Esophageal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Diagnostic Methods

Introduction: Esophageal cancer (EC) is a malignant disease with low survival rates and limited treatment options in the later stages. The epidemiological situation in developed countries tends to improve. However, in most states, including the Russian Federation, the situation remains in critical condition.Epidemiology of EC: Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant disease. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), in 2018, 572 thousand new cases of RP were registered in the world (3.2 % of the total number of malignant disease). In 2018, 508.6 thousand deaths from cancer were recorded in the world (5.3 % of the total number of deaths from cancer, 6th place) [1].EC risk factors: The following factors play an important role in the etiology of squamous EC:1. Diet (nitrites, hot food and drinks, insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals with food).2. Tobacco and alcohol use are independent risk factors, but when combined with others, they increasethe risk of the disease.3. Achalasia of the cardia.4. Burns of the esophagus.5. Autosomal dominant diseases characterized by hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and feet.The risk of developing EC reaches 37 % [2].6. Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 causes a risk of EC in 37 % of patients.Diagnostic methods: Traditional methods for the diagnosis of EC are: esophagogastroduodenosocpy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound with puncture biopsy of the mediastinal lymph nodes, computed tomography of the chest and abdominal organs (including contrast), magnetic resonance imaging of the chest cavity (including with contrasting), positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (including combined with computed tomography).

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Esophageal cancer in the world: incidence, mortality and risk factors

Biomedical Research and Therapy ◽

10.15419/bmrat.v5i7.460 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 2504-2517 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mahboubeh Sadat Yousefi ◽

Mehran Sharifi-Esfahani ◽

Nima Pourgholam-Amiji ◽

Mohammad Afshar ◽

Hamidreza Sadeghi-Gandomani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Past Medical History ◽

The World ◽

Excessive Consumption ◽

Review Study ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

Lifestyle Education

There is little about the incidence, mortality and risk factors of Esophageal cancer (EC) in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence rate, mortality and EC risk factors in the world. This review study was conducted on published English research by January 2017 with the search in by March 2018 by searching in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keywords "esophagus cancer," "epidemiology," "incidence," "mortality," "risk factor," " world." Based on the findings of this study, the geographical distribution of the EC differs according to subtitles, as AC is more prevalent in developed countries, while SCC is more prevalent in countries in Africa and East Asia. The most important risk factors for EC are the low intake of vegetables and fruits, drinking drinks and hot liquids, reducing the intake of nutritional supplements such as selenium and zinc, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, past medical history, obesity and exposure to some environmental factors. According to the findings, it seems that the main cause of EC- is an undesirable lifestyle. Therefore, it is possible to improve the lifestyle and inform the community about EC risk factors and healthy lifestyle education.

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Toward the World Code Against Cancer

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.17.00145 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carolina Espina ◽

Rolando Herrero ◽

Rengaswamy Sankaranarayanan ◽

Etienne Krug ◽

Christopher P. Wild ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cancer Research ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Regional Differences ◽

International Agency ◽

Evidence Based ◽

The World ◽

European Code ◽

Multiple Media ◽

European Cancer

Overwhelmed by an abundance of often confusing, ambiguous, or apparently contradictory messages on disease prevention in today’s multiple media streams, the general public would surely value authoritative, clear, and evidence-based instructions on how to actively contribute to the reduction of their cancer risk. The European Code Against Cancer is a set of 12 recommendations for individuals on how to reduce cancer risk. The Code carries the authority and reliability of expert scientists working under the coordination of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the cancer research agency of the WHO. The Code’s messages are aimed at individuals and have been enthusiastically promoted by European cancer associations. The experience of developing and promoting the European Code has generated interest in developing analogous recommendations for other regions of the world. Under the overall umbrella of a World Code Against Cancer using the same International Agency for Research on Cancer methodology, regional Codes could be developed, focused on regions sufficiently large and distinct to merit development of versions adapted to regional differences in risk factors and cancer patterns. Consideration of such an adapted model illustrates why a simple translation of the European Code would not be sufficient to promote cancer prevention globally.

