scholarly journals Mengawal Tumbuh Kembang Balita dengan Optimalisasi Stimulasi Perkembangan Masa Usia Dini di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Dian Furwasyih ◽  
Dewi Susilawati ◽  
Rahmayeni Supri ◽  
Reca Yolandha
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Temporary Suspension ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
The Brain

Monitoring of growth and development is an activity to detect early growth irregularities (malnutrition or poor nutritional status, short children), developmental deviations (late speaking), and mental emotional disorders (impaired concentration and hyperactivity). The rapid growth and development in the first 1,000 days of life makes monitoring of child development very important at this age. The first 1,000 days of life are counted from the time of conception in the mother's womb until the child is 2 years old. In children aged 2 years, the height has reached half of the adult's height and the brain development has reached 80% of the adult brain. Since March 2020, Indonesia has been hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. This resulted in the temporary suspension of posyandu activities in various regions in Indonesia. Fears of a pandemic condition make parents afraid to bring toddlers to clinics and puskesmas. One of the easiest steps for mothers and caregivers to take to stimulate the growth and development of toddlers at home is baby massage. Solutions and targets The outputs offered in this activity are growth and development stimulation education, infant massage demonstrations, and assistance to mothers of toddlers for infant massage for 2x a month. The output targets are publication of articles in the journal Community Service, print media publications, and increasing community empowerment and strengthening knowledge and developing community habits in healthy behavior

scholarly journals PKM Tumbuh Kembang Balita di Posyandu Balita Kelurahan Kenali Asam Bawah

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Ariyanto Ariyanto ◽  
Tina Yuli Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
Short Children ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Discussion Question

Growth monitoring is an activity to detect early growth irregularities (malnutrition or poor nutritional status, short children), developmental deviations (late speaking) and mental emotional disorders (impaired concentration and hyperactivity). The purpose of this community service is to increase public knowledge about the normal growth and development of toddlers, increase awareness of mothers about the importance of stimuli for toddler growth and development. The survey that was conducted by the Community Service Team for mothers with toddlers stated that the lack of education provided by posyandu officers, especially regarding toddler growth and development. The method used in community services is discussion, question and answer, and weight checks on toddlers. The service was carried out at the Beringin Posyandu in Kenali Asam Bawah for mothers who have toddlers, implemented in December 2019-January 2020. After counseling activities, participants who attended understood about how to monitor growth and development in toddlers and can monitor ideal weight in toddlers

PENGARUH PIJAT BAYI TERHADAP KUALITAS TIDUR BAYI UMUR 0 – 3 BULAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SOSIAL PALEMBANG TAHUN 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Development Phase ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRAK Tidur merupakan kebutuhan yang harus terpenuhi terutama pada fase perkembangan karena selama tidur akan terjadi perkembangan otak maupun tubuh, sehingga gangguan tidur merupakan masalah yang akan menimbulkan dampak buruk terhadap pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi. Kualitas tidur bayi yang baik dapat diciptakan dengan memberikan pemijatan bayi secara rutin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa pemijatan dapat mempengaruhi kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Quasy Eksperimental dengan metode One Group Pretest-Postest. Sampel 22 bayi yang dipilih dengan tehnik Total Sampling yang di observasi sebelum dan sesudah diberikan pemijatan. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitas tidur bayi 0-3 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh pijat bayi terhadap kualitas tidur bayi umur 0-3 bulan (p value  0,008 < α = 0,05).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disarankan agar keluarga dan masyarakat memberikan pemijatan secara rutin dan mandiri untuk meningkatkan kebutuhan tidur bayi yang berkualitas.   ABSTRACT Sleep is a human necessity that must be met, especially in the development phase because during sleep will occur the brain and body developments, so that sleep disturbance is a problem that would cause adverse effects on infants’ growth and development. The good quality of sleep can be created by providing the infants massage routinely. This study aimed to prove that the massage could affect the quality of sleep on the 0-3 months old baby. This study used Quasy-experimental design with One Group Pretest-Posttest. The sample 22 infants selected by total sampling technique observed on before and after the massage. The variables measured in this study are the quality of sleep. The results of study indicate that there is an effect of infant massage to the sleep quality on 0-3 months old babies (p value 0,008 < α = 0,05).Based on the results of this study it recommended for the families and communities to provide infant massage regularly and independently to increase the quality of sleep on the baby.  

