Der Tod und die Rente: Tuberkulosebekämpfung und Sozialversicherung im Nationalsozialismus

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Patrick Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
State Pension

Zusammenfassung Historisch betrachtet ist die Rentenversicherung einer der wichtigsten institutionellen Akteure des deutschen Sozialsystems im Kampf gegen die Volkskrankheit Tuberkulose, die noch zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts die Statistik der Todesursachen anführte. Wie der Beitrag auf der Basis umfangreicher Archivrecherchen zeigt, blieb die Rentenversicherung auch nach der nationalsozialistischen Machteroberung strukturell in erheblichem Maß in die öffentliche Gesundheitspolitik eingebunden und arbeitete eng mit den für die Tuberkulosebekämpfung zuständigen Stellen von Staat und NSDAP zusammen. Das geschah jedoch nicht ausschließlich, weil die nationalsozialistische Diktatur Druck auf die Rentenversicherung ausübte, wie nach 1945 in apologetischer Absicht zu lesen war. Neben Zwang spielten noch andere Faktoren eine entscheidende Rolle: starke institutionelle Kontinuitäten und ein spezifisches Traditionsverständnis innerhalb der Rentenversicherung, ideologische Schnittmengen im Denken von NS-Gesundheitspolitikern und leitenden Mitarbeitern der Rentenversicherung sowie Eigeninteressen von Heilanstalten, die das nationalsozialistische Zwangssystem für Tuberkulosekranke nutzten, um sich unbequemer Tuberkulosepatienten zu entledigen. Im Extremfall bedeutete das die eigenständige Ermordung von Patienten durch Ärzte der Rentenversicherung. Abstract Death and Social Security: The German State Pension System and Anti-Tuberculosis Battles under National Socialism Seen in historical context, the state pension system was among the most important institutional actors in the German social system in the fight against the widespread public health crisis of tuberculosis, which remained a major statistical cause of death at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on extensive archive research, this paper demonstrates that to a significant extent, the pension system remained structurally embedded in public health policy after the National Socialist seizure of power, working hand in hand with the NSDAP and the government agencies responsible for combating tuberculosis. Their close cooperation was not merely the result of pressure exerted by the Nazi dictatorship on pension insurance, as one reads in post-1945 apologetic texts. Alongside coercion, other factors played a critical role, including major institutional continuities and a specific understanding of tradition within the pension insurance system, ideological overlap between the thinking of National Socialist health policy-makers and leading state pension officials, and the self-interest of sanatoria, which used the coercive National Socialist system for tuberculosis patients to rid themselves of undesirable tuberculosis patients. In extreme cases, this meant the deliberate murder of patients by pension system doctors.

Der Tod und die Rente: Tuberkulosebekämpfung und Sozialversicherung im Nationalsozialismus

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Patrick Bernhard
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
State Pension

Zusammenfassung Historisch betrachtet ist die Rentenversicherung einer der wichtigsten institutionellen Akteure des deutschen Sozialsystems im Kampf gegen die Volkskrankheit Tuberkulose, die noch zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts die Statistik der Todesursachen anführte. Wie der Beitrag auf der Basis umfangreicher Archivrecherchen zeigt, blieb die Rentenversicherung auch nach der nationalsozialistischen Machteroberung strukturell in erheblichem Maß in die öffentliche Gesundheitspolitik eingebunden und arbeitete eng mit den für die Tuberkulosebekämpfung zuständigen Stellen von Staat und NSDAP zusammen. Das geschah jedoch nicht ausschließlich, weil die nationalsozialistische Diktatur Druck auf die Rentenversicherung ausübte, wie nach 1945 in apologetischer Absicht zu lesen war. Neben Zwang spielten noch andere Faktoren eine entscheidende Rolle: starke institutionelle Kontinuitäten und ein spezifisches Traditionsverständnis innerhalb der Rentenversicherung, ideologische Schnittmengen im Denken von NS-Gesundheitspolitikern und leitenden Mitarbeitern der Rentenversicherung sowie Eigeninteressen von Heilanstalten, die das nationalsozialistische Zwangssystem für Tuberkulosekranke nutzten, um sich unbequemer Tuberkulosepatienten zu entledigen. Im Extremfall bedeutete das die eigenständige Ermordung von Patienten durch Ärzte der Rentenversicherung. Abstract Death and Social Security: The German State Pension System and Anti-Tuberculosis Battles under National Socialism Seen in historical context, the state pension system was among the most important institutional actors in the German social system in the fight against the widespread public health crisis of tuberculosis, which remained a major statistical cause of death at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on extensive archive research, this paper demonstrates that to a significant extent, the pension system remained structurally embedded in public health policy after the National Socialist seizure of power, working hand in hand with the NSDAP and the government agencies responsible for combating tuberculosis. Their close cooperation was not merely the result of pressure exerted by the Nazi dictatorship on pension insurance, as one reads in post-1945 apologetic texts. Alongside coercion, other factors played a critical role, including major institutional continuities and a specific understanding of tradition within the pension insurance system, ideological overlap between the thinking of National Socialist health policy-makers and leading state pension officials, and the self-interest of sanatoria, which used the coercive National Socialist system for tuberculosis patients to rid themselves of undesirable tuberculosis patients. In extreme cases, this meant the deliberate murder of patients by pension system doctors.