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Mathematical Modelling of Acute Rheumatic Fever

10.26686/wgtn.17000860.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Melissa Welsh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Heart Disease ◽

New Zealand ◽

Mathematical Modelling ◽

Rheumatic Fever ◽

Acute Rheumatic Fever ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Deterministic Methods ◽

The World

<p>Acute rheumatic fever is a major cause of heart disease in many parts of the world. Though it is generally considered rare in developed countries, is remains a large issue in New Zealand. Of particular concern is the prevalence of acute rheumatic fever among Maori and Paci c Island peoples. In this thesis we develop a model to simulate acute rheumatic fever in a population. We discuss the use of both deterministic methods and stochastic processes. Demographics and statistics speci c to New Zealand are then used to develop the model in a way that ts speci cally to the situation in New Zealand. We also consider the introduction of treatment strategies for acute rheumatic fever and discuss how risk factors can be used to focus such strategies.</p>

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A Short Review of Benefits of Using Chest CT Characteristics for Early diagnoses to Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Radiology and Medical Diagnostic Imaging ◽

10.31487/j.rdi.2020.04.03 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

R. Vennila ◽

P. Venkatraman

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Low Cost ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Short Review ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Corona Virus ◽

The World

In 21st century, the year 2020 was expected with much development in India as well many other countries. But unfortunately, the world is facing many natural calamities. World is taking steps towards rescue mission of the disasters. Among of those calamities, deadly Corona Virus remains still all over the world as pandemic disease. Even the developed countries are struggling to come back to its normal routine. India is a country with developing technologies. Vaccines are yet to be developed for treatment of this Novel Corona Virus. As a diagnostic tool, Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal swabs are taken from the person and tested using RT-PCR. This test is not 100 percent accurate. Confirmed COVID patients after few days are undergoing the medical imaging. This diagnostic imaging technique helps in showing the progression of this virus spread in Upper and Lower respiratory system. Chest Radiography is low cost modality but its sensitivity towards observation is 69%. Lung Ultrasound is used in Intensive Care patients and not used for routine diagnosing purpose. Computed Tomography plays a crucial role in three-dimensional chest imaging of COVID-19 patients. The sensitivity of CT is 98%. The aim of this paper is to consider CT as a tool for diagnosing COVID-19 patient than using the standard tool RT-PCR. A brief knowledge about imaging modality like X-ray, Ultrasound and Computed Tomography when used against COVID patient is explained. This paper gives reason for the ideal use of CT diagnosis for COVID 19.

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Transcranial Doppler sonography as diagnostic method

Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences ◽

10.17305/bjbms.2002.3585 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2 (1-2) ◽

pp. 66-70

Author(s):

Jasminka Đelilović-Vranić

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Early Detection ◽

Transcranial Doppler ◽

Doppler Sonography ◽

Transcranial Doppler Sonography ◽

Primary Prophylaxis ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

The World ◽

Mortality Causes ◽

Cv Disease

Having in mind the fact that cerebrovascular disease (CVB) takes today in medicine, in spite of diagnostic and therapeutic modernisation, the third place of mortality causes in the world (behind cordial and malignant diseases, but in front of depressions), and the second place of invalidity cause (right after trauma) as well as the second place of dementia cause (after Alzheimer disease), it urges primary prophylaxis. Developing countries, but before all countries of East and Middle Europe, where is our country, are highly risked areas where CV disease has trend of incidence and total frequency increase. In the neighbouring Croatia today CV disease is at the first place of mortality causes. In the world today 5 million people annually suffer CV disease, in Europe about 700.000, but frequency of suffering on Balkan is about 5 prom. Age of CV disease effecting unfortunately moved towards young age, and today 49% of effected by CV disease are of 46 to 59 years of age. Early detection and treatment of risk factors (before hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, stress and physical non-activities) are the first aspect of CV disease prophylaxis. Together with this aspect of primary prophylaxis is early detection of complications of mentioned risk factors on the walls of blood vessels, before all changing in sense of arteriosclerosis, with consequence of disorder of cerebral haemodynamics. With that objective - verification of circulator and total haemodynamic disorders, there is obvious disclose of non-invasive diagnostic methods, and one of them is Transcranial Doppler Sonography(TCD). TCD is method comfortable for patient, reliable and rather precise, dynamic, and can be repeated several times, without side effects and in comparison with others rather cheap.

