A new pneumatic harvester for improvement and facilitation the harvesting of the olive fruits

The objective of this study was to measure and evaluate the performance of a New Pneumatic Harvester (NPH) for harvesting the olives fruit and compare the results with those of similar cases. The study involves two sections, namely, the NPH and the collector system. Two oily types of olive (‘Mari’ and ‘Yellow’) were selected to evaluate the NPH and the collector system. The randomized complete block design and Duncan’s multi-scope test were used for variance analysis and means comparison purposes, respectively. The dependent parameters used to evaluate the NPH were harvesting productivity, harvesting efficiency, and leave downfall percent. Also, the fruit damage was selected for the collector system. Results showed that the NPH can harvest 92% of olive fruits. The highest amount of harvesting productivity belongs to NPH of 29.47 kg/h. The percent of leaves downfall in the harvesting process was found to be 2.55%. Using the collector system can reduce the level of damaged fruit from 60.8% to 25.12% and from 60.54% to 24.54% in the Mari and Yellow variety.

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EFFICACY OF COMMERCIAL INSECTICIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COWPEA POD BORER (MARUCA VITRATA) ON COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP) UNDER FIELD CONDITION IN CHITWAN, NEPAL

Food and Agribusiness Management ◽

10.26480/fabm.02.2021.92.95 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 92-95

Author(s):

Chudamani Pant ◽

Rajendra Regmi ◽

Sagar Bhusal ◽

Shrawan Yadav ◽

Sapana Tiwari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vigna Unguiculata ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Plot ◽

Chemical Insecticide ◽

Pod Borer ◽

Larval Count ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Pea Pod ◽

Fruit Damage ◽

Benefit Cost

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available insecticides for management of cowpea pod borer to know about the effective and safe chemical insecticide to manage the cow pea pod borer. A total of five treatments; (i. Neemix (2ml/L), ii. Flubendamide 48% SC (2ml/L), iii. Spinosad 45% SC (3ml/L), iv. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC(2ml/L) and v. control) were tested using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for each treatment. The results showed that the Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC was most effective to reduce cowpea pod borer larva followed by Flubendamide 48% SC and Spinosad 45% SC. The damage of pod by cowpea pod borer was recorded the highest control plot (20.53%) whereas lowest fruit damage was recorded Chlorantraniliprole (5.18%) followed by Flubendamide (5.44%). Among the treatments, the highest yield was obtained with Chlorantraniliprole (11.22mt/ha) followed by Flubendamide (9.21mt/ha) and Spinosad (8.27/ha). Whereas the lowest yield was obtained with control plot (6.59mt/ha) followed by Neemix (7.09mt/ha) treated plots. The benefit-cost (B:C) ratio for all the treatments revealed that chlorantraniliprole @ 0.2ml/L was highly economical with a B:C of 1:62.14 followed by spinosad with 1: 21.91. The chlorantraniliprole resulted the lowest larval count, lowest fruit damage, highest yield and highest marginal B: C thus could be the best insecticide to manage cowpea pod borer.

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Effect of plant density on growth and yield in Barraganete plantain (Musa paradisiaca (L.) AAB cv. Curare enano) for a single harvest cutting in Provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador

Acta Agronómica ◽

10.15446/acag.v66n3.52198 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 367-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Santiago Miguel Ulloa Cortazar ◽

Erick Daniel Wolf ◽

Ignacio Armendáriz González

Keyword(s):

Los Angeles ◽

Plant Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Variance Analysis ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Density Treatment

The optimum plant density in Barraganete plantain (Musa paradisiaca (L.) AAB cv. Curare enano) was determined in Los Angeles-Provincia de Los Ríos, Ecuador. Treatments (sowing distance: T1 = 3m x 4m, T2 = 3m x 3m, T3 = 3m x 2m, T4 = 3m x 1.5m and T5 = 3m x 1m), were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three replicates per treatment. The number of hands per cluster, hand weight, weeks to flowering, weeks to harvest, production for export and weed incidence in plantain crop, were evaluated. Variance analysis was performed and means were submitted to the Tukey test at 5% probability (p = 0.05). The optimum sowing distance was 2m between plants and 3m between rows. The best density was 1666 plants. ha-1 and obtained the best average hand weight (14.5 kg), the best average number of hands (4.9), the best average in weeks to harvest after flowering (12.1 Weeks) and the best production (kg.ha-1) of export bunches (close to 22 t.ha-1). Analysis with logistic models show the higher densities, which present advantages in their use, fact related to the increase of the annual plantain production. For this reason, values between 2150 and 2500 plants.ha-1 are postulated as optimal densities. Weed decreases with increasing plant density to a minimum of 227.94 g.m-2 in the highest plant density treatment.