scholarly journals COVID-19 as an “Infodemic” in Public Health: Critical Role of the Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debanjan Banerjee ◽  
K. S. Meena
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Impact

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has emerged as a significant and global public health crisis. Besides the rising number of cases and fatalities, the outbreak has also affected economies, employment and policies alike. As billions are being isolated at their homes to contain the infection, the uncertainty gives rise to mass hysteria and panic. Amidst this, there has been a hidden epidemic of “information” that makes COVID-19 stand out as a “digital infodemic” from the earlier outbreaks. Repeated and detailed content about the virus, geographical statistics, and multiple sources of information can all lead to chronic stress and confusion at times of crisis. Added to this is the plethora of misinformation, rumor and conspiracy theories circulating every day. With increased digitalization, media penetration has increased with a more significant number of people aiding in the “information pollution.” In this article, we glance at the unique evolution of COVID-19 as an “infodemic” in the hands of social media and the impact it had on its spread and public reaction. We then look at the ways forward in which the role of social media (as well as other digital platforms) can be integrated into social and public health, for a better symbiosis, “digital balance” and pandemic preparedness for the ongoing crisis and the future.

scholarly journals Reflections on the IJHPR’s article collection on dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Harrison ◽  
Vincent Mor ◽  
Susan Mitchell ◽  
Ellen P. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Dementia Care ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
Care Partners ◽  
Global Action

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease-related dementias (AD/ADRD) constitute a worldwide public health crisis. In light of the AD/ADRD epidemic now existing within the global COVID-19 pandemic, the need for global action to improve dementia care is greater than ever. The article collection “Dementia- an Interdisciplinary Approach,” in the Israeli Journal of Health Policy and Research (IJHPR) highlights the need for interprofessional approaches to improving outcomes for people living with dementia and their care partners, as well as the complexities of conducting dementia care research.

scholarly journals REASONS AND FEATURES OF IMPLEMENTING BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN THE PENSION SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339
Author(s):  
T.G. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Current System ◽  
The State ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Registry System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Pension

Due to the introduction of the digital economy on the territory of the Russian Federation and the urgency of the problem of implementing the distributed registry system (Blockchain) in various financial spheres, including the system of accounting for pension rights and obligations in the state and non-state pension systems, an attempt was made to assess the principles of implementing the Blockchain mechanism in the system of accounting for pension rights, insurance premiums and pension payments. The current system of centralized registries is based on the full confidence of its participants-clients. In particular, persons insured in the pension system. The non-transparency of the non-state pension component and the periodic changes in the state pension system seriously undermine this trust of citizens. Thus, the system of distributed registries that will solve this problem operates on the principles of transparency, availability for verification, reliability (security of transactions), economy, and trust on the part of customers. The article also considers the problem of formation and distribution of the accumulative pension component. The analysis of its losses and features of transfer to different pension organizations - participants of the state pension insurance system is carried out. It is proposed to solve the problems associated with these processes by implementing a system of distributed registries and smart contracts. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the distributed registry system are presented, as well as the difficulties of its implementation in the near future in the pension system of the Russian Federation are analyzed.

scholarly journals АДМІНІСТРУВАННЯ ПЕНСІЙНИХ ВНЕСКІВ В КРАЇНАХ – ЧЛЕНАХ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО СОЮЗУ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Єлагін Віктор Павлович ◽  
Мартиненко Наталія Василівна
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Pension System ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
State Management ◽  
Social Contribution ◽  
Funded Pensions ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Compulsory State

