scholarly journals Environmental Implications of Municipal Dump Site on Soil Nitrogen in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Victoria Francis Ediene ◽  
Linus Beba Akeh ◽  
Otobong Benjamin Iren ◽  
Sunday Marcus Afu ◽  
Ene Emmanuel Aki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Dump Site

Organic matter exhibit strong variations in nitrogen retention and transformation cycle in soil. However, nitrogen could be altered by seasonal variations, leading us to hypothesize that the open municipal waste dump site in Calabar exposed to dry and wet season could alter nitrogen dynamics in that soil. A total of sixty  (60) composite soil samples were collected at different landscape positions (summit crest, shoulder slope, toe slope, interfluve slope, valley floor) of a municipal dump site and a control (no refuse area) during the dry and wet seasons in Calabar and analyzed to ascertain the effects on forms and status of soil nitrogen. The soils were loamy sand across the study location with pH values of 4.50, 7.00, 6.70, 7.30, 5.00, 7.30 (dry season) and 5.00. 7.30, 7.00, 7.40, 5.90, 7.40 (wet season) for the control, summit crest, shoulder slope, toe slope, interfluve slope and valley floor accordingly. Values obtained for total nitrogen (N) from the study site were generally low (<0.21 %), with values for dry season slightly higher than the wet season. NH4+ recorded higher content in wet  than in dry season with values ranging between 12.11-14.11 mg/kg (control), 14.60 - 15.90 mg/kg (Summit crest); 18.25 - 20.05 mg/kg (Shoulder slope), 18.30 - 20.20 mg/kg (Toe slope), 12.30 - 14.00 mg/kg (Interfluve slope) and  9.24 -11.07 mg/kg (Valley floor). The Shoulder and toe slopes recorded the highest NH4+ concentration in the wet season. N02- contents documented for the control site were within the ranges of 2.78- 3.20 and 3.22-3.62 mg/kg while the dumpsite had values between 2.49-3.45 and 2.98 -3.22 mg/kg was observed for the shoulder position, the toe slope contained between 2.30-2.75 and 2.70 -2.82 mg/kg, the inter fluve slope had similar ranges of 2.32-2.90 and 2.70-3.08 mg/kg, and the valley floor 2.45-2.60 and 2.78-2.98 mg/kg. N02- values were higher for the wet than dry season. NO3- nitrogen was observed to be excessive across the dumpsite with the highest values > 80 mg/kg obtained at the valley floor. The NO3- values were higher in dry season across the all the landscape positions than in the wet season. The values were equally higher for the dumpsite than the control. It was observed that the dumpsite soils contend excessive NO3- which could be converted to nitrous oxide (N2O) thus contributing to green house (GHG) emissions.  It was also noted that seasonal variation did not significantly affect the N content at the different landscape positions of the municipal dumpsite in Calabar. It is highly recommended that municipal waste be sorted and the organic materials composted to harness the rich NO3- content as observed in this research.   Received: 22 September 2021 / Accepted: 25 October 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

scholarly journals Effect of Port Activities on the Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Surface Water in Warri and Onne Port Terminals, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
D. N. Ogbonna ◽  
S. A. Ngah ◽  
E. M. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Port Area