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DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

Jurnal Pertanian Tropik ◽

10.32734/jpt.v4i2.3081 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 149-161

Author(s):

Berton Sianturi

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Dose Response ◽

High Resistance ◽

Block Design ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Second Step ◽

Resistance Level ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

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Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to various organic-based fertilizers in marginal upland of Sta. Rita, Samar

Annals of Tropical Research ◽

10.32945/atr39sa3.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 31-43

Author(s):

Berta Ratilla ◽

Loreme Cagande ◽

Othello Capuno

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Total N ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Organic farming is one of the management strategies that improve productivity of marginal uplands. The study aimed to: (1) evaluate effects of various organic-based fertilizers on the growth and yield of corn; (2) determine the appropriate combination for optimum yield; and (3) assess changes on the soil physical and chemical properties. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design, with 3 replications and 7 treatments, namely; T0=(0-0-0); T1=1t ha-1 Evans + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T2=t ha-1 Wellgrow + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T3=15t ha-1 chicken dung; T4=10t ha-1 chicken dung + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1; T5=15t ha-1 Vermicast; and T6=10t ha-1 Vermicast + 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1. Application of organic-based fertilizers with or without inorganic fertilizers promoted growth of corn than the control. But due to high infestation of corn silk beetle(Monolepta bifasciata Horns), its grain yield was greatly affected. In the second cropping, except for Evans, any of these fertilizers applied alone or combined with 45-30-30kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1 appeared appropriate in increasing corn earyield. Soil physical and chemical properties changed with addition of organic fertilizers. While bulk density decreased irrespective of treatments, pH, total N, available P and exchangeable K generally increased more with chicken dung application.

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Effect of Bio and Organic Fertilizers on Pumpkin's (Cucurbita pepo L.) Leave Content of N, P, and K

Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences (QJAS) (P-ISSN 2077-5822 E-ISSN 2617-1479) ◽

10.33794/qjas.vol10.iss1.104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 241-245

Author(s):

Ammar Hameed Madi ◽

Jawad A. Kamal Al-Shibani

Keyword(s):

Cucurbita Pepo ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Four Levels

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of bacterial bio-fertilization A. chroococcum and P. putide and four levels of compost (0, 1, 2, 3) tons.h-1 on the leaves content of N.P.K elements. The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Qadisiyah during fall season 2018-2019. It designed in accordance with the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates in sandy loam soil. The means of treatments were compared with the least significant difference (LSD) at (5)% probability level. The results present that the treatments of A. chroococcum, P. putide and compost at (3) tons.kg-1 significantly increases the leaves content of K.P.K compared to all other treatments in the flowering stage (4.970, 0.5000, and 4.930) mg.kg-1, respectively. This treatment was followed by the effect of the treatment of A. chroococcum and compost at (3) tons.kg-1, which increases the values of all traits except the leaf content of (P). Bio-fertilizer with P. putide + A. chroococcum significantly increases the leaves' content of P.

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Growth and Branching Responses of Portulaca grandiflora to Foliar Applications of Chemical Growth Regulators

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 447c-447

Author(s):

T.J. Banko ◽

M.A. Stefani

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Block Design ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Main Shoot ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Portulaca Grandiflora ◽

Prostrate Growth ◽

Secondary Shoot

During container production of portulaca, growth of long, prostrate, sparsely branched stems makes handling of plants difficult, and reduces their commercial appeal. Growers prefer to minimize shoot elongation while increasing branching to provide a full, compact plant. The objectives of this study were to evaluate growth regulators for promotion of branching and inhibition of stem elongation. Container-grown plants ≈21 cm in diameter were treated with sprays of ProShear (benzylaminopurine) at 62.4, 125, and 250 ppm; Promalin (benzyaminopurine + gibberellins 4+7) at 125, 250, and 500 ppm; Atrimmec (dikegulac) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm; and Florel (ethephon) at 250, 500, and 750 ppm. These treatments were compared with untreated controls in a randomized complete-block design. Main shoot lengths were measured at 16, 31, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). Numbers of new shoot breaks were counted 16 DAT. The growth habit, that is, tendency to grow upright or prostrate, was also evaluated 16 DAT. The most-effective material for retarding primary shoot elongation and for stimulating secondary shoot development was ProShear. At 16 DAT, 250 ppm ProShear reduced shoot elongation by 25% compared to control plants. This treatment also increased the number of secondary shoot breaks by 143%. Promalin increased the number of new shoot breaks, but it also increased the lengths of all shoots. High rates of Florel and Promalin caused shoots to grow predominantly upright rather then prostrate. ProShear, however, caused more prostrate growth as rate increased.

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Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium on Three Zoysiagrasses

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.516b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 516b-516

Author(s):

James N. McCrimmon

Keyword(s):

Gulf Coast ◽

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Zoysia Japonica ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Color Quality ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Color Density ◽

