Biosorption of Heavy Metals

Large-scale production of commodities for mankind by industries did huge damage to the environment. Industrial waste contains lots of toxic materials including heavy metals were drained to water bodies like river, lakes, ponds, etc. These effluents drastically ruin water quality as well as the soil fertility. Type of industry and its raw material decides quantity and quality of the emerged wastes including both biodegradable as well as non-biodegradable. Among non-biodegradable wastes, copper, chromium, nickel, cadmium, etc. are widespread contaminants of soil, water, and these are most common heavy metals. Several heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, and lead are highly poisonous and fatal to human as well as animals. Several plants as well as microbes respond to heavy metals by diverse biological processes like biosorption to their cell wall and entrapment in their capsule, oxidation and reduction, precipitation, complexation, etc. These responses may help significantly in the remediation of heavy metals from the contaminated sites.

Download Full-text

Biosorption of Heavy Metals

Biotechnology ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch077 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1898-1909 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Neelesh Babu ◽

Vinay Mohan Pathak ◽

Akash ◽

Navneet

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Water Quality ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Large Scale ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Scale Production ◽

Large Scale Production

Download Full-text

Thermal Laser Separation – A Novel Dicing Technology Fulfilling the Demands of Volume Manufacturing of 4H-SiC Devices

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.821-823.528 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 821-823 ◽

pp. 528-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Dirk Lewke ◽

Karl Otto Dohnke ◽

Hans Ulrich Zühlke ◽

Mercedes Cerezuela Barret ◽

Martin Schellenberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Process Control ◽

Tool Wear ◽

Large Scale ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Scale Production ◽

High Quality ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Laser Separation

One challenge for volume manufacturing of 4H-SiC devices is the state-of-the-art wafer dicing technology – the mechanical blade dicing which suffers from high tool wear and low feed rates. In this paper we discuss Thermal Laser Separation (TLS) as a novel dicing technology for large scale production of SiC devices. We compare the latest TLS experimental data resulting from fully processed 4H-SiC wafers with results obtained by mechanical dicing technology. Especially typical product relevant features like process control monitoring (PCM) structures and backside metallization, quality of diced SiC-devices as well as productivity are considered. It could be shown that with feed rates up to two orders of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art, no tool wear and high quality of diced chips, TLS has a very promising potential to fulfill the demands of volume manufacturing of 4H-SiC devices.

Download Full-text

Influência da vernalização de semente na produção, crescimento e desenvolvimento de plantas de lisianthus

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2325 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 2325 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Yumbla-Orbes ◽

José Geraldo Barbosa ◽

Wagner Campos Otoni ◽

Marcel Santos Montezano ◽

José Antônio Saraiva Grossi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Scale Production ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Cut Flowers ◽

Flower Production ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

And Control

Flowering induction and control is a limiting factor when commercially producing cut flowers of lisianthus and seed exposure to low temperatures, a physiological event called vernalization, induces the differentiation of vegetative buds to reproductive buds, contributing to a flowering that is uniform and has quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of seed vernalization in three cultivars of lisianthus (Excalibur, Echo and Mariachi) for 12, 24, 36 and 48 days at temperatures of 5, 10 and 15°C, in the production and quality of buds, making this technology feasible to large-scale production. During cultivation it was observed that the lower the temperature and higher the vernalization period, the lower the cycle and the greater the number of plants induced to flowering for all three cultivars, and those are important features in the context of flower production in a commercial scale. The seeds subjected to vernalization originated plants that produce flower stems within the standards required by the market, showing that vernalization was efficient to induce flowering without affecting the quality of the buds. To produce lisianthus as a cut flower of quality, it is recommended seed vernalization of Mariachi and Echo cultivars for 24 days at 5°C and Excalibur for 36 days at 5°C.

Download Full-text

Smoking control: challenges and achievements

Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia ◽

10.1590/s1806-37562016000000145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 290-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Luiz Carlos Corrêa da Silva ◽

Alberto José de Araújo ◽

Ângela Maria Dias de Queiroz ◽

Maria da Penha Uchoa Sales ◽

Maria Vera Cruz de Oliveira Castellano

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Care Policies ◽

Promising Area ◽

Health Care Policies ◽

Smoking Control

ABSTRACT Smoking is the most preventable and controllable health risk. Therefore, all health care professionals should give their utmost attention to and be more focused on the problem of smoking. Tobacco is a highly profitable product, because of its large-scale production and great number of consumers. Smoking control policies and treatment resources for smoking cessation have advanced in recent years, showing highly satisfactory results, particularly in Brazil. However, there is yet a long way to go before smoking can be considered a controlled disease from a public health standpoint. We can already perceive that the behavior of our society regarding smoking is changing, albeit slowly. Therefore, pulmonologists have a very promising area in which to work with their patients and the general population. We must act with greater impetus in support of health care policies and social living standards that directly contribute to improving health and quality of life. In this respect, pulmonologists can play a greater role as they get more involved in treating smokers, strengthening anti-smoking laws, and demanding health care policies related to lung diseases.

