A Comparison of the Spatial Distribution of Agriculture and Craft Specialization in Five State-Level Societies

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane F. Fargher
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
State Level ◽  
Craft Specialization

scholarly journals Isolated Capital Cities, Accountability, and Corruption: Evidence from US States

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (8) ◽  
pp. 2456-2481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe R. Campante ◽  
Quoc-Anh Do
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
State Politics ◽  
State Level ◽  
Public Good Provision ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Us States ◽  
Good Provision

We show that isolated capital cities are robustly associated with greater levels of corruption across US states, in line with the view that this isolation reduces accountability. We then provide direct evidence that the spatial distribution of population relative to the capital affects different accountability mechanisms: newspapers cover state politics more when readers are closer to the capital, voters who live far from the capital are less knowledgeable and interested in state politics, and they turn out less in state elections. We also find that isolated capitals are associated with more money in state-level campaigns, and worse public good provision. (JEL D72, D73, H41, H83, K42, R23)

The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast

Antiquity ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (249) ◽  
pp. 924-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert D. G. Maschner
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Political Complexity ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Ethnographic History

The northern Northwest Coast supported some of the most socially complex hunting and gathering societies on the Pacific Coast. The Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian of this region share a rich ethnographic history that reveals hereditary social ranking, sedentary villages, intensive warfare, part-time craft specialization and dense populations. Models developed to explain the origins of social and political complexity among these groups have covered the gamut of theories presented for the rise of complexity in state level societies. As will be demonstrated, not only have archaeologists failed to present a theory that explains the rangeof variability in the data, but on the northern Northwest Coast, the actual timing of the origins of political complexity is suspect.

scholarly journals Toward correctness control of postal addresses geocoding

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Lev Obuhov ◽  
Evgeny Panidi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Large City ◽  
State Level ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Reference Dataset ◽  
Postal Address ◽  
Address Data ◽  
Geospatial Database ◽  
Initial Dataset ◽  
Address System

The paper discusses content and results of the methodology elaborated for geocoding of postal addresses. The geocoding issue is considered on the example of study devoted to the exploration of the spatial distribution and dynamics tuberculosis and concomitant diseases infection cases. The study is carried out on a large city scale. The example of St. Petersburg city (Russia) is used. Proposed methodology is based upon the extending of the classical geocoding scheme that assumes direct linking of the address data presented as a part of initial dataset with the address data presented in the reference dataset (in the geospatial database). The extension consists in the use of a middle reference-standard register of postal addresses. An address database developed by official agencies is used as a reference-standard register. Initial data records are linked with the records of the reference-standard register by postal addresses, and the register records, in turn, are linked with the records of the reference dataset used for geocoding (with the addresses recorded in the attributes of the geospatial database objects). This approach allows to provide control of structure and content correctness for the address data used for geocoding, as well as to convert address data in to a unified form accepted officially at the state level and used in official documents and information systems. The methodology is implemented on the example of the postal address system used in the Russia. However, it can also be used when operating with the address system of any other states. In such a case, it is necessary to have an official register of postal addresses to implement the methodology. The register have to be presented in a structured form (preferably in the form of a database). The methodology can be used both for medical statistics data geocoding, and for geocoding of other domain data.

Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft Specialization

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Yerkes
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Craft Specialization ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
American Bottom ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Shell Beads ◽  
Poverty Point

Samples of microdrills, microblades, and microcores from the Powell Mound (11-Ms-46) and the Dunham tract (11-S-34/4) of the Cahokia site near St. Louis, and a small number of Jaketown perforators from the Poverty Point site, Louisiana, were examined for microwear traces, using the methods outlined by L. H. Keeley. Many archaeologists have assumed that the microdrills in the Cahokia microlithic industry were used by craft specialists to produce drilled disc beads and other items made from marine and freshwater shell. Microwear analysis of the Cahokia microdrills showed they were specialized tools, used almost exclusively to drill shell material, while the Jaketown perforators were used to drill a variety of materials. This alone does not establish the existence of craft specialization at Cahokia. The distribution of microdrills and shell artifacts at Cahokia and throughout the Cahokia settlement system on the American Bottom indicates shell craft production was not restricted to “guild areas.” The shell beads produced by the microdrills may have served as ritual tokens or currency as well as ornaments, but they were not necessarily produced by full-time specialists who were part of a state-level society.