Minimal Research ◽

Micronutrient Fertilizer

Zoysiagrass has great potential for use in the Gulf Coast states as a turfgrass. There has been minimal research on the nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertility response of zoysiagrass and the effect on turf color, quality, and nutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of N and K fertility on zoysiagrass. A study was conducted on three zoysiagrasses: Zoysia japonica × Z. tenuifolia Willd. ex Trin. (`Emerald'); Z. japonica Steud. (`Meyer'); and Z. matrella. The N and K treatment combinations consisted of high (H) and low (L) rates of N and K at the following levels: N levels of 454 and 227 g N/92.9 m2 per month and K levels of 454 and 227 g N/92.9 m2 per month. The treatment combinations were (N and K): HH, HL, LH, and LL and were applied in two split applications monthly from July through November. The study was a randomized complete-block design with three replications. All plots received two applications of a micronutrient fertilizer (late June and August), were irrigated as needed, and maintained at a height of 3.8 cm. Color, density, texture, uniformity, and quality were determined visually for each month. Plant tissue samples were collected (September) and analyzed for macronutrient and micronutrient contents. There were significant differences for color, density, and quality in the following months: September (color and density); October (quality); and November (color and quality). There were differences in leaf texture for all months. There were significant differences for N, magnesium (Mg), and K contents but there were no differences for any micronutrient. This study indicated that all three zoysiagrasses provided acceptable color and quality during the summer and fall, and that N and K rates affected N, K, and Mg contents in the plant.

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SOYBEAN CULTIVATION IN A CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM WITH Azospirillum brasilense INOCULATION

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252018v31n101rc ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

MARCOS DA SILVA BRUM ◽

THOMAS NEWTON MARTIN ◽

VINÍCIUS SANTOS DA CUNHA ◽

LUIZ FERNANDO TELEKEN GRANDO ◽

ALEX TAGLIAPIETRA SCHONELL

Keyword(s):

Azospirillum Brasilense ◽

Block Design ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Height Control ◽

Grain Productivity ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Grazing Systems ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Santa Maria ◽

Livestock System

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomorphological parameters of soybean in a crop-livestock system inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Brazil, for two agricultural years (2 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. 012/2013 and 2013/2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the winter, the black oat and ryegrass pasture was managed with sheep under different grazing systems: (I) - a conventional grazing (CG) system, where the animals remained in the pasture throughout the experimental period without any pasture height control; (II, III, and IV) - systems with post-grazing pasture heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively; and (NG) - one control without grazing. All treatments received two nitrogen doses (50 and 100 kg ha-1) and inoculation or no inoculation (A. brasilense). The soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR was sown using no-tillage on 16 November 2012 and 1 December 2013. In each plot, seven rows of plants with spacing of 0.45 m were used, and in four rows, the seeds were inoculated with the bacterium A. brasilense. The phytomorphological variables and grain productivity were evaluated. In a croplivestock system, soybean has better productivity when established on black oat and ryegrass pasture managed with post-grazing pasture heights of between 20 and 30 cm. Areas under conventional grazing in the winter led to smaller soybean plants with lower first and last pod heights. Inoculation with A. brasilense should not be used alone in soybean cultivation.

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Four-Year Study on the Bio-Agronomic Response of Biotypes of Capparis spinosa L. on the Island of Linosa (Italy)

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11040327 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Salvatore La Bella ◽

Francesco Rossini ◽

Mario Licata ◽

Giuseppe Virga ◽

Roberto Ruggeri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Principal Component ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Natural Habitats ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Average Value ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Capparis Spinosa ◽

Production Behavior ◽

And Cluster Analysis

The caper plant is widespread in Sicily (Italy) both wild in natural habitats and as specialized crops, showing considerable morphological variation. However, although contributing to a thriving market, innovation in caper cropping is low. The aim of the study was to evaluate agronomic and production behavior of some biotypes of Capparis spinosa L. subsp. rupestris, identified on the Island of Linosa (Italy) for growing purposes. Two years and seven biotypes of the species were tested in a randomized complete block design. The main morphological and production parameters were determined. Phenological stages were also observed. Analysis of variance showed high variability between the biotypes. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis highlighted a clear distinction between biotypes based on biometric and production characteristics. Production data collected in the two-year period 2007–2008 showed the greatest production levels in the third year following planting in 2005. In particular, biotype SCP1 had the highest average value (975.47 g) of flower bud consistency. Our results permitted the identification of biotypes of interest for the introduction into new caper fields. Further research is needed in order to characterize caper biotypes in terms of the chemical composition of the flower buds and fruits.

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282 Effect of formulating diets based on a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P and the inclusion of phytase on the calcium and phosphorus balance of growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.177 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 103-104

Author(s):

Vanessa Lagos ◽

Mike R Bedford ◽

Hans H Stein

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Microbial Phytase ◽

P Utilization ◽

P Balance ◽

Main Effects ◽

P Absorption

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P increases the efficiency of Ca and P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal diets and 2 periods of 11 d in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 Ca requirement estimates (total Ca or STTD Ca) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units/kg). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P and the ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P was 1.25:1 in diets formulated based on STTD Ca. Fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from d 6 to 9. Data for Ca and P balance were analyzed using a model that included the main effects of diet formulation and phytase level, the interaction between main effects, and the random effect of period. Interactions (P < 0.05) between diet formulation and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca digestibility, Ca retained as a percentage of intake, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine (Table 1). Despite being provided less (P < 0.05) Ca, pigs fed diets formulated based on STTD Ca did not absorb or retain less Ca than pigs fed total Ca diets, but they absorbed more (P < 0.05) P than pigs fed diets formulated based on total Ca. In conclusion, by formulating diets based on values for STTD Ca, P absorption was increased confirming detrimental effects of oversupplying Ca.

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