Comparative Study of the Corrosion Behavior of Low-Nickel AISI 202 and Conventional AISI 304 Stainless Steels in Citric Acid Using Electrochemical Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Mulimbayan ◽  
Manolo G. Mena
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Protective Film ◽  
Aisi 304

Stainless steel (SS) is one of the most commonly used metallic food contact materials. It may be classified based on its microstructure whether ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, duplex or precipitation hardened. Austenitic SS, among mentioned grades, has the largest contribution to market due to its numerous industrial and domestic applications. In this study, the corrosion behavior of AISI 202 SS – a cheaper grade of stainless steel, in three different solution temperatures of citric acid was investigated using different electrochemical techniques such as open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results were compared to that obtained from conventional AISI 304 SS. OCP, polarization and impedance measurements agreed that AISI 202 SS has comparable resistance to that of AISI 304 SS in citric acid at ambient temperature and at 50 °C. At 70 °C, results of OCP measurements suggest that AISI 304 SS exhibited greater performance as indicated by more positive OCP values in the designated solution. EIS results indicate that the two alloys have identical corrosion resistance even at 70 °C as indicated by their comparable polarization resistance (Rp). The corrosion mechanism in both alloys is charge-transfer controlled as indicated by depressed semi-circular appearance of the generated Nyquist plots. The values of corrosion current densities (icorr) extracted from polarization curves indicate that the initial corrosion rates were higher in AISI 304 than AISI 202 SS suggesting that formation of more protective film may have occurred on the former alloy.

Electrochemical Investigation of the Effects of Acid Concentration and Dissolved Oxygen on the Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Low-Nickel Stainless Steels in Citric Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Francis Mulimbayan ◽  
Manolo G. Mena
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Polarization Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Face Centered Cubic

All materials which are intended to have in contact with food and other commodities produced or processed for human consumption are called food contact materials (FCM’s). Stainless steel (SS) – a widely known metallic FCM is used mainly in processing equipment, containers and household utensils. It is known for having numerous industrial and domestic applications worldwide due to its special characteristics of having notable corrosion resistance. However, this corrosion resistance is not all-encompassing since SS may still undergo degradation when subjected to a specific corrosion-inducing environment. SS may be classified according to its microstructure. If the atoms which make up the SS can be viewed as having a face-centered cubic structure, then the alloy is said to be austenitic. This SS grades include the conventional 300-series and the newly-developed 200-series. The former has superior corrosion resistance while the latter is far cheaper. In this study, the corrosion behavior of AISI 202 SS in two different levels of dissolved oxygen (O2) and three acid concentrations was investigated using electrochemical techniques, namely, open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). As the concentration of citric acid is increased, the measured OCP values of the alloy decreased and the polarization resistance (Rp) decreased, indicating decrease in alloy stability and decline in the corrosion resistance, respectively. With regards to effects of dissolved O2, results revealed that increasing the level of dissolved O2 has consequently increased the polarization resistance and shifted the OCP to more positive values. All the generated Nyquist plots exhibited a depressed capacitive loops indicating that corrosion in the designated solution occurred with charge transfer as the rate-determining step.

scholarly journals The Effect of Immersion Corrosion Time on Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and the Corrosion Mechanism of EH47 Ship Steel in Seawater

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
Ling Yan ◽  
Yangyang Zhu ◽  
Fangfang Ai ◽  
Hongnan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Immersion Corrosion ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Corrosion Time

In this paper, electrochemical corrosion tests and full immersion corrosion experiments were conducted in seawater at room temperature to investigate the electrochemical corrosion behavior and the corrosion mechanism of high-strength EH47. The polarization curve, EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), SEM (scanning electron microscope), and EDS analyses were employed to analyze the results of the electrochemical corrosion process. The electrochemical corrosion experiments showed that the open circuit potential of EH47 decreases and then increases with an increase in total immersion time, with the minimum value obtained at 28 days. With an increase in immersion time, the corrosion current density (Icorr) of EH47 steel first decreases and then increases, with the minimum at about 28 days. This 28-day sample also showed the maximum capacitance arc radius, the maximum impedance and the minimum corrosion rate. In the seawater immersion test in the laboratory, the corrosion mechanism of EH47 steel in the initial stage of corrosion is mainly pitting corrosion, accompanied by a small amount of crevice corrosion with increased corrosion time. The corrosion products of EH47 steel after immersion in seawater for 30 days are mainly composed of FeOOH, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3.

