scholarly journals On Declarative and Procedural Knowledge Representation

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
А.Н. Гордей
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
World Model ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Linguistic Categories

Рассматриваются преимущества и недостатки стандартных в математике и информатике способов задания множеств и представления знаний. В развитие классификации сигнализации, по Ю. В. Кнорозову, знания разделяются на невербальные (иррациональные) и вербальные (рациональные), последние, в свою очередь, подразделяются на фактуальные и фасцинационные. Доказывается, что в теории Языка как системы фигур и знаков для декодирования модели мира и сознательного управления интеллектуальной деятельностью релевантными оказываются лишь те языковые категории, которые выделены процедурно, закреплены декларативно и подтверждены комбинáторно. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of standard methods in mathematics and computer science for setting sets and representing knowledge. Developing the classification of signaling by Yu. V. Knorozov, we divide knowledge into non-verbal (irrational) and verbal (rational), with the latter, in turn, subdivided into factual and fascinating. The approach proves that in the theory of Language as a system of figures and signs for decoding the World Model and for conscious management of intellectual activity, only those linguistic categories that are distinguished procedurally, fixed declaratively and confirmed combinatorially can be determined as relevant.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mutation of super-intelligent machines may lead to the destruction of humanity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Computer ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Singularity

<p>If in future, the highly intelligent machines control the world, then what would be its advantages and disadvantages? Will, those artificial intelligence powered superintelligent machines become an anathema for humanity or will they ease out the human works by guiding humans in complicated tasks, thereby extending a helping hand to the human works making them comfortable. Recent studies in theoretical computer science especially artificial intelligence predicted something called ‘technological singularity’ or the ‘intelligent explosion’ and if this happens then there can be a further stage as transfused machinery intelligence and actual intelligence where the machines being immensely powerful with a cognitive capacity more than that of humans for solving ‘immensely complicated tasks’ can takeover the humans and even the machines by more intelligent machines of superhuman intelligence. Therefore, it is troublesome and worry-full to think that ‘if in case the machines turned out against humans for their optimal domination in this planet’. Can humans have any chances to avoid them by bypassing the inevitable ‘hard singularity’ through a set of ‘soft singularity’. This paper discusses all the facts in details along with significant calculations showing humanity, how to avoid the hard singularity when the progress of intelligence is inevitable. </p>

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mutation of super-intelligent machines may lead to the destruction of humanity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee ◽  
Sanjeevan Singha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Theoretical Computer Science ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Theoretical Computer ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Singularity

<p>If in future, the highly intelligent machines control the world, then what would be its advantages and disadvantages? Will, those artificial intelligence powered superintelligent machines become an anathema for humanity or will they ease out the human works by guiding humans in complicated tasks, thereby extending a helping hand to the human works making them comfortable. Recent studies in theoretical computer science especially artificial intelligence predicted something called ‘technological singularity’ or the ‘intelligent explosion’ and if this happens then there can be a further stage as transfused machinery intelligence and actual intelligence where the machines being immensely powerful with a cognitive capacity more than that of humans for solving ‘immensely complicated tasks’ can takeover the humans and even the machines by more intelligent machines of superhuman intelligence. Therefore, it is troublesome and worry-full to think that ‘if in case the machines turned out against humans for their optimal domination in this planet’. Can humans have any chances to avoid them by bypassing the inevitable ‘hard singularity’ through a set of ‘soft singularity’. This paper discusses all the facts in details along with significant calculations showing humanity, how to avoid the hard singularity when the progress of intelligence is inevitable. </p>

scholarly journals Classification of Fish Species with Image Data Using K-Nearest Neighbor

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Kaharuddin Kaharuddin ◽  
Eka Wahyu Sholeha
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Shape Features ◽  
K Nearest Neighbor ◽  
The World