Activities around the port terminals such as cargo handling, and others has environmental implications both inside and outside the port area which may in turn pose severe risks to the environment and water resources resulting to adverse effect on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the water body. Hence this study was aimed at determination of the effect of port activities on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of surface water at Warri and Onne Port terminals. Surface water samples were collected during wet and dried season between January to June from Onne and Warri port terminals, using sterile containers and transported in an ice packed container to Department of Microbiology laboratory of the Rivers State University for microbiological and physicochemical analyse using standard methods. Statistical analyses were carried out using ANOVA and All pairs tukey-kramer. Results of the Physicochemical Characteristics of the surface water of the  dry season ranged as follows; pH (5.6±0.15 to 6.08±0.22),Temperature (27.6±4.278 to 30±1ºC),  Electric  conductivity (14168±1.90to  2138±27.871 µs/cm), Total dissolved solid  (2622±1.70 to  974.2±9.09 mg/l ),Total suspended solid (7.6±0.54 to 111±21.284 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen (2.08±0.19 to 2.68±0.31 mg/l ), Biological oxygen demand (0.78±0.19 to 1.2±0.45 mg/l ), Chemical oxygen demand (1.56±0.38 to 2.4±0.90 mg/l),Turbidity (0.2±0 to 1.36±0.336 NTU),Bromine (0.3±0.01  to 0.6±0 mg/l), Chlorine (<0.001±0 to 0.3±0 mg/l),Nitrate (0.32±0.15  to 5.98±0.74 mg/l ), Sulphate (3.32±0.75 to  694±1.9 mg/l) Phosphate (0.634±0.42 to 2.316±0.44 mg/l ), similar trends were recorded during the wet season.   There were significant differences ( P<0.05) between the wet and dry seasons. The mean values of the microbiological results ranged from 1.6±0.77 x 106 to 5.6±2.17 x 106 cfu/ml (Total heterotrophic bacterial count), 0.8 ±2.51 x 104 to 5.6±2.77 x 104 cfu/ml (Total heterotrophic Fungal count), 0.2 ±1.14 x 104 to 3.6 ±1.52 cfu/ml (Hydrocarbon utilizing Bacteria counts) 0.3 ±1.52 x 104 to 1.2 ±2.05cfu/ml (Hydrocarbon utilizing Fungal counts), 0.2±0.71x 104 to 0.6±0.89 x 104cfu/ml (Salmonella spp.). 0.4±0.55 x 104 cfu/ml (Shigella spp), 0.3 ±2.19 x 104 to 1.6±5.13 x 104 cfu/ml (Vibrio spp.) 1.6 ±14.7 x 104 to 2.1±6.39 x 104 cfu/ml Staphylococci spp), 3.9±0.81 x 104 to 4.6 ±1.79 x 104cfu/ml (total coliform), 1.8±0.44 x 104   to 2.7 ±1.03 x 104cfu/ml (feacal coliform). Higher counts were recorded during the wet season compared to dry season. In this study, nine bacteria isolates belonging to the genera and species:-  E.coli, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Bacillus sp., Shigella, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Proteus, Six fungal isolates, namely, Penicillium sp Candida sp, Mucor sp, Aspergillus, Rhizopus spp, and Yeast were obtained. The results obtained in this study Port terminal houses several companies with beehive of activities which generate various industrial wastes which causes adverse environmental effects which consequently are major atmospheric and water pollution around port terminals. Therefore, proper waste management system should be maintained to avoid emergence of virulent pathogens.

scholarly journals Soil water storage and groundwater behaviour in a catenary sequence beneath forest in central Amazonia: I. Comparisons between plateau, slope and valley floor

1997 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Hodnett ◽  
I. Vendrame ◽  
A. De O. Marques Filho ◽  
M. D. Oyama ◽  
J. Tomasella
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Valley Floor ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Deep Drainage ◽  
Shallow Water Table

Abstract. Soil water storage was monitored in three landscape elements in the forest (plateau, slope and valley floor) over a 3 year period to identify differences in sub-surface hydrological response. Under the plateau and slope, the changes of storage were very similar and there was no indication of surface runoff on the slope. The mean maximum seasonal storage change was 156 mm in the 2 m profile but it was clear that, in the dry season, the forest was able to take up water from below 3.6 m. Soil water availability was low. Soil water storage changes in the valley were dominated by the behaviour of a shallow water table which, in normal years, varied between 0.1 m below the surface at the end of the wet season and 0.8 m at the end of the dry season. Soil water storage changes were small because root uptake was largely replenished by groundwater flow towards the stream. The groundwater behaviour is controlled mainly by the deep drainage from beneath the plateau and slope areas. The groundwater gradient beneath the slope indicated that recharge beneath the plateau and slope commences only after the soil water deficits from the previous dry season have been replenished. Following a wet season with little recharge, the water table fell, ceasing to influence the valley soil water storage, and the stream dried up. The plateau and slope, a zone of very high porosity between 0.4 and 1.1 m, underlain by a less conductive layer, is a probable route for interflow during, and for a few hours after, heavy and prolonged rainfall.

