scholarly journals Novel Effects Associated with the Use of Probiotics, Synbiotics and Prebiotics

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Wasim Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Idiopathic Constipation ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Bowel Movements

To maintain the wellbeing of the human gut, the role of its microflora and their metabolites is fundamental. Probiotics is a Greek term, which is used to define non-living microbes that are beneficial in nature and exert numerous advantages on the host body. The intestinal microflora’s function and activity may also be improved by administering some of the prebiotics (indigestible dietary fibers) independently or in a c combination with probiotics. The term “Synbiotics” is used to denote the combination of both prebiotics and probiotics. It should always be noted that numerous disorders are being associated with the abnormal function of microbiota/microflora that can be regulated and stabilized with the help of ingestion of probiotics, prebiotics or their combination. Multiple benefits are associated with the use of these probiotics, synbiotics and prebiotics including healthier digestive system, proper immune response of the gut and treatment of numerous GI tract disorders. All these issues are encountered because of treatments with new synthetic drugs that affect the digestive system as well as numerous organs in the body. Ulcerative colitis is a term that refers to chronic inflammation of the colon emerging as a result of improper immune response to intestinal microflora of the host. Researchers have studied the effects of synbiotics to treat this chronic condition1. As for the action mechanism of the synbiotics is concerned, it is assumed that they modulate the inflammatory response through expression of the cytokines, probiotic bacteria assisted modulation of the immune cells and prebiotics assisted production of certain short chain fatty acids. Jayanama and Theou studied the consequences of improper ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics in elderly patients. They revealed that physical inactivity, sarcopenia, and polypharmacy could be treated with the help of probiotics, prebiotics or a combination of both2. All the aforementioned disorders can lead to gut dysbiosis. The researchers have also revealed that the gut microbiota homeostasis can be improved with the help of probiotics and prebiotics and they can be a helping hand in the prevention of aging and frailty. It is evident that left and right prescriptions of antibiotics and their use caused antibiotic resistance in the pathogens. This issue can be best resolved with the ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics. The systematic evidence to treat infected chronic wounds has been provided by Brognara et al3. Similarly, chronic wounds and burns treatment is done widely with the use of Lactobacillus plantarum. Some other researchers have reviewed the available data associated with the use of numerous prebiotics in the treatment of idiopathic constipation, and highly prevalent GIT disorrderrs4-6. This is due to the capability of prebiotics to improve the consistency of the stool, bloating and number of bowel movements. A limited data is available regarding the efficacy of prebiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and pouchitis. It is concluded that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have been imparting a role in treating GIT disorders including indigestion, traveler’s diarrhea, IBD etc. Scientific reports have revealed their role in the treatment of cancerous disease, obesity, kidney and brain disorders. Many tools for the research of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are now available; therefore, the future bio-therapeutics are going to be changed with the passage of time.

scholarly journals The Role of Th17 Response in COVID-19

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1550
Author(s):  
Diana Martonik ◽  
Anna Parfieniuk-Kowerda ◽  
Magdalena Rogalska ◽  
Robert Flisiak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Response ◽  
Th17 Response ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Cytokine Cascade ◽  
Necrosis Factor

COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections occurs through droplets and contaminated objects. A rapid and well-coordinated immune system response is the first line of defense in a viral infection. However, a disturbed and over-activated immune response may be counterproductive, causing damage to the body. Severely ill patients hospitalised with COVID-19 exhibit increased levels of many cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Increasing evidence suggests that Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, not only by activating cytokine cascade but also by inducing Th2 responses, inhibiting Th1 differentiation and suppressing Treg cells. This review focuses on a Th17 pathway in the course of the immune response in COVID-19, and explores plausible targets for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
Toumi Ryma ◽  
Arezki Samer ◽  
Imene Soufli ◽  
Hayet Rafa ◽  
Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term used to describe a group of complex disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. IBDs include two main forms: Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), which share similar clinical symptoms but differ in the anatomical distribution of the inflammatory lesions. The etiology of IBDs is undetermined. Several hypotheses suggest that Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis result from an abnormal immune response against endogenous flora and luminal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. While there is no cure for IBDs, most common treatments (medication and surgery) aim to reduce inflammation and help patients to achieve remission. There is growing evidence and focus on the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of probiotics in IBDs. Probiotics are live microorganisms that regulate the mucosal immune system, the gut microbiota and the production of active metabolites such as Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). This review will focus on the role of intestinal dysbiosis in the immunopathogenesis of IBDs and understanding the health-promoting effects of probiotics and their metabolites.