Abstract— Classification is a technique that many of us encounter in everyday life, classification science is also growing and being applied to various types of data and cases in everyday life, in computer science classification has been developed to facilitate human work, one example of its application is to classify fish species in the world, the number of fish species in the world is very much so that there are still many people who are sometimes confused to distinguish them, therefore in this study a study will be conducted to classify fish species using the K-Nearest Neighbor Method. 4 types of fish, all data totaling 160 data. The purpose of this study was to test the K-Nearest Neighbor method for classifying fish species based on color, texture, and shape features. Based on the test results, the accuracy value of the truth is obtained using the value of K = 7 with a percentage of the truth of 77.50%, the second-highest accuracy value is the value of K = 10, namely 76.88%. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the K-Nearest Neighbor method has a good enough ability to classify, but it can be done by adding variables or adding more amount of data, and using other types of fish.

scholarly journals Functions of Consciousness: the Problem of Classification

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Making ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Constructive Criticism ◽  
And Linguistics

The "complex problem of consciousness" in its functional aspect is analyzed in the article. The purpose of the article is to structure ideas about the functions of consciousness, to reconcile them, to propose an appropriate classification. To achieve this goal, the following methods and techniques were used: a) deduction; c) analysis; d) synthesis; e) generalization; e) systematization; e) modeling. So the analysis of the popular classification of consciousness functions in psychological literature was represented. Particularly there are the classification of K.G. Jung; L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein, B.G. Ananiev, O.M. Leontiev, O. R. Luria, V.P. Zinchenko, O.V. Petrovsky, R.S.Nemov, G.V. Akopov, O.A. Istomina and V.V. Pavlovsky, O. Skripchenko, L. Dolynska, O. Sergeenkova, O. Stolyarchuk, O. Kokhanova and O. Paseka; O.A. Gulbs, N.F. Shevchenko, A.G. Samoilova). The classifications of consciousness functions in related humanities (philosophy and linguistics) are given for comparison. In general, more than twenty classifications of consciousness functions have been analyzed. The review highlights their advantages and disadvantages. It is concluded that to solve the "complex problem of consciousness" requires first of all well-established communication between scientists, constructive criticism, a well-founded theoretical approach based on generally accepted ideas that have become axioms in psychology. Therefore, on the basis of the analyzed classifications, the author's understanding of the problem is proposed. Consciousness is a level of the psyche that contains evaluations, attitudes and ideals about the world and oneself. The main function of consciousness is reflection (subjective reflection of the objective world), that interact with other components of the psyche and realize by a number of specific functions: empirical ( consciousness + perception and consciousness + memory), orientation (consciousness + attention), prognostic (consciousness + thinking), evaluative (consciousness + emotions), psychosomatic (consciousness + body), meaning-making (consciousness + speech) and regulation of behavior (consciousness + will).

Russian Citizens' Representations of the Country's Position in the Geopolitical Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, and the World

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-251
Author(s):  
Victor F. Petrenko ◽  
Olga V. Mitina ◽  
Kirill A. Bertnikov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Repertory Grids ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Invariant Factors

The aim of this research was the reconstruction of the system of categories through which Russians perceive the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, and the world as a whole; to study the implicit model of the geopolitical space; to analyze the stereotypes in the perception of different countries and the superposition of mental geopolitical representations onto the geographic map. The techniques of psychosemantics by Petrenko, originating in the semantic differential of Osgood and Kelly's “repertory grids,” were used as working tools. Multidimensional semantic spaces act as operational models of the structures of consciousness, and the positions of countries in multidimensional space reflect the geopolitical stereotypes of respondents about these countries. Because of the transformation of geopolitical reality representations in mass consciousness, the commonly used classification of countries as socialist, capitalist, and developing is being replaced by other structures. Four invariant factors of the countries' descriptions were identified. They are connected with Economic and Political Well-being, Military Might, Friendliness toward Russia, and Spirituality and the Level of Culture. It seems that the structure has not been explained in adequate detail and is not clearly realized by the individuals. There is an interrelationship between the democratic political structure of a country and its prosperity in the political mentality of Russian respondents. Russian public consciousness painfully strives for a new geopolitical identity and place in the commonwealth of states. It also signifies the country's interest and orientation toward the East in the search for geopolitical partners. The construct system of geopolitical perception also depends on the region of perception.