Agronomic benefits and risks associated with the irrigated peanut–maize production system under a changing climate in northern Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashvir S. Chauhan ◽  
Peter Thorburn ◽  
Jody S. Biggs ◽  
Graeme C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Increased Temperature

With the aim of increasing peanut production in Australia, the Australian peanut industry has recently considered growing peanuts in rotation with maize at Katherine in the Northern Territory—a location with a semi-arid tropical climate and surplus irrigation capacity. We used the well-validated APSIM model to examine potential agronomic benefits and long-term risks of this strategy under the current and warmer climates of the new region. Yield of the two crops, irrigation requirement, total soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N) losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were simulated. Sixteen climate stressors were used; these were generated by using global climate models ECHAM5, GFDL2.1, GFDL2.0 and MRIGCM232 with a median sensitivity under two Special Report of Emissions Scenarios over the 2030 and 2050 timeframes plus current climate (baseline) for Katherine. Effects were compared at three levels of irrigation and three levels of N fertiliser applied to maize grown in rotations of wet-season peanut and dry-season maize (WPDM), and wet-season maize and dry-season peanut (WMDP). The climate stressors projected average temperature increases of 1°C to 2.8°C in the dry (baseline 24.4°C) and wet (baseline 29.5°C) seasons for the 2030 and 2050 timeframes, respectively. Increased temperature caused a reduction in yield of both crops in both rotations. However, the overall yield advantage of WPDM increased from 41% to up to 53% compared with the industry-preferred sequence of WMDP under the worst climate projection. Increased temperature increased the irrigation requirement by up to 11% in WPDM, but caused a smaller reduction in total SOC accumulation and smaller increases in N losses and GHG emission compared with WMDP. We conclude that although increased temperature will reduce productivity and total SOC accumulation, and increase N losses and GHG emissions in Katherine or similar northern Australian environments, the WPDM sequence should be preferable over the industry-preferred sequence because of its overall yield and sustainability advantages in warmer climates. Any limitations of irrigation resulting from climate change could, however, limit these advantages.

The effect of land treatment in the preceding wet season on yield of linseed in the Ord River Valley

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Beech ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Supply

Two experiments were carried out at Kimberley Research Station, W.A., in 1960-61 and 1961-62, to test the effects of treatment of land in the wet season prior to growing a dry season irrigated linseed crop. In both experiments, the lowest linseed yields were obtained after a resting fallow, when the land remained uncultivated over the whole wet season, and high yields were obtained after a clean fallow, involving repeated cultivations. However, in the second experiment, equally high yields were obtained after a single early wet season ploughing. Factorial combinations of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer treatments were superimposed. From the interactions it was concluded that, in the first experiment, the beneficial effects of wet season cultivation were the result of increased available soil nitrogen supply, and, in the second experiment, of increased nitrogen supply and reduction in weed infestation.

scholarly journals The seasonal changes of the gut microbiome of the population living in traditional lifestyles are represented by characteristic species-level and functional-level SNP enrichment patterns

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Zhu ◽  
Jiyue Qin ◽  
Chongyang Tan ◽  
Kang Ning
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genome Level ◽  
Prevalent Species

Abstract Background Most studies investigating human gut microbiome dynamics are conducted on humans living in an urban setting. However, few studies have researched the gut microbiome of the populations living traditional lifestyles. These understudied populations are arguably better subjects in answering human-gut microbiome evolution because of their lower exposure to antibiotics and higher dependence on natural resources. Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania have exhibited high biodiversity and seasonal patterns in their gut microbiome composition at the family level, where some taxa disappear in one season and reappear later. Such seasonal changes have been profiled, but the nucleotide changes remain unexplored at the genome level. Thus, it is still elusive how microbial communities change with seasonal changes at the genome level. Results In this study, we performed a strain-level single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis on 40 Hadza fecal metagenome samples spanning three seasons. With more SNP presented in the wet season, eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichment with the increasing number of SNP calling by VarScan2, among which only three species have relatively high abundances. Eighty-three genes have the most SNP distributions between the wet season and dry season. Many of these genes are derived from Ruminococcus obeum, and mainly participated in metabolic pathways including carbon metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and glycolysis. Conclusions Eight prevalent species have significant SNP enrichments with the increasing number of SNP, among which only Eubacterium biforme, Eubacterium hallii and Ruminococcus obeum have relatively high species abundances. Many genes in the microbiomes also presented characteristic SNP distributions between the wet season and the dry season. This implies that the seasonal changes might indirectly impact the mutation patterns for specific species and functions for the gut microbiome of the population that lives in traditional lifestyles through changing the diet in wet and dry seasons, indicating the role of these variants in these species’ adaptation to the changing environment and diets.