The article analyzes the state management of pension systems for the organization of the exercise of powers to administer pension contributions in the countries − members of the European Union. The models of organization of administration of pension contributions are investigated. As suggestions for priority areas of modernizing the pension system of Ukraine on the example of the experience of countries − members of the European Union, the following are highlighted: attracting employees to participate in financing the pension system; the introduction of mandatory funded pensions with the payment of additional contributions by employees in excess of the unified social contribution to compulsory state pension insurance and the transition to a conditional savings system; differentiation of the unified social contribution rate for compulsory state pension insurance taking into account the state of economic development of the regions (high, medium, below average).

scholarly journals Working Memory Capacity Predicts Individual Differences in Social Distancing Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Stephen Campbell ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Individual

Noncompliance with social distancing during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic poses a great challenge to the public health system. These noncompliance behaviors partly reflect people’s concerns for the inherent costs of social distancing while discounting its public health benefits. We propose that this oversight may be associated with the limitation in one’s mental capacity to simultaneously retain multiple pieces of information in working memory (WM) for rational decision making that leads to social distancing compliance. We tested this hypothesis in 850 U.S. residents during the first 2 weeks following the presidential declaration of national emergency because of the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that participants’ social distancing compliance at this initial stage could be predicted by individual differences in WM capacity, partly due to increased awareness of benefits over costs of social distancing among higher WM capacity individuals. Critically, the unique contribution of WM capacity to the individual differences in social distancing compliance could not be explained by other psychological and socioeconomic factors (e.g., moods, personality, education, and income levels). Furthermore, the critical role of WM capacity in social distancing compliance can be generalized to the compliance with another set of rules for social interactions, namely the fairness norm, in Western cultures. Collectively, our data reveal novel contributions of a core cognitive process underlying social distancing compliance during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a potential cognitive venue for developing strategies to mitigate a public health crisis.

scholarly journals The Pension System in Ukraine – Some Aspects of Reforming

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (521) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
M. M. Furdak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Accumulation System ◽  
Asset Value ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Pension Payments ◽  
Compulsory State

This publication is aimed at studying the processes and defining the main problems in reforming the pension system of Ukraine. The article analyzes the state of functioning and development of three levels of pension provision at the present stage of socio-economic development of the country. It is determined that only level 1 actually works in Ukraine – the solidarity system of compulsory State-controlled pension insurance, while the mandatory accumulation system has not acquired its development, and the voluntary accumulation system has an extremely low share in the general pension system. Some financial results of the Pension Fund of Ukraine for 2020 and the approved budget for 2021 are analyzed. Substantiated conclusions have been drawn about the problems of the solidarity system, such as: the existing budget deficit of the Fund, which leads to the formation of its debts; low, socially unadapted level of pensions; disparities in the size of pensions assigned in different years. The rating of currently operating non-State pension funds of Ukraine (the third level of pension provision) are analyzed according to the criteria of asset value, number of participants, amounts of pension payments and profitability, as well as the dynamics of some basic indicators of their activity. It is determined that the functioning of the non-State pension system in the country is hampered, in particular, for psychological reasons due to the population’s distrust of non-State institutions. Since the second level of pension provision – the mandatory accumulation system – has not yet started working in the country and taking into account the problems of the first and third levels, a reasonable conclusion has been made on the inhibition of the pension reform in Ukraine and the need to intensify the work on the implementation of all three levels of pension provision in order to achieve a sufficient level of social protection of citizens.

scholarly journals NON-STATE PENSION INSURANCE AS A SUPPLEMENT TO SOLIDAR PENSION SUPPLY

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
O. Boiko
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Pension