scholarly journals SENTUHAN KASIH IBU, UPAYA STIMULASI TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK DENGAN PIJAT BAYI PADA ANAK USIA 0-3 TAHUN DI DESA SELEBUNG KETANGGA, KECAMATAN KERUAK KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Catur Esty Pamungkas ◽  
Aulia Amini ◽  
Cyntiya Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Good Productivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRAKBayi dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik jika kebutuhan dasarnya terpenuhi, yaitu  asah, asih dan asuh. Kebutuhan asah adalah kebutuhan akan stimulasi dini. Pemberian stimulasi dini yang sesuai akan memungkinkan terbentuknya etika, kepribadian yang baik, kecerdasan, kemandirian, keterampilan dan produktivitas yang baik. Efektifitas pijat bayi memberikan manfaat pada perkembangan motorik sangat baik pada anak usia 8-28 hari dibandingkan dengan anak yang tidak diberikan stimulasi pijat bayi (Rizki, 2017). Melalui pemijatan peredaran darah akan lancar, Salah satu zat penting yang dibawa adalah oksigen. Terpenuhinya oksigen diotak secara cukup membuat konsentrasi dan kesiagaan bayi semakin baik(Sembiring, 2017). Solusi permasalahan yang ditawarkan yaitu “Sentuhan Kasih Ibu” Upaya Stimulasi Tumbuh Kembang anak dengan Pijat Bayi yang dilakukan Pada Anak Usia 0-3 Tahun di Desa Selebung Ketangga di Kecamatan Keruak Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Tujuan pengabdian ini memberikan informasi bagi masyarakat terutama orang tua mengenai manfaat setiap langkah dari pijat bayi. Tim PKMS akan memberikan pelatihan langsung kepada ibu yang akan dipraktikkan oleh narasumber yang berpengalaman, memiliki bidang ilmu yang sesuai dan telah mendapatkan pelatihan pijat bayi sebelumnya, sehingga setiap informasi diberikan oleh orang yang tepat. Setelah diberikan pelatihan pijat bayi tersebut, diharapkan ibu dapat mempraktikan sendiri pijat bayi di rumah.Jumlah responden yang mengikuti kegiatan ini sebanyak 32 balita. Hasil pengadian didapatkan terbanyak responden 12-24 sebanyak 19 balita (59,4%). Hasil pre test didapatkan 23 responden memiliki pengetahuan kurang dan post test sebagian besar pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 18 responden. Hasil follow up kemampuan pijat bayi didapatkan 24 reponden mampu melakukan pijat bayi dengan benar. Kata kunci: stimulasi tumbuh kembang; bayi; pijat bayi. ABSTRACTBabies can grow and develop well if their basic needs, which are teasers, love and foster. The need for sharpening is the need for early stimulation. Providing first inspiration appropriate will enable the formation of ethics, a good personality, intelligence, independence, skills and good productivity. The effectiveness of baby massage provides benefits to motor development is very good in children aged 8-28 days compared with children who do not give stimulation of baby massage (Rizki, 2017). Through massage, the blood circulation will be smooth. One of them the essential substance carried is oxygen. Fulfilment of oxygen in the brain is sufficient to make the baby's concentration and alertness are getting better (Sembiring, 2017). The solution to the problem offered is the "Touch of Mother's Love" Efforts to Stimulate Child Development with Infant Massage which was carried out on children aged 0-3 years in Selebung Ketangga Village in Keruak District East Lombok Regency. The purpose of this service is to provide information for the community, especially parents, regarding the benefits of every step of baby massage. The Stimulus Community Service Team (PKMS) will provide training directly to the mother who will be practised by experienced speakers who have fields science according to the training and baby massage before, so every information given by the right person. After being given the baby massage training, it is hoped that the mother can practicing baby massage at home on their own. The number of respondents who participated in this activity was 32 toddler. The results obtained were the most respondents 12-24 as many as 19 toddlers (59.4%). Pre results test found 23 respondents have less knowledge and most of the post-test sufficient knowledge of 18 respondents. The follow-up results of the infant massage ability were obtained 24 respondents are able to massage the baby properly. Keywords: growth and development stimulation; baby; baby massage.

