as compared to a smart class method of teaching.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN PERTUMBUHAN PERKEMBANGAN BAYI USIA 4-12 BULAN ANTARA YANG DILAKUKAN BABY MASSAGE DAN BABY SPA DI KELUARAHAN PURWOKINANTI, PAKUALAMAN YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Ethic Palupi ◽  
Yusi Eka Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Paired T Test ◽  
Group 1

Latar Belakang : Stimulasi dalam masa bayi sangat diperlukan untuk merangsang pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Baby massage dan baby spa merupakan suatu kegiatan stimulasi yang dilakukan oleh orang tua ataupun pengasuh sebagai tindakan menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi untuk dapat mengoptimalkan tumbuh kembang bayi. Tujuan : Mengetahui perbedaan pertumbuhan perkembangan bayi setelah dilakukan baby massage dan baby spa. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian quasi eksperimen dengan desain two group pre post test. Responden  berjumlah 20 diperoleh menggunakan cluster sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan timbangan, meteran dan DDST II. Uji statistik menggunakan Mann Whitney dan Paired t-test. Hasil Penelitian : Hasil Uji Paired t-test pada kelompok 1(baby massage) berat badan p=0,000 (p< 0,05) dan pada kelompok 2(baby spa) berat badan p=0,000 (p<0,05) dan pada kelompok 1 panjang badan p=0,000 (p<0,05) dan pada kelompok 2 panjang badan p=0,000 (p<0,05) menunjukkan bahwa kedua intervensi berpengaruh terhadap berat badan dan panjang badan. Hasil uji Mann Whitney pada kelompok 1 p=0,004 (p<0,05) dan kelompok 2 p=0,004 (p<0,05) menunjukan bahwa kedua intervensi berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan. Kesimpulan : Baby spa lebih baik untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan  berat badan dan panjang badan, sedangkan baby massage dan baby spa sama-sama baik untuk perkembangan bayi. Saran : Diharapkan untuk orang tua jika ingin meningkatkan berat badan dan panjang badan bayi dapat digunakan baby spa, untuk perkembangan bayi baby massage dan baby spa sama-sama dapat digunakan.   Kata kunci : Baby massage - Baby spa - Pertumbuhan - Perkembangan     ABSTRACT   Background: Stimulation in infancy is necessary to stimulate growth and development. Baby massage and baby spa are stimulation activity performed by parents or caregivers as action to stimulate growth and development of infants to optimize their growth and development. Objective: To find the difference of baby growth and development after baby massage and baby spa. Method: This was a quasi experiment research with two group pre post test design. There were 20 respondents taken with cluster sampling technique. Instruments used in this study were scales, meter and DDST II. Statistical test used Mann Whitney and Paired t-test. Results: The results of Mann Whitney test in group 1(baby massage) p = 0.012 (p> 0.05) and group 2(baby spa) p = 0.004 (p> 0.05) show’s that both interventions havean effect on the development. Paired t-test result show’s group 1 p weight (p> 0,05) and in group 2 body weight p = 0,000 (p> 0,05) and in group 1 body length p = 0,000 (p> 0 , 05) and in group 2 body length p = 0.000 (p> 0,05) mean both intervention have an effect on body weight and body length. Conclusion: Baby spa is better for improving weight baby’s lenght, while baby massage and baby spa are equally good for development. Suggestion : Parents are suggested  to increase baby’s wight and lenght by doing baby spa, and to increase baby’s development by doing baby massage and baby spa.   Keywords: Baby massage - Baby spa - Growth - Development

scholarly journals Assessment and comparison between effectiveness of techniques of improving lactation among postnatal mothers of new born babies

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Anita Asrani ◽  
Achamma Varghese ◽  
Balkishan Sharma ◽  
Anil Kumar Jain
Keyword(s):  
Good Health ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
New Born ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Postnatal Mothers ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cumin Seed ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Back Massage

Background: Breast milk is a combination of food and medicine tailor made to meet the requirements of the new born, is extremely easy to digest and is therefore the perfect first food for the new born.Aims and Objectives: Authors evaluated 60 postnatal mothers of new born babies to determine the effectiveness of back massage as compared to cumin seeds laddo techniques on improving lactation. Materials and Methods: A quasi experimental study designed among sixty postnatal mothers to observe the effectiveness of methods of improving lactation randomly dived into two groups. Subjects of group 1 received back massage while cumin seed laddoo provided to subjects of group 2. The ethical clearance was obtaines. Data recorded at baseline (pretest) and for three successive days, 1, 2 and 3 post administration (post-test).Results: 83.3% of the post natal mothers of group 1 (n1=30) and 86.7% of group 2 (n2=30) observed without any previous problem in breast feeding. The appearance of stool found to be associated significantly post administration on day 2 (p<0.003) and day 3 (p<0.006) with used techniques. On day 3, 63.3% noticed with good category received back massage against 40.0% administered cumin seed laddo. Mean birth weight of baby (2681.33±260.89 gram) at post-test of group 1 was higher than group 2 (2607.00±402.19 gram). Differences in mean number of nappies wetted, number of feed and time taken by the baby between groups on days 2 and 3 were highly significant (p<0.001). Average total post-test scoring were statistically significant on day 3 (p<0.05). However, back massage was more effective than cumin seed laddo.Conclusion: This study supports the view of improvement in lactation among post natal mother incorporated to good health of new born by administering back massage. In the Indian context, there are many studies carried out on improvement in lactation among post natal mothers but none of the study demonstrated comparison between two lactation techniques.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(1) 2018 41-49

scholarly journals Effect of Wallpass Exercise With Groups Of 4 Improving Passing Results Bali United Mataram

