Nanoemulsion as a Nano Carrier System in Drug Delivery: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 5353-5363
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Jain ◽  
Nagesh Dewangan ◽  
Dhalendra Kothale, ◽  
Utsav Verma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Phase Inversion ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Colloidal Dispersions ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Hydrophilic Drug ◽  
Globule Size ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Diagnostic Agent ◽  
The Stability

Nanoemulsions are colloidal dispersions having smaller globule size that ranges from 20-600 nm. They are clear transparent and kinetically stable formulations commonly available in the form of creams, shampoos, gels, sprays and aerosols. Nanoemulsions are nano carrier drug delivery system for the protection of drugs from severe environmental conditions like pH, oxidation and hydrolysis. Nanoemulsions are normally contains oil phase, aqueous phase, surfactants and co-surfactants. Different methods are employed for the preparations of nanoemulsions are high pressure homogenization, microfluidization, ultrasonication, spontaneous emulsifi- cation, membrane emulsification, phase inversion temperature and solvent displacement method. The stability of the nanoemulsions has the ability to protect the dosage unit microbial contamination physically and chemically. They can be administered via nasal route, orally, topically, transdermally and also used as prophylactically in bio-terrorism attack and as diagnostic agent. They can be used for the delivery of various types of drugs like vaccines, DNA encoded drugs, antibiotics and vitamins. Various patents on nanoemulsions are also discussed. Nanoemulsions are nano carrier system with safe and effective delivery of lipophilic and hydrophilic drug and also used in targeting.

scholarly journals Mucoadhesion and Mucopenetration of Cannabidiol (CBD)-Loaded Mesoporous Carrier Systems for Buccal Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Ulrike Söpper ◽  
Anja Hoffmann ◽  
Rolf Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Mucoadhesive Polymers ◽  
Buccal Drug Delivery ◽  
Penetration Ability ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Mucosal Absorption ◽  
Carrier Systems

Transmucosal drug delivery represents a promising noninvasive option when drugs are employed which have a low oral bioavailability like CBD. However, this concept can only be successful as long as the formulation provides sufficient buccal retention and mucosal penetration. In this study, mucoadhesive carrier systems were evaluated consisting of CBD-loaded silica (Aeroperl 300) carriers, mucoadhesive polymers (Hypromellose (HPMC), chitosan and carbomer) and propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer. Mucoadhesive effect, drug release and penetration ability were evaluated for each carrier system. The results show that the addition of HPMC and carbomer substantially improve mucoadhesion compared to pure CBD, with an increase of 16-fold and 20-fold, respectively. However, due to their strong swelling, HPMC and carbomer hinder the penetration of CBD and rely on co-administration of propylene glycol as an enhancer to achieve sufficient mucosal absorption. Chitosan, on the other hand, achieves an 8-fold increase in mucoadhesion and enhances the amount of CBD absorbed by three times compared to pure CBD. Thus, chitosan represents a promising polymer to combine both effects. Considering the results, the development of silica-based buccal drug delivery systems is a promising approach for the effective delivery of CBD.

Monocyte as an Emerging Tool for Targeted Drug Delivery: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (44) ◽  
pp. 5296-5312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fakhara Sabir ◽  
Rai K. Farooq ◽  
Asim.ur.Rehman ◽  
Naveed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Bone Marrow Precursor ◽  
Extensive Introduction ◽  
Cancer Inflammation ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Cluster Of Differentiation

Monocytes are leading component of the mononuclear phagocytic system that play a key role in phagocytosis and removal of several kinds of microbes from the body. Monocytes are bone marrow precursor cells that stay in the blood for a few days and migrate towards tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Monocytes can be used as a carrier for delivery of active agents into tissues, where other carriers have no significant access. Targeting monocytes is possible both through passive and active targeting, the former one is simply achieved by enhanced permeation and retention effect while the later one by attachment of ligands on the surface of the lipid-based particulate system. Monocytes have many receptors e.g., mannose, scavenger, integrins, cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). The ligands used against these receptors are peptides, lectins, antibodies, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. This review encloses extensive introduction of monocytes as a suitable carrier system for drug delivery, the design of lipid-based carrier system, possible ways for delivery of therapeutics to monocytes, and the role of monocytes in the treatment of life compromising diseases such as cancer, inflammation, stroke, etc.