scholarly journals PEMBERDAYAAN IBU BAYI MENINGKATKAN STATUS GIZI BAYI YANG BERUSIA 6-12 BULAN MELALUI PIJAT BAYI BERBASIS BUDAYA LOKAL (OBISA) DI KOTA MATARAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Sudarmi Sudarmi ◽  
St. Halimatusyaadiah ◽  
Ni Putu Dian Ayu Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Massage Intervention

ABSTRAKGizi buruk dapat terjadi pada semua kelompok umur, Prevalensi berat badan kurang sangat tinggi di NTB melebihi 30 % sehingga perlu lebih diperhatikan pada kelompok bayi dan balita usia 0 - 2 tahun yang merupakan masa tumbuh kembang yang optimal (golden period). Penanganan secara nonfarmakologis salah satunya pijat bayi berbasis budaya Sasak (OBISA) sangat diperlukan untuk membantu meningkatkan berat badan bayi dan mencegah terjadinya kurang gizi pada bayi. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka kami bermitra dengan Puskesmas Cakranegara, Puskesmas Tanjung Karang dan Puskesmas Karang Pule, melaksanakan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dengan metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah, diskusi tanya jawab, konseling, demonstrasi, dan pemeriksaan antropometri. Pada akhir kegiatan setelah dilakukan pemantauan pelaksanaan Pijat bayi berbasis budaya Sasak ini dirangkaikan dengan pemberian makanan tambahan pendamping ASI selama 3 bulan menunjukkan peningkatan berat badan bayi dengan status gizi kurang sebelumnya berat badan bayi rata-rata 6,69±0,547 meningkat setelah intervensi pijat bayi OBISA menjadi 7,67±1,261 dan menunjukkan peningkatan status gizi bayi menjadi status gizi baik sekitar 63.3%. Diharapkan dengan adanya kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dapat memberikan pendidikan  kesehatan kepada masyarakat tentang pijat bayi berbasis budaya Sasak (OBISA) mengenai cara pelatihan pijat bayi dan pemberian makanan pada bayi sesuai usia sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya stunting. Kata kunci : status gizi; pijat bayi; OBISA ABSTRACTMalnutrition can occur in all age groups, the prevalence of underweight is very high in NTB exceeding, 30% so that more attention needs to be paid to the group of infants and toddlers aged 0-2 years which is the optimal growth and development period (golden period). Non-pharmacological treatment, one of which is baby massage based on Sasak culture (OBISA) is needed to help increase baby's weight and prevent malnutrition in infants. Based on this, we partnered with the Cakranegara Health Center, Tanjung Karang Health Center and Karang Pule Health Center, carrying out community service activities with the methods used were lectures, question and answer discussions, counseling, demonstrations, and anthropometric examinations. At the end of the activity, after monitoring the implementation of Sasak culture-based baby massage, coupled with the provision of complementary food for breastfeeding for 3 months, it showed an increase in the weight of infants with poor nutritional status before the average baby weight of 6.69±0.547 increased after the OBISA infant massage intervention. became 7.67±1.261 and showed an increase in the nutritional status of infants to good nutritional status of about 63.3%. It is hoped that this community service activity can provide health education to the community about Sasak culture-based baby massage (OBISA) regarding how to train baby massage and provide age-appropriate feeding to infants so as to prevent stunting. Keywords: nutritional status; baby massage; OBISA 

OPTIMALISASI TUMBUH KEMBANG BAYI MELALUI EDUKASI, TERAPI PIJAT BAYI (BABY MASSAGE) DAN SENAM BAYI (BABY GYM) DI KLINIK BERSALIN KOTA MEDAN DAN KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG TAHUN 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Evi Indriani Br Karo ◽  
Febrina Oktavinola Kaban
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Infant Massage ◽  
And Training ◽  
Maternity Clinic