scholarly journals Seasonal Climate Impacts on Vocal Activity in Two Neotropical Nonpasserines

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Cristian Pérez-Granados ◽  
Karl-L. Schuchmann
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Calling Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Focal Species ◽  
Calling Activity ◽  
Vocal Activity

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, air temperature was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study.

scholarly journals Inorganic Nitrogen Production and Removal along the Sediment Gradient of a Stormwater Infiltration Basin

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Qianyao Si ◽  
Mary G. Lusk ◽  
Patrick W. Inglett
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Stormwater Infiltration

Stormwater infiltration basins (SIBs) are vegetated depressions that collect stormwater and allow it to infiltrate to underlying groundwater. Their pollutant removal efficiency is affected by the properties of the soils in which they are constructed. We assessed the soil nitrogen (N) cycle processes that produce and remove inorganic N in two urban SIBs, with the goal of further understanding the mechanisms that control N removal efficiency. We measured net N mineralization, nitrification, and potential denitrification in wet and dry seasons along a sedimentation gradient in two SIBs in the subtropical Tampa, Florida urban area. Net N mineralization was higher in the wet season than in the dry season; however, nitrification was higher in the dry season, providing a pool of highly mobile nitrate that would be susceptible to leaching during periodic dry season storms or with the onset of the following wet season. Denitrification decreased along the sediment gradient from the runoff inlet zone (up to 5.2 μg N/g h) to the outermost zone (up to 3.5 μg N/g h), providing significant spatial variation in inorganic N removal for the SIBs. Sediment accumulating around the inflow areas likely provided a carbon source, as well as maintained stable anaerobic conditions, which would enhance N removal.

scholarly journals Energy and Environmental Implications of Using Energy-Harvesting Speed Humps in Nablus City, Palestine

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Fady M. A. Hassouna ◽  
Mahmoud Assad ◽  
Islam Koa ◽  
Wesam Rabaya ◽  
Aya Aqhash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
National University ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Annual Amount ◽  
Speed Humps

Over the last three decades, transportation has become one of the main energy-consuming sectors around the world and, as a result, large amounts of emissions are produced, contributing to global warming, climate change, and health problems. Therefore, huge investments and efforts have been made by governments and international institutions to find new renewable and clean sources of energy. As a contribution to these efforts, this study determined the practical energy and environmental implications of replacing conventional speed humps with energy-harvesting speed humps in Nablus city, Palestine. The study was implemented using an energy-harvesting speed hump (EHSH) system developed in the laboratories at An-Najah National University and based on comprehensive traffic volume counts at all speed humps’ locations. In addition, a traffic volume prediction model was developed in order to determine the implications over the next 10 years. As a result of the study, the expected annual amount of generated energy was determined. Moreover, the expected reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the reduction in the cost of roadway network lighting were determined based on the current and future traffic conditions.

scholarly journals Seasonal changes in water quality and macrophytes and the impact of cattle on tropical floodplain waterholes

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 788 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Pettit ◽  
T. D. Jardine ◽  
S. K. Hamilton ◽  
V. Sinnamon ◽  
D. Valdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
The Impact

The present study indicates the critical role of hydrologic connectivity in floodplain waterholes in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. These waterbodies provide dry-season refugia for plants and animals, are a hotspot of productivity, and are a critical part in the subsistence economy of many remote Aboriginal communities. We examined seasonal changes in water quality and aquatic plant cover of floodplain waterholes, and related changes to variation of waterhole depth and visitation by livestock. The waterholes showed declining water quality through the dry season, which was exacerbated by more frequent cattle usage as conditions became progressively drier, which also increased turbidity and nutrient concentrations. Aquatic macrophyte biomass was highest in the early dry season, and declined as the dry season progressed. Remaining macrophytes were flushed out by the first wet-season flows, although they quickly re-establish later during the wet season. Waterholes of greater depth were more resistant to the effects of cattle disturbance, and seasonal flushing of the waterholes with wet-season flooding homogenised the water quality and increased plant cover of previously disparate waterholes. Therefore, maintaining high levels of connectivity between the river and its floodplain is vital for the persistence of these waterholes.

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