The main prerequisites for the emergence of problems of the pension system functioning in Ukraine, namely the solidarity system, are considered in the article. The budget, expenditures and deficit of the Pension Fund of Ukraine in the period 2010-2018 are analyzed. The amount of pensions was calculated taking into account the change in the dollar exchange rate and the inflation rate for the analyzed period and it was proved that the increase in the size of the pension does not lead to its actual growth. Emphasis is placed on the principle of calculation of pensions and attention is paid to the concept of a single social contribution, which has the minimum and maximum possible sum of payment. Based on the data, the author compared the size of the minimum (state) pensions in different countries of the world and in Ukraine and showed that the size of the pension is the lowest among the compared countries. An important aspect of the study was the comparison of average life expectancy. This suggests that the increase in life expectancy is causing the states of the world to raise the retirement age in order to delay the payment of state pensions. Alongside this the alternative to state pensions are private pensions. During the working period, every citizen has the right to make savings in different financial institutions as they have the right to invest. Funds that have been saved and multiplied are the main source of retirement income. Voluntary pension institutions are also envisaged in Ukraine. However, despite the legislative support and the general need to have their own retirement savings, citizens do not actively take the opportunity to create additional pensions. The reasons for this are lack of awareness of the population by the state about the essence of the pension reform, the general economic situation in the country, as well as the lack of financial literacy of the population itself, the unwillingness to take responsibility for their future and the low level of income. On the basis of these data, the need for active involvement of both public administration and citizens in the cumulative system is substantiated. Keywords: retirement age, pension fund, cumulative insurance, life insurance companies.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATION OF THE EMISSION OF THE BONDED LOAN OF THE PENSION FUND OF RUSSIA AS A WAY OF FINANCING ITS BUDGET DEFICIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-573
Author(s):  
T.G. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Pension Policy ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
State Pension

In recent years, revenues and expenditures of the PFR budget are constantly growing, and their growth is about the same magnitude. The decrease in revenues in 2014 was due to a decrease in allocations from the Federal budget, as well as a change in the legislation on compulsory pension insurance, in accordance with which it was decided to send all insurance contributions at the individual rate to finance the insurance part of the labor pension. Since 2014, there has been a stable deficit. According to forecast data, the budget for the next years is also planned to be deficit. Taking into account that the state pension provision is planned and financed by the target method at the expense of allocations, it can be stated that the deficit of the PFR budget is associated with a shortage of incoming insurance contributions for the payment of insurance pensions. This may be due to the following reasons: a significant increase in the number of old-age pensioners with a relatively stable working-age population; insufficient income in the form of insurance contributions (informal wages, shadow business); lack of alternative sources of funding. With the first problem, the Russian Government decided to fight by an unpopular method - to reduce the increase in the number of pensioners by increasing the retirement age. This, in our view, exacerbates the existing problem of public distrust in the pension system in general and in the pension policy in particular. That in turn, among other factors, is the cause of the second problem - the growth of "gray" wages and unpaid insurance premiums. Thus, these problems need to be solved radically, which requires considerable time and a serious elaborated pension policy of the Government of the Russian Federation. It is proposed to use the issue of a pension bond loan as a measure in the operational management of the pension cash gap and strategic management of the budget deficit of the PFR.

scholarly journals Improving Supervision of Pension Asset Management: Transition to Prudential (Risk-Based) Supervision

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Tat’yana S. Yesaulkova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Pension Funds ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
State Pension ◽  
State Pension Funds

The Object of the Study is the management of pension assets - investment / placement of pension funds (pension savings and pension reserves). The Subject of the Study is the introduction of prudential (risk - oriented) supervision in order to improve the financial stability of non-state pension funds (NPF), ensuring the safety of pension assets. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main positions and principles of this supervision, its advantages and disadvantages. The Main Theoretical Aspects of the article: one of the basic goals of macroprudential supervision is creating conditions under which non-state pension funds would implement effective risk management which would improve the safety of pension assets. Among the tools of such supervision: stress testing, creating a risk management system in NPF and management companies participating in the pension system, proportional regulation. At the same time, macroprudential supervision does not exclude the establishment of capital requirements, corporate governance, restrictions on investment objects and the structure of the investment portfolio. In view of the introduction of such supervision, it is proposed to revise a number of requirements for non-state pension funds, as well as for the established restrictions on investing pension funds, e.g. to provide for the possibility of reducing the established requirement for the minimum amount of NPF's own funds, without reducing the requirements for the adequacy of assets for performance and obligations to depositors, participants, and insured persons). In view of the convergence of mandatory pension insurance (МPI) and non-state pension provision (NPP) systems and in connection with the new concept of the pension system under discussion it is proposed to abandon proportional regulation of the NPF's activities depending on the type of activity and to abandon differences in investment requirements in the MPI and NPP systems.

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