Every parent expects their children to grow and develop optimally, so that they can become qualified and resilient human resources. Achieving optimal growth and development is the result of interaction with various factors, one of them is stimulation. Massage (stimulation touch) that is done correctly and regularly will greatly benefit the baby's growth. Maternity clinic is one of the health facilities that provide services to mothers, babies and toddlers including monitoring baby's growth. The community service activities were held at Shanty clinic located in Sungai Berombang Village, Medan Barat sub-district, Medan, and Pratama Clinic Fitri Asih, which was in Patumbak Deli Serdang. Based on the situation analysis of the two partners in the development of their services, they still experience various problems, namely: very low knowledge of the community, especially the mothers of infants and toddlers regarding efforts to optimize baby growth with baby massage and baby gymnastics, lack of partner skills and expertise to do baby massage and limited facilities and infrastructure at both partners. The solutions offered are education and training on infant massage and baby gymnastics and help complete the facilities and infrastructure needed by partners according to their abilities. This activity began in mid-January 2018 and was held on April 17, 2018 at Fitri Asih Clinic and May 30, 2018 at Shanty Midwife Clinic. This activity was attended by 40 mothers and their babies. The results of the activity evaluation showed that there was an increase in mother's knowledge so that they were eager to do gymnastic movements according to their baby's age. There was an increase in maternal skills so they were more confident in doing massage on their babies. Mentoring and guidance for partners has a positive impact to maximize clinical services in optimizing baby's growth.Keywords: Education, Training, Baby Massage, Infant Gymnastics

scholarly journals PEMANTAUAN TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK MELALUI GIZI DAN POLA ASUH ANAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Istiqomah Risa Wahyuningsih ◽  
Rina Sri Widayati
Keyword(s):  
Community Participation ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Aging Body ◽  
Question And Answer ◽  
The Brain

In childhood, the process of growth and development happens very quickly. If food does not contain enough nutrients needed, and this situation lasts longer, it will cause changes in metabolism in the brain. This will result in the inability of the brain to function normally. In more severe and chronic conditions, nutritional deficiencies lead to aging body growth. The outcome target of community service is in the form of services aimed at improving the knowledge and participation of the community in monitoring the nutrition and growth of their children periodically. Method of implementation is done by counseling and question and answer. The results of this activity are held in Pulosari, Karangasem, Sroyo village on February 22, 2015, with the total number of 33 participants and the enthusiasm of the participants to follow the activities to completion. The conclusion of community service is the increase of knowledge and awareness as well as community participation related to nutrition and growth of their children.

scholarly journals An architectonic type principle in the development of laminar patterns of cortico-cortical connections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah F. Beul ◽  
Alexandros Goulas ◽  
Claus C. Hilgetag
Keyword(s):  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cortical Connections ◽  
Cortical Projections ◽  
Structural Connections ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Brain

AbstractStructural connections between cortical areas form an intricate network with a high degree of specificity. Many aspects of this complex network organization in the adult mammalian cortex are captured by an architectonic type principle, which relates structural connections to the architectonic differentiation of brain regions. In particular, the laminar patterns of projection origins are a prominent feature of structural connections that varies in a graded manner with the relative architectonic differentiation of connected areas in the adult brain. Here we show that the architectonic type principle is already apparent for the laminar origins of cortico-cortical projections in the immature cortex of the macaque monkey. We find that prenatal and neonatal laminar patterns correlate with cortical architectonic differentiation, and that the relation of laminar patterns to architectonic differences between connected areas is not substantially altered by the complete loss of visual input. Moreover, we find that the degree of change in laminar patterns that projections undergo during development varies in proportion to the relative architectonic differentiation of the connected areas. Hence, it appears that initial biases in laminar projection patterns become progressively strengthened by later developmental processes. These findings suggest that early neurogenetic processes during the formation of the brain are sufficient to establish the characteristic laminar projection patterns. This conclusion is in line with previously suggested mechanistic explanations underlying the emergence of the architectonic type principle and provides further constraints for exploring the fundamental factors that shape structural connectivity in the mammalian brain.

scholarly journals Transfer of rhodamine-123 into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of fetal, neonatal and adult rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam M. Koehn ◽  
Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska ◽  
Mark D. Habgood ◽  
Yifan Huang ◽  
Norman R. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Rhodamine 123 ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Barriers