Modulation of instinal microbiom in the formation and progression of ulterative colitis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-584
Author(s):  
G. R. Bikbavova ◽  
M. A. Livzan
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Post Industrial

In recent decades, an increase in the incidence of ulcerative colitis has been observed throughout the world. The purpose of this review is to generalize the available information on the influence of environmental factors and intestinal microbiome on the occurrence and development of ulcerative colitis, the role of bacteria metabolism products in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studied literature, we came to the conclusion that lifestyle in the era of post-industrial society has a significant impact on the microbial composition of the intestine and leads to changes in its diversity in patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. The changes include a decrease in the number of residential flora with anti-inflammatory activity, which synthesize short-chain fatty acids, and an increase in the number of potentially pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms. Within the phylums Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, the proportional ratio changes. The combination of aggression factors (deterioration of the intestinal microbiome composition, the presence of aggressive intestinal metabolites) leads to intestinal mucosa permeability disfunction, impairing its barrier function. Food and bacterial agents can penetrate deeper layers of the intestinal wall through mucosal defects, which then stimulate the development of inflammatory and immune responses.

scholarly journals IMMUNE MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED AND PARTIALLY CONTROLLED ASTHMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Vitkina ◽  
T. P. Novgorodtseva ◽  
E. P. Kalinina ◽  
E. G. Lobanova ◽  
M. V. Antonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Th17 Lymphocytes ◽  
Group I ◽  
Asthma Patients

Despite a significant amount of works specifying immune mechanisms of bronchial asthma (BA), different phenotypes observed in this pathology need to be studied. The aim of present study was to analyze functional activity of Th1, Th2 и Th17 lymphocytes, and to determine features of inflammation in controlled and partly controlled asthma.We examined eighty-four BA patients that were divided into 2 groups, depending on the control of symptoms and the clinical course of BA. Group I included 45 patients with controlled BA, whereas group II included 39 patients with partially controlled asthma. The subsets of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes were assessed by serum cytokine levels (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A) using flow cytometry technique.The results of this study were as follows: we have shown a combined T-helper (Th) immune response in asthma patients, with its origin depending on the degree of the disease control. Th2 (62%), Th1/Th2 (20%) and Th1 (18%) types of immune response have been detected in the patients with controlled BA. Th2/Th17 (49%), Th1/Th17 (13%) and Th17 (37%) types of immune response have been identified in the patients with partially controlled BA. It has been shown, that Th1 immune response in patients with controlled asthma is induced by intracellular infection. The formation of the Th1/Th2 phenotype is associated with a site of chronic bacterial infection revealed, and with persistence of viral infection in the body. This phenotype can be used as an indicator of asthma worsening. Further studies in the role of prevalent immune response type in the development of partially controlled BA have shown that activation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with prolonged course of the disease. Irrespectively of initial phenotype, the development of Th17-dependent immune response seems to result from a durable systemic persistent inflammation.The views on the key role of Th1/Th2 balance in the development of asthma are accomplished by evidence of Th17 lymphocyte involvement into the process, and Th1/Th17, Th2/Th17 phenotypes seem to be the polar features of the disease. Estimation of intensity and phenotype of inflammation in BA will permit a more objective evaluation of the therapy applied, and to choose further management strategies.

scholarly journals Metabolism Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Expanding Applications in Food Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqi Wang ◽  
Jiangtao Wu ◽  
Mengxin Lv ◽  
Zhen Shao ◽  
Meluleki Hungwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
The One

Lactic acid bacteria are a kind of microorganisms that can ferment carbohydrates to produce lactic acid, and are currently widely used in the fermented food industry. In recent years, with the excellent role of lactic acid bacteria in the food industry and probiotic functions, their microbial metabolic characteristics have also attracted more attention. Lactic acid bacteria can decompose macromolecular substances in food, including degradation of indigestible polysaccharides and transformation of undesirable flavor substances. Meanwhile, they can also produce a variety of products including short-chain fatty acids, amines, bacteriocins, vitamins and exopolysaccharides during metabolism. Based on the above-mentioned metabolic characteristics, lactic acid bacteria have shown a variety of expanded applications in the food industry. On the one hand, they are used to improve the flavor of fermented foods, increase the nutrition of foods, reduce harmful substances, increase shelf life, and so on. On the other hand, they can be used as probiotics to promote health in the body. This article reviews and prospects the important metabolites in the expanded application of lactic acid bacteria from the perspective of bioengineering and biotechnology.

3. Kill or be killed

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Dorothy H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Human Immune Response ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Simplex Virus

‘Kill or be killed’ shows how viruses survive—they must reproduce before the host either dies or its immune system recognizes and eliminates them. The transmission routes of viruses such as flu, measles, common cold, herpes simplex virus, HIV, Epstein–Barr, and hepatitis B are discussed. How do we fight viruses? All living organisms have defences against invading viruses. Vertebrates, and possibly some invertebrates, are immune to re-infection by the same virus. Another protective mechanism, used by plants, but also by insects and other animal species, is gene silencing by RNA interference. The human immune response is explained, discussing the role of lymphocytes and immunopathology, where the immune response may actually harm the body.

scholarly journals QUAL O PAPEL DO SISTEMA IMUNE NAS MORTES POR MALÁRIA?