MAENPO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Soemardiawan Soemardiawan ◽  
Nurdin Nurdin
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Research Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Football is a sport that is played outside the room of 11 players with the aim of getting the ball into the opponent's goal. The results of observations in the field that there are still many players in passing while competing so that it is not in accordance with the target. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether there is an effect of wallpass training and exercise with groups of 4 to increase the passing results of Bali United Mataram. The purpose of this research is to find out. The research design was a twogroup pretest-postest design. Population and sample are all players totaling 22 people. Instrument Passing for 30 seconds. The research data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The results of the t-test for group 1 obtained significant values (2-tailed) <0.05: 0.003 <0.05 and group 2 significant values (2-tailed) <0.05: 0.038 <0,05. So these results indicate a significant difference. Based on the test for the difference in the mean post-test data for groups 1 and 2, it was obtained a significant value (2-tailed) <0.05: 0.026 <0.05 with an increase in the percentage value in group 1 of 12.93% and group 2 of 3, 96%. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that the effect of wallpass training and exercise with groups of 4 is an increase in the passing results of Bali United Mataram in 2021.Keywords: Passing, Wallpass, with groups of 4

scholarly journals Modified tutorials in Pharmacology for Medical students using case based learning and multiple choice questions

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Sowmya Kaniganti ◽  
Nachiket Shankar ◽  
Satya Kishore Chivukula
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Learning Tool ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Case Based Learning ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Self Learning ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Group 1

Background: Active student centred learning is the need of the hour. Objectives being to compare the difference in the post test scores between students exposed to Case based learning (CBL) and Multiple choice questions (MCQ) (learning tool) during tutorials in Pharmacology for 2nd MBBS students. To understand the perception of students regarding teaching learning tools used in the study.Methods: This was a mixed methods study. Sixty eight students were divided into 2 groups. Hypertension and angina was discussed as CBL for Group 1 and as MCQ (Learning tool) for Group 2. One week later, cross over was done, Thyroid and Diabetes was discussed as MCQ for Group 1 and as CBL for Group 2. Post-test MCQ, pre validated questions (Likert scale) and open ended questions (qualitative) were distributed. Statistical Analysis: Difference in the post test scores in both the groups was analyzed using independent sample t test.Results: There was no significant difference in post test scores between CBL and MCQ groups. Questionnaire analysis suggested that both the methods provoked self-learning (45%). Thematic analysis demonstrated the positive experiences like motivated self-learning, clinical application, better understanding than theory classes and drawbacks being time consuming and fear of presentation.Conclusions: Since the study included both qualitative and quantitative analysis, the results can be elucidated comprehensively. This study implies that CBL and MCQ are effective and can be implemented into the curriculum of Pharmacology. This study can serve as an evidence to incorporate these tools in the curriculum.

scholarly journals Krim Ekstrak Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus ) 10% Sama Efektifnya dengan Krim Hidrokuinon 4% dalam Mencegah Peningkatan Jumlah Melanin Kulit Marmut (Cavia porcellus) yang Dipapar Sinar Ultraviolet B

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corazon H. Dumaria ◽  
A AGP Wiraguna ◽  
Wimpie Pangkahila
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract: This study was aimed to prove that administration of 10% redfruit extract cream could prevent the increase of skin melanin in guinea pig exposed to UVB and to compare this effect with 4% hydroquinone cream. This was a true experimental study using post test only control group design. Subjects were devided into three groups; each of 10 guinea pigs. Group 1, the control group, was exposed to UVB and applied with basic cream. Group 2 was exposed to UVB and applied with 4% hydroquinone cream. Group 3 was exposed to UVB and applied with 10% redfruit extract cream. The total dose of UVB was 390 mJ/cm2 given for 2 weeks. The amount of melanin was calculated using the percentage of the pixel area of melanin and was compared with the pixel areas of all epidermal tissues. The results showed that the highest percentage of melanin area was in group 1 (19.78%±3.79%). The percentage of melanin area in group 3 was 1.25%±0.76% meanwhile in group 2 was 0.85%±0.37%. There were signi-ficant differences in melanin percentage between the control group and group 2 as well as group 3 (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in melanin percentage between group 2 and group 3 (P >0.05). Conclusion: The 10% redfruit extract cream could prevent the increase of skin melanin in guinea pig exposed to UVB as effectively as the 4% hydroquinone cream.Keywords: redfruit extract cream, melanin, UVBAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efek pemberian krim ekstrak buah merah 10% dalam mencegah peningkatan jumlah melanin kulit marmut yang dipapar sinar UVB dan perbandingannya dengan krim hidrokuinon 4%. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan post test only control group design. Sampel terdiri dari tiga kelompok dengan jumlah sampel 10 ekor marmut jantan tiap kelompok. Kelompok 1 yaitu kelompok kontrol, diberi paparan sinar UVB dan diolesi krim dasar. Kelompok 2 diberi paparan sinar UVB dan diolesi krim hidrokuinon 4%. Kelompok 3 diberi paparan sinar UVB dan diolesi krim ekstrak buah merah 10%. Dosis total UVB yaitu 390 mJ/cm2 diberikan selama 2 minggu. Jumlah melanin dihitung dengan persentase pixel luas area melanin dibandingkan dengan pixel seluruh jaringan epidermis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah melanin tertinggi pada kelompok 1 (19,78± 3,79%) dan terendah pada kelompok 2 (0,85±0,37%), sedangkan jumlah melanin pada kelompok 3 di antara keduanya (1,25±0,76%). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 1 dengan kelompok 2 dan 3 (P <0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok 2 dan 3 dalam mencegah peningkatan jumlah melanin (P >0,05 ). Simpulan: Krim ekstrak buah merah 10% dapat mencegah peningkatan jumlah melanin kulit marmut yang dipapar sinar UVB sama efektif dengan krim hidrokuinon 4%.Kata kunci: krim ekstrak buah merah, melanin, UVB

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