Abstract Background Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters such as P-glycoprotein (PGP) play an important role in drug pharmacokinetics by actively effluxing their substrates at barrier interfaces, including the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and placental barriers. For a molecule to access the brain during fetal stages it must bypass efflux transporters at both the placental barrier and brain barriers themselves. Following birth, placental protection is no longer present and brain barriers remain the major line of defense. Understanding developmental differences that exist in the transfer of PGP substrates into the brain is important for ensuring that medication regimes are safe and appropriate for all patients. Methods In the present study PGP substrate rhodamine-123 (R123) was injected intraperitoneally into E19 dams, postnatal (P4, P14) and adult rats. Naturally fluorescent properties of R123 were utilized to measure its concentration in blood-plasma, CSF and brain by spectrofluorimetry (Clariostar). Statistical differences in R123 transfer (concentration ratios between tissue and plasma ratios) were determined using Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s corrections. Results Following maternal injection the transfer of R123 across the E19 placenta from maternal blood to fetal blood was around 20 %. Of the R123 that reached fetal circulation 43 % transferred into brain and 38 % into CSF. The transfer of R123 from blood to brain and CSF was lower in postnatal pups and decreased with age (brain: 43 % at P4, 22 % at P14 and 9 % in adults; CSF: 8 % at P4, 8 % at P14 and 1 % in adults). Transfer from maternal blood across placental and brain barriers into fetal brain was approximately 9 %, similar to the transfer across adult blood-brain barriers (also 9 %). Following birth when placental protection was no longer present, transfer of R123 from blood into the newborn brain was significantly higher than into adult brain (3 fold, p < 0.05). Conclusions Administration of a PGP substrate to infant rats resulted in a higher transfer into the brain than equivalent doses at later stages of life or equivalent maternal doses during gestation. Toxicological testing of PGP substrate drugs should consider the possibility of these patient specific differences in safety analysis.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat pada Sektor Parawisata dalam Upaya Percepatan Pemulihan Ekonomi

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Frahmawati Bumulo ◽  
Sri Endang Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Village Community ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Village

Community Empowerment in the Tourism Sector in Efforts Acceleration of Economic Recovery in Dambalo Village As an effort to grow the economy which is currently slumped as a result of the covid 19 pandemic. He people of Dambalo Village have various livelihoods from self-employed fishermen, farmers and some are civil servants and construction workers, all of which aim to help the family economy. and almost 60% are creative and micro business actors. Here fore, we are interested in providing creative ideas in the tourism sector, where in this village there is a pretty good tourist attraction to be developed, namely the Botudidingga tourism object, as for the tourism objects in this village that have existed since a few years ago which are located on the coast which has its own uniqueness, because to go to this place the tourists seem to go on a trip to the mountains, the vast expanse of sea surrounded by mangroves and has a courtyard to the middle of the sea makes Botudidingga tourism object the maldeves of North Gorontalo. To further beautify and attract tourists, the thematic village community service students create interesting photo spots with materials taken in the village of Dambalo itself

The novel guanylyl cyclase MsGC-I is strongly expressed in higher-order neuropils in the brain of Manduca sexta

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nighorn ◽  
P.J. Simpson ◽  
D.B. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Guanylyl Cyclases ◽  
The Brain

Guanylyl cyclases are usually characterized as being either soluble (sGCs) or receptor (rGCs). We have recently cloned a novel guanylyl cyclase, MsGC-I, from the developing nervous system of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta that cannot be classified as either an sGC or an rGC. MsGC-I shows highest sequence identity with receptor guanylyl cyclases throughout its catalytic and dimerization domains, but does not contain the ligand-binding, transmembrane or kinase-like domains characteristic of receptor guanylyl cyclases. In addition, MsGC-I contains a C-terminal extension of 149 amino acid residues. In this paper, we report the expression of MsGC-I in the adult. Northern blots show that it is expressed preferentially in the nervous system, with high levels in the pharate adult brain and antennae. In the antennae, immunohistochemical analyses show that it is expressed in the cell bodies and dendrites, but not axons, of olfactory receptor neurons. In the brain, it is expressed in a variety of sensory neuropils including the antennal and optic lobes. It is also expressed in structures involved in higher-order processing including the mushroom bodies and central complex. This complicated expression pattern suggests that this novel guanylyl cyclase plays an important role in mediating cyclic GMP levels in the nervous system of Manduca sexta.

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