Versatile Use of Nanosponge in the Pharmaceutical Arena: A Mini-Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359
Author(s):  
Shubham Shrestha ◽  
Sankha Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Drug delivery for a long time has been a major problem in the pharmaceutical field. The development of a new Nano-carrier system called nanosponge has shown the potential to solve the problem. Nanosponge has a porous structure and can entrap the drug in it. It can carry both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. They also provide controlled release of the drugs and can also protect various substances from degradation. Nanosponge can increase the solubility of drugs and can also be formulated into an oral, topical and parenteral dosage form. The current review explores different preparation techniques, characterization parameters, as well as various applications of nanosponge. Various patents related to nanosponge drug delivery system have been discussed in this study.

scholarly journals Nanocarriers, Progenitor Cells, Combinational Approaches, and New Insights on the Retinal Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1776
Author(s):  
Elham Pishavar ◽  
Hongrong Luo ◽  
Johanna Bolander ◽  
Antony Atala ◽  
Seeram Ramakrishna
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Transfection Efficiency ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Nanofibrous Scaffolds ◽  
The Stability

Progenitor cells derived from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPECs) have shown promise as therapeutic approaches to degenerative retinal disorders including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease. However, the degeneration of Bruch’s membrane (BM), the natural substrate for the RPE, has been identified as one of the major limitations for utilizing RPECs. This degeneration leads to decreased support, survival and integration of the transplanted RPECs. It has been proposed that the generation of organized structures of nanofibers, in an attempt to mimic the natural retinal extracellular matrix (ECM) and its unique characteristics, could be utilized to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, nanoparticles could be incorporated to provide a platform for improved drug delivery and sustained release of molecules over several months to years. In addition, the incorporation of tissue-specific genes and stem cells into the nanostructures increased the stability and enhanced transfection efficiency of gene/drug to the posterior segment of the eye. This review discusses available drug delivery systems and combination therapies together with challenges associated with each approach. As the last step, we discuss the application of nanofibrous scaffolds for the implantation of RPE progenitor cells with the aim to enhance cell adhesion and support a functionally polarized RPE monolayer.

scholarly journals Polyhydroxyalkanoate Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Interaction with Lung Surfactant

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Olga Cañadas ◽  
Andrea García-García ◽  
M. Auxiliadora Prieto ◽  
Jesús Pérez-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Lung Surfactant ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Pulmonary Drug Delivery ◽  
Epifluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Energy Storage Materials ◽  
The Stability

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are polyesters produced intracellularly by many bacterial species as energy storage materials, which are used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems, due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, we evaluated the potential application of this nanomaterial as a basis of inhaled drug delivery systems. To that end, we assessed the possible interaction between PHA nanoparticles (NPs) and pulmonary surfactant using dynamic light scattering, Langmuir balances, and epifluorescence microscopy. Our results demonstrate that NPs deposited onto preformed monolayers of DPPC or DPPC/POPG bind these surfactant lipids. This interaction facilitated the translocation of the nanomaterial towards the aqueous subphase, with the subsequent loss of lipid from the interface. NPs that remained at the interface associated with liquid expanded (LE)/tilted condensed (TC) phase boundaries, decreasing the size of condensed domains and promoting the intermixing of TC and LE phases at submicroscopic scale. This provided the stability necessary for attaining high surface pressures upon compression, countering the destabilization induced by lipid loss. These effects were observed only for high NP loads, suggesting a limit for the use of these NPs in pulmonary drug delivery.