Download Full-text

Polycultural System of Freshwater Fish in China

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f82-015 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 143-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Lin Hao-Ren

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Feeding Habits ◽

Fish Culture ◽

Scale Production ◽

Conventional Agriculture ◽

Quality Of Water ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Major Development ◽

Lh Rh

China is a country in which fish culture is closely integrated with conventional agriculture. Its success depends on the firm base of traditional practices as well as the introduction of many innovations. Among them, polyculture is probably the most important reason for fish culture's success. The major advantage of polyculture is to utilize fully the space and food available in the pond and to optimize interactions between compatible species with different feeding habits and ecology. The different types of polycultural pond stocking are adapted in accordance with (1) the climate, (2) quality of water supply and fertility of pond, (3) availability of fish fry and fingerlings, (4) availability of food and fertilizer, and (5) market requirements. The artificial propagation of cultured fishes and large-scale production of fry and fingerlings are the major development of Chinese fish culture in recent years. The application of LH–RH analogue as a new highly effective ovulating agent for fish reproduction has been carried furthest in China.Key words: China, fish polyculture, Chinese carp, induced spawning, LH–RH analogue, fry, fingerling, fish production

Download Full-text

Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption - Improving Microbial Quality and Maintaining Bioactive Characteristics through Processing

10.20944/preprints202107.0271.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sylvia Fasse ◽

Jarmo Alarinta ◽

Björn Frahm ◽

Gun Wirtanen

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Large Scale ◽

Bovine Colostrum ◽

Raw Material ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Scale Production ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Spoilage Bacteria

The purpose of bovine colostrum, being the milk secreted by a cow after giving birth, is to transfer passive immunity to the calf. The calves have an insufficient immune system as they lack immunoglobulins (Igs). Subsequently, the supply of good quality bovine colostrum is obligatory. The quality of colostrum is classified by low bacterial counts and adequate Ig concentrations. Bacterial contamination can contain a variety of human pathogens or high counts of spoilage bacteria, which becomes more challenging with emerging use of bovine colostrum as food and food supplements. There is also a growing risk for the spread of zoonotic diseases originating from bovines. For this reason, processing based on heat treatment or other feasible techniques are required. This review provides an overview of literature on the microbial quality of bovine colostrum and processing methods to improve its microbial quality and keep its nutritional values as food. The highlights of this review are: high quality colostrum is a valuable raw material in food products and supplements, the microbial safety of bovine colostrum is increased using appropriate processing, suitable effective heat-treatment, which does not destroy the high nutrition value of colostrum, the heat treatment processes are cost-effective compared to other methods, and heat treatment can be performed in both small- and large-scale production

Download Full-text

GROWING OF VIRUS-FREE POTATO SEED TUBERS IN THE AEROPONIC PLANT

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.67_ismagilov_pgs_791_799.pdf ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (35) ◽

pp. 791-799

Author(s):

Rafael ISMAGILOV ◽

Ilgiz ASYLBAEV ◽

Nuriya URAZBAKHTINA ◽

Denis ANDRIYANOV ◽

Firdavis AVSAKHOV

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Potato Production ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Point Of View ◽

Potato Seed ◽

Scale Production ◽

Planting Material ◽

Large Scale Production

Throughout the world, potatoes, as a food crop, are very important. One of the main reasons for the poor quality of planting material, yield and potatoes themselves are viral infections. The use of virus-free seed material is one of the high-potential ways to increase the yield and efficiency of potato production. Aeroponics is a promising direction in obtaining a virus-protected crop. This study aimed to assess the potential and improve the technology for growing healthy mini-tubers of potatoes using the aeroponic method, which is a safe and economical method. Compared to the usual method of growing crops, aeroponics assumes lower water and energy costs per unit of production, as well as excludes soil diseases of the plant and does not allow damage to the tuber caused by pests. For growing different varieties of crops in different regions, artificial conditions such as additional lighting in greenhouses can be easily provided. In this study, economic calculations have shown that, from a practical point of view, Aeroponics technology may be appropriate for large-scale production of seed potatoes.