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Uticaj faktora rizika na nastanak hroničnih nezaraznih bolesti / The influence of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases

SESTRINSKI ŽURNAL ◽

10.7251/sez0116024j ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 24

Author(s):

Ranka Jaćimović

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Public Policy ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Least Developed Countries ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

The World ◽

Prevention And Treatment

The world today is faced with a growing increase in chronic non-communicable diseases (CNB), which become the leading cause of death. In 2012, the CNB were responsible for 38 million (68%) of all the 56 million deaths. Of that number, more than 40% died were younger than 70 years, and more than 82% of deaths were in underdeveloped and developing countries.The main risk factors in the development of the CNB are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity and smoking. Reducing risk factors and timely detection and treatment is the least expensive way to solve the non-communicable diseases. The depletion of CNB has guiding public policy to promote the prevention, early detection and treatment of these diseases. In order to evaluate how successful strategies to combat rate for the Republica Srpska we examined the prevalence of risk factors for CNB at 1,454 patients older than 18 years in a team of family medicine DZ Banja Luka.The results indicate that high blood pressure is present in 40% of patients, dyslipidemia in 60%, with a high presence of hyperglycemia 23.5%. Smoking as a risk factor is present in 41% of subjects. One in five respondents were obese (BMI> 30).Our results suggest that the measures in the Republica Srpska invest in the prevention and treatment of CNB are not successful and are similar to those in the least developed countries.

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Perspectives in HPV Secondary Screening and Personalized Therapy Basing on Our Understanding of HPV-Related Carcinogenesis Pathways

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2020/2607594 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Aleksander Celewicz ◽

Marta Celewicz ◽

Michał Michalczyk ◽

Rafał Rzepka

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Infected Cell ◽

Cell Biology ◽

Malignant Disease ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Hpv Infection ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Younger Women ◽

Age Of Diagnosis

As cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide even with present screening methods, the incidence in most developed countries is not decreasing for the last 15-20 years. A shift has been observed in the age of diagnosis in favour of younger women, and treatment of already developed cervical cancer is a challenge for surgeons. It is imperative to find new diagnostic methods for accurately pointing out patients at high risk of developing malignant disease and developing personalized treatment. Since cervical cancer is almost exclusively associated with HPV infection, understanding changes happening in an infected cell may prove invaluable for search of such methods, but it may also prove helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of other anogenital and nasopharyngeal region cancers. This review follows HPV-related changes in infected cell biology to point what potential markers and targets for therapy are in option when dealing with HPV-related diseases.

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Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Clinical-Imaging Features And Priorities For The Prevention Of Esophageal Cancer In The Fergana Valley Of Uzbekistan

The American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue01-24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

pp. 159-166

Author(s):

Azizbek Zulunov ◽

◽

Dilfuzahon Mamarasulova ◽

Nematjon Mamasaliev ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cause Of Death ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Digestive System ◽

International Agency ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Common Cause

Cancer of the digestive system is the most common cause of death among malignant neoplasms (Table 1). According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) for 2008, the incidence of cancer of the digestive system was 49.2 people per 100 thousand people per year, the mortality rate was 34.3 people per 100 thousand. At a relatively low incidence rate, esophageal cancer is the seventh most common cause of death from malignant tumors, giving way to lung, breast, stomach, liver, prostate, and colon cancers. This is due to the extremely malignant nature of the course, early metastasis, and late diagnosis of esophageal cancer. The aggressiveness index, calculated as the ratio of deaths to new cases, is extremely high in esophageal cancer and is about 95%. The absolute number of deaths from esophageal cancer in 2008 in the world was 406 thousand people. In developing countries, morbidity and mortality from esophageal cancer are significantly higher than in developed countries (Table 2). The most common two histological types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Despite the similarity of the clinical picture, diagnostic and therapeutic tactics, an extremely unfavorable prognosis for both forms of esophageal cancer, these malignant neoplasms have different risk factors, socio-geographic and ethnic characteristics, knowledge of which is necessary for the timely establishment of the diagnosis and preventive measures. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (Fig. 1) is an extremely aggressive epithelial malignant tumor of stratified squamous epithelium, in most cases localized between the middle and lower third of the esophagus, the tumor is rare in the cervical esophagus

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Microbiome and Cancers of the Esophagus: A Review

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1764

Author(s):

Yukiko Yano ◽

Arash Etemadi ◽

Christian C. Abnet

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Malignant Disease ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Health Conditions ◽

Future Directions ◽

The World ◽

Histologic Subtypes

Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive malignant disease ranking amongst the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world. The two main histologic subtypes, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), have distinct geographic and temporal patterns and risk factor profiles. Despite decades of research, the factors underlying these geo-temporal patterns are still not fully understood. The human microbiome has recently been implicated in various health conditions and disease, and it is possible that the microbiome may play an important role in the etiology of EC. Although studies of the microbiome and EC are still in their early stages, we review our current understanding of the potential links between ESCC, EAC, and bacterial communities in the oral cavity and esophagus. We also provide a summary of the epidemiology of EC and highlight some key challenges and future directions.

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