scholarly journals A slow, efficient and safe nanoplatform of tailored ZnS QD-mycophenolic acid conjugates for in vitro drug delivery against dengue virus 2 genome replication

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 5777-5789
Author(s):  
Ranjeet Dungdung ◽  
Manikanta Bayal ◽  
Lathika Valliyott ◽  
Unnikrishnan Unniyampurath ◽  
Swapna S. Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Effective Delivery

The graphical abstract represents the synthesis of size engineered ZnS QDs for conjugating anti-viral drug (MPA) and its safe and effective delivery against cytoplasmically replicating dengue virus 2.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology-based approaches for targeting and delivery of drugs via Hexakis (m-PE) macrocycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Pasban ◽  
Heidar Raissi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Energy Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Partial Density ◽  
High Propensity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Novel Applications

AbstractHexakis (m-phenylene ethynylene) (m-PE) macrocycles, with aromatic backbones and multiple hydrogen-bonding side chains, had a very high propensity to self-assemble via H-bond and π–π stacking interactions to form nanotubular structures with defined inner pores. Such stacking of rigid macrocycles is leading to novel applications that enable the researchers to explored mass transport in the sub-nanometer scale. Herein, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine the drug delivery performance of the hexakis dimer as a novel carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) agent in the chloroform and water solvents. Based on the DFT results, it is found that the adsorption of DOX on the carrier surface is typically physisorption with the adsorption strength values of − 115.14 and − 83.37 kJ/mol in outside and inside complexes, respectively, and so that the essence of the drug remains intact. The negative values of the binding energies for all complexes indicate the stability of the drug molecule inside and outside the carrier's cavities. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) has also been performed and shown that the dispersion interaction has an essential role in stabilizing the drug-hexakis dimer complexes. To further explore the electronic properties of dox, the partial density of states (PDOS and TDOS) are calculated. The atom in molecules (AIM) and Becke surface (BS) methods are also analyzed to provide an inside view of the nature and strength of the H-bonding interactions in complexes. The obtained results indicate that in all studied complexes, H-bond formation is the driving force in the stabilization of these structures, and also chloroform solvent is more favorable than the water solution. Overall, our findings offer insightful information on the efficient utilization of hexakis dimer as drug delivery systems to deliver anti-cancer drugs.

scholarly journals Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81
Author(s):  
Sajana Manandhar ◽  
Erica Sjöholm ◽  
Johan Bobacka ◽  
Jessica M. Rosenholm ◽  
Kuldeep K. Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Body ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
The Stability

Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

scholarly journals Genipin as An Emergent Tool in the Design of Biocatalysts: Mechanism of Reaction and Applications

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veymar G. Tacias-Pascacio ◽  
Esmeralda García-Parra ◽  
Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez ◽  
Jose J. Virgen-Ortiz ◽  
Ángel Berenguer-Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Controlled Drug Delivery ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Biological Scaffolds ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
Mechanism Of Reaction ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
The Stability

Genipin is a reagent isolated from the Gardenia jasminoides fruit extract, and whose low toxicity and good crosslinking properties have converted it into a reactive whose popularity is increasing by the day. These properties have made it widely used in many medical applications, mainly in the production of chitosan materials (crosslinked by this reactive), biological scaffolds for tissue engineering, and nanoparticles of chitosan and nanogels of proteins for controlled drug delivery, the genipin crosslinking being a key point to strengthen the stability of these materials. This review is focused on the mechanism of reaction of this reagent and its use in the design of biocatalysts, where genipin plays a double role, as a support activating agent and as inter- or intramolecular crosslinker. Its low toxicity makes this compound an ideal alterative to glutaraldehyde in these processes. Moreover, in some cases the features of the biocatalysts prepared using genipin surpassed those of the biocatalysts prepared using other standard crosslinkers, even disregarding toxicity. In this way, genipin is a very promising reagent in the design of biocatalysts.

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