Download Full-text

Effect of biostimulant application on production and flavonoid content of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201461060014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 983-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vivian Pupo de Oliveira Machado ◽

Ana Claudia Pacheco ◽

Marcia Eugenia Amaral Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Raw Material ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Scale Production ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Calendula Officinalis L

The production of medicinal plants as raw material for industry must associate quality with biomass formation and, with this purpose, the application of plant growth regulators has been studied in these crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a biostimulant on growth, inflorescence production and flavonoid content in marigold. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and the treatments consisted of increasing doses of the biostimulant (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 mL L-1) applied by foliar spraying in ten consecutive applications. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and ten repetitions. The number of leaves and flowerheads and dry matter of roots increased linearly with increasing doses of the growth promoter, with 20%, 36.97% and 97.28% increases, respectively, compared with the control. The total dry mass and shoot dry mass showed maximum values at the highest dose tested of 15 mL L-1 (with increases of 40.09% and 46.30%, respectively). Plant height and flavonoid content reached the highest values at a dose of 6 mL L-1. The biostimulant promoted the development of marigold and positively influenced the synthesis of the secondary compound of medicinal interest. Among the tested doses, the application of rates between 6 and 9 mL L-1 of the biostimulant is recommended for more efficient large-scale production of marigold.

Download Full-text

Biosurfactants – Nature's Solution for Today's Cleaning Challenges

CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry ◽

10.2533/chimia.2021.752 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 75 (9) ◽

pp. 752-756

Author(s):

Jakob J. Mueller ◽

Hans H. Wenk

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biological Molecules ◽

Raw Material ◽

Scale Production ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Natural Substances ◽

Head Groups ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Recent Developments

Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules, developed by nature through evolution and naturally produced by different microorganisms. The most prominent examples are rhamnolipids and sophorolipids, molecules which contain hydrophilic sugar head groups and hydrophobic alkyl residues leading to an amphiphilic behavior with unique properties. Recent developments in the field of biotechnology enable the large-scale production of these biological molecules. The raw material basis is 100% renewable since sugars and oils are used as major raw materials. Additionally, biosurfactants are fully biodegradable, which allows the path back into the natural cycles. In comparison to established standard surfactants like SLES/SLS (sodium laureth (ether) sulfates) or betaines, rhamnolipids are much milder and, at the same time, show similar or even better performance in household or personal care applications. Foam behavior, solubilization and cleaning effectiveness are examples where these natural substances give excellent results compared to the synthetic benchmarks. The commercialization of biosurfactants at industrial scale now offers alternatives to consumers seeking sustainable solutions, without compromising performance. Biosurfactants combine both and set a new standard for surfactant applications.

Download Full-text

Laccases: structure, function, and potential application in water bioremediation

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-019-1248-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Leticia Arregui ◽

Marcela Ayala ◽

Ximena Gómez-Gil ◽

Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Soto ◽

Carlos Eduardo Hernández-Luna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Animal Health ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Solvent Tolerance ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Scale Production ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Immobilization Of Enzymes ◽

Biotechnological Processes

AbstractThe global rise in urbanization and industrial activity has led to the production and incorporation of foreign contaminant molecules into ecosystems, distorting them and impacting human and animal health. Physical, chemical, and biological strategies have been adopted to eliminate these contaminants from water bodies under anthropogenic stress. Biotechnological processes involving microorganisms and enzymes have been used for this purpose; specifically, laccases, which are broad spectrum biocatalysts, have been used to degrade several compounds, such as those that can be found in the effluents from industries and hospitals. Laccases have shown high potential in the biotransformation of diverse pollutants using crude enzyme extracts or free enzymes. However, their application in bioremediation and water treatment at a large scale is limited by the complex composition and high salt concentration and pH values of contaminated media that affect protein stability, recovery and recycling. These issues are also associated with operational problems and the necessity of large-scale production of laccase. Hence, more knowledge on the molecular characteristics of water bodies is required to identify and develop new laccases that can be used under complex conditions and to develop novel strategies and processes to achieve their efficient application in treating contaminated water. Recently, stability, efficiency, separation and reuse issues have been overcome by the immobilization of enzymes and development of novel biocatalytic materials. This review provides recent information on laccases from different sources, their structures and biochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and application in the bioremediation and biotransformation of contaminant molecules in water. Moreover, we discuss a series of improvements that have been attempted for better organic solvent tolerance, thermo-tolerance, and operational stability of laccases, as per process requirements.

Download Full-text