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ferraz Campos Basilio ◽  
Lucília Fraissat Santana ◽  
Matheus Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Global Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Biological Cycle ◽  
Malaria Therapy ◽  
The North ◽  
New Research

biológico complexo que pode causar diferentes reações imunes no organismo. Essa resposta imune leva a manifestações leves ou graves da doença. O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar o papel do sistema imune na fisiopatologia da malária e suas complicações. Visando assim, definir  a melhor abordagem a ser seguida pelas novos trabalhos em terapêutica da malária. Palavras-chave: malária; sistema imune; fisiopatologia; complicações. ABSTRACT Malaria is one of the leading global health issues; it causes more than a million deaths each year. In Brazil, malaria cases are mainly concentrated in the north region of the country. The disease is caused by a complex biological cycle parasite which can cause different immune reactions in the body. This immune response leads to mild or severe manifestations of the disease. The objective of this work is to address the role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of malaria and its complications. In this way, we can define the best approach to new research in malaria therapy. Keywords: malaria; immune system; physiopathology; complications.

scholarly journals Is it possible to enhance immune response after vaccination? The role of a probiotic with a proven positive effect on all components of the immune system

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
E. V. Kanner ◽  
M. L. Maksimov ◽  
I. D. Kanner ◽  
N. M. Lapkin ◽  
A. V. Gorelov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Preventive vaccination is currently the most affordable and economical way to reduce morbidity and mortality from many infections, improve quality and human life expectancy with an almost ideal balance of benefits and risks among all medical procedures. The article deals with the reasons for variability of the immune response caused by vaccines, between individuals and between populations, which is of fundamental importance for human health. The authors have presented data indicating a key role of the gut microbiota in the control of the immune response to vaccination. Particular attention is paid to the microbial diversity in different loci of the body. The role of microorganisms in the proper functioning of the body and the formation of a number of pathological conditions is described. Most modern vaccines are live-attenuated, killed / inactivated or subunit (recombinant) vaccines, and they are designed for the parenteral route of administration. Most of these vaccines elicit a weak immune response, especially in the mucous membranes, due to the route of administration and are associated with weak cell-mediated immunity. Therefore, mechanisms that can enhance virus-specific vaccine immunity in infants and children are required, such as the use of more potent or selective immunity-enhancing adjuvants. Some probiotic strains may be considered as promising vaccine adjuvants. This article evaluates the recent clinical studies of probiotics used to enhance vaccine-specific immunity in adults and infants. The present-day knowledge on the role of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG with the aim of activating immunity after vaccination are presented.

The role of vitamin D in the body

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Grafka ◽  
Maciej Łopucki ◽  
Jarosław Kuna ◽  
Anna Kuna ◽  
Barbara Pęksa
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Pituitary Glands

Vitamin D performs a lot of important functions in the body, and its deficiency is just as harmful as the excess. From its precious properties, we draw primarily in the summer while staying in the sun, while in other seasons you should take care of a appropriate diet and implement vitamin D supplementation. The proper level of vitamin D in the human body results in proper bone mineralization, regulates the endocrine function of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid gland and pituitary glands. It acts as an anti-proliferative factor of some tumor such as melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, and increases differentiation and inhibits apoptosis of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and skin melanocytes. It has an influence on the proper functioning of many systems and regulates the immune response.

Role of Yogasana in Arsho Roga

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Aayeesha Mulla ◽  
Chavan SG ◽  
Prashanth AS
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Bowel Movements ◽  
Bleeding Per Rectum ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Healthy Body

A sound soul in a healthy body can achieve the over lasting and unabated peace and bliss, which is the ultimatum of each and every human being, so no gift surpass the gift of life. Arsha is the commonest anorectal condition seen in the practice of proctology. Recent statistics reveals that more than 60% of population suffers from this disease. This condition, even though seldom fatal, gives more trouble to the sufferer and poses greater difficulty for treatment. In modern Arshas can be correlated with hemorrhoids. Chronic constipation is a most common cause of hemorrhoids. Usually due to chronic constipation more pressure exerted on Haemorrhoidal veins as they have not contain any extra bony support hence it causes friction in the region which leads to varicosity of Haemorrhoidal veins which again due to chronic constipation yet strained and burst resulting in formation of haemorrhoidal mass. Bleeding per rectum, Pain, Constipation, Itching, Burning sensation are the characteristic features of Hemorrhoids. Yoga is a collection of body postures but total living an eternal source of scintillating health and happiness Yoga can help ease the pain and discomfort of digestive troubles like constipation. Yoga alleviates constipation. The way yoga benefits digestive system is through twisting poses, inversions, and forward folds. These poses massage to digestive organs, increase blood flow and oxygen delivery, aid the process of peristalsis, and encourage stools to move through digestive system. Doing yoga regularly can result in regular, healthy bowel movements with postures of different Yogasanas like Vajrasana, Halasana, Paschimottasana, Matsyasana, Sarvangasana, Bhujangasana.

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