scholarly journals Masting in Pecan

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung Soo Chung ◽  
Marvin K. Harris ◽  
J. Benton Storey
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Annual variation in fruiting by pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] obtained from anecdotal records and state, district, county, and orchard data from Texas indicate exceptionally high synchronous fluctuations typically occurred every 34 years with a range of 2-7 years over the 66-year data base examined. Synchrony in fruit production was inversely related to the spatial distribution of pecans reflected in coefficients of variation ranging from about 60 at the state level to about 120 for two 10-ha orchards. These characteristics show that pecan exhibits roasting and that the species warrants further examination vis a vis interactions with nut feeders.

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

SEM evaluation of the TEM cold-stage double-film specimen

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Jayesh Bellare
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Sample Thickness ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Liquid Sample ◽  
Thin Specimen ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
Film Specimen

Seeing is believing, but only after the sample preparation technique has received a systematic study and a full record is made of the treatment the sample gets.For microstructured liquids and suspensions, fast-freeze thermal fixation and cold-stage microscopy is perhaps the least artifact-laden technique. In the double-film specimen preparation technique, a layer of liquid sample is trapped between 100- and 400-mesh polymer (polyimide, PI) coated grids. Blotting against filter paper drains excess liquid and provides a thin specimen, which is fast-frozen by plunging into liquid nitrogen. This frozen sandwich (Fig. 1) is mounted in a cooling holder and viewed in TEM.Though extremely promising for visualization of liquid microstructures, this double-film technique suffers from a) ireproducibility and nonuniformity of sample thickness, b) low yield of imageable grid squares and c) nonuniform spatial distribution of particulates, which results in fewer being imaged.

Macroprobe Mode for the Study of Segregation in Steels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Auclair Gilles ◽  
Benoit Danièle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Sheet Steel ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accurate Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Optical Micrographs

During these last 10 years, high performance correction procedures have been developed for classical EPMA, and it is nowadays possible to obtain accurate quantitative analysis even for soft X-ray radiations. It is also possible to perform EPMA by adapting this accurate quantitative procedures to unusual applications such as the measurement of the segregation on wide areas in as-cast and sheet steel products.The main objection for analysis of segregation in steel by means of a line-scan mode is that it requires a very heavy sampling plan to make sure that the most significant points are analyzed. Moreover only local chemical information is obtained whereas mechanical properties are also dependant on the volume fraction and the spatial distribution of highly segregated zones. For these reasons we have chosen to systematically acquire X-ray calibrated mappings which give pictures similar to optical micrographs. Although mapping requires lengthy acquisition time there is a corresponding increase in the information given by image anlysis.

Ultrastructural analysis of the spatial distribution of MRNA

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Gary Bassell ◽  
Robert H. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Colloidal Gold ◽  
Dna Probe ◽  
Nucleotide Analogs ◽  
Gold Particles

We have been investigating the spatial distribution of nucleic acids intracellularly using in situ hybridization. The use of non-isotopic nucleotide analogs incorporated into the DNA probe allows the detection of the probe at its site of hybridization within the cell. This approach therefore is compatible with the high resolution available by electron microscopy. Biotinated or digoxigenated probe can be detected by antibodies conjugated to colloidal gold. Because mRNA serves as a template for the probe fragments, the colloidal gold particles are detected as arrays which allow it to be unequivocally distinguished from background.

Membrane microdomains: lessons from microscopy

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
J.M. Robinson ◽  
J.M Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Lateral Heterogeneity ◽  
Functional Importance

Specialized regions of plasma membranes displaying lateral heterogeneity are the focus of this Symposium. Specialized membrane domains are known for certain cell types such as differentiated epithelial cells where lateral heterogeneity in lipids and proteins exists between the apical and basolateral portions of the plasma membrane. Lateral heterogeneity and the presence of microdomains in membranes that are uniform in appearance have been more difficult to establish. Nonetheless a number of studies have provided evidence for membrane microdomains and indicated a functional importance for these structures.This symposium will focus on the use of various imaging modalities and related approaches to define membrane microdomains in a number of cell types. The importance of existing as well as emerging imaging technologies for use in the elucidation of membrane microdomains will be highlighted. The organization of membrane microdomains in terms of dimensions and spatial distribution is of considerable interest and will be addressed in this Symposium.

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