Medical Diagnosis from a Clinician’s Point of View

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
F. T. De Dombal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
The World

This paper discusses medical diagnosis from the clinicians point of view. The aim of the paper is to identify areas where computer science and information science may be of help to the practising clinician. Collection of data, analysis, and decision-making are discussed in turn. Finally, some specific recommendations are made for further joint research on the basis of experience around the world to date.

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF INFORMATICS STUDIED AT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
S. I. Zenko
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Definition Of

The article raises the problem of classification of the concepts of computer science and informatics studied at secondary school. The efficiency of creation of techniques of training of pupils in these concepts depends on its solution. The author proposes to consider classifications of the concepts of school informatics from four positions: on the cross-subject basis, the content lines of the educational subject "Informatics", the logical and structural interrelations and interactions of the studied concepts, the etymology of foreign-language and translated words in the definition of the concepts of informatics. As a result of the first classification general and special concepts are allocated; the second classification — inter-content and intra-content concepts; the third classification — stable (steady), expanding, key and auxiliary concepts; the fourth classification — concepts-nouns, conceptsverbs, concepts-adjectives and concepts — combinations of parts of speech.

Linguistic Data Model for Natural Languages and Artificial Intelligence. Part 5. Introduction to Logic

Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
O. M. Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mathematical Logic ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
General View ◽  
World Model ◽  
Semantic Approach ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
The World ◽  
Linguistic Aspect

Introduction. The article continues the series of publications on the linguistics of relations (hereinafter R–linguistics) and is devoted to an introduction to the logic of natural language in relation to the approach considered in the series. The problem of natural language logic still remains relevant, since this logic differs significantly from traditional mathematical logic. Moreover, with the appearance of artificial intelligence systems, the importance of this problem only increases. The article analyzes logical problems that prevent the application of classical logic methods to natural languages. This is possible because R-linguistics forms the semantics of a language in the form of world model structures in which language sentences are interpreted.Methodology and sources. The results obtained in the previous parts of the series are used as research tools. To develop the necessary mathematical representations in the field of logic and semantics, the formulated concept of the interpretation operator is used.Results and discussion. The problems that arise when studying the logic of natural language in the framework of R–linguistics are analyzed. These issues are discussed in three aspects: the logical aspect itself; the linguistic aspect; the aspect of correlation with reality. A very General approach to language semantics is considered and semantic axioms of the language are formulated. The problems of the language and its logic related to the most General view of semantics are shown.Conclusion. It is shown that the application of mathematical logic, regardless of its type, to the study of natural language logic faces significant problems. This is a consequence of the inconsistency of existing approaches with the world model. But it is the coherence with the world model that allows us to build a new logical approach. Matching with the model means a semantic approach to logic. Even the most General view of semantics allows to formulate important results about the properties of languages that lack meaning. The simplest examples of semantic interpretation of traditional logic demonstrate its semantic problems (primarily related to negation).

Small Industry, Gimmicks and Moscow Statistics, or How the Small Russian Enterprise Came into the World (Russian Physiological Sketch, 1830-1840)

2009 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Yu. Golubitsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Enterprise ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Xix Century

The article considers business practices of Moscow small industry in the XIX century, basing upon physiological sketches of N. Polevoy and I. Kokorev, statistical data and the classification of professions are also presented. The author claims that the heroes of the analyzed sketches are the forefathers of Moscow small businesses and shows what a deep similarity their occupations and a way of life bear to the present-day routine existence of small enterprises.

International School in Informatics “Junior” for IOI Training

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Marina S. TSVETKOVA ◽  
Vladimir M. KIRYUKHIN
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
International School ◽  
International Training ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
Thirtieth Anniversary ◽  
The World ◽  
Training Event ◽  
School Computer

In 2018 the IOI will celebrate its thirtieth anniversary. Over these three decades, not only the world secondary school Olympiads in informatics community have been formed, which covers more than 80 countries from all continents, but a formation of an united methodological space of the school Informatics started also. This space allows many countries today to develop school computer science education, using the experience of other countries, materials from the IOI conference journal, sites of computer science contests, and other Internet resources. This article describes a model for organizing an international training event for juniors – International School in Informatics “Junior” – ISIJ.

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