scholarly journals From Waste to Valuable Resource: Lignin as a Sustainable Anti-Corrosion Coating

Coatings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Dastpak ◽  
Kirsi Yliniemi ◽  
Mariana de Oliveira Monteiro ◽  
Sarah Höhn ◽  
Sannakaisa Virtanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Linear Sweep Voltammetry ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Linear Sweep ◽  
Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization

In this study, a waste of biorefinery—lignin—is investigated as an anticorrosion coating on stainless steel. Corrosion behavior of two lignin types (hardwood beech and softwood spruce) was studied by electrochemical measurements (linear sweep voltammetry, open circuit potential, potentiostatic polarization, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance measurements) during exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF) or phosphate buffer (PBS). Results from linear sweep voltammetry of lignin-coated samples, in particular, demonstrated a reduction in corrosion current density between 1 and 3 orders of magnitude cf. blank stainless steel. Furthermore, results from cross cut adhesion tests on lignin-coated samples demonstrated that the best possible adhesion (grade 0) of ISO 2409 standard was achieved for the investigated novel coatings. Such findings suggest that lignin materials could transform the field of organic coatings towards more sustainable alternatives by replacing non-renewable polymer coatings.

scholarly journals Corrosion of Mechanically Alloyed Nanostructured FeAl Intermetallic Powders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Torres-Islas ◽  
C. Carachure ◽  
S. Serna ◽  
B. Campillo ◽  
G. Rosas
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Uniform Corrosion ◽  
Mechanically Alloyed ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Surface Corrosion ◽  
Electrochemical Testing

The corrosion behavior of the Fe40Al60nanostructured intermetallic composition was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) techniques with an innovative electrochemical cell arrangement. The Fe40Al60(% at) intermetallic composition was obtained by mechanical alloying using elemental powders of Fe (99.99%) and Al (99.99%). All electrochemical testing was carried out in Fe40Al60particles that were in water with different pH values. Temperature and test time were also varied. The experimental data was analyzed as an indicator of the monitoring of the particle corrosion current densityicorr. Different oxide types that were formed at surface particle were found. These oxides promote two types of surface corrosion mechanisms: (i) diffusion and (ii) charge transfer mechanisms, which are a function oficorrbehavior of the solution, pH, temperature, and test time. The intermetallic was characterized before and after each test by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the results show that at the surface particles uniform corrosion takes place. These results confirm that it is possible to sense the nanoparticle corrosion behavior by EIS and LPR conventional electrochemical techniques.

Prediction and Measurement of Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/0709 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jones ◽  
K. Coley ◽  
J. Kish
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Electrochemical Behavior ◽  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid

When exposed to concentrated sulfuric acid, stainless steel exhibits unique electrochemical behavior. This behavior can be observed as an oscillation in open-circuit potential between the active and passive states. The transient nature of the corrosion behavior under these conditions results in a distinct challenge for measuring and predicting corrosion rates. Using a series of commercial alloys with various nickel contents, this paper outlines the utilization of electrochemical experimentation to refine the prediction of corrosion rates. The paper also discusses some of the difficulties associated with many traditional electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic scans when used for characterizing systems that undergo oscillations in open-circuit potential.

scholarly journals Comparison of the corrosion behavior and surface morphology of NiTi alloy and stainless steels in sodium chloride solution

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kozuh ◽  
L. Vrsalovic ◽  
M. Gojic ◽  
S. Gudic ◽  
B. Kosec
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Niti Alloy ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Aisi 316L

The corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy and stainless steels (AISI 316L and X2CrNiMoN22-5-3) in 0.9% sodium chloride (0.154 moll-1) solution was investigated using open circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Microstructural analyses before and after electrochemical tests were performed with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The lowest corrosion current density has NiTi alloy and the extent of the passive range increased in the order AISI 316L stainless steel < NiTi alloy < X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 duplex stainless steel. The oxide film formed on all samples has a double-layer structure consisting of a barrier-type inner layer and a porous outer layer. Oxide films formed on the surface of steels mainly contains iron oxides and chromium oxide, while the surface film of the NiTi alloy mainly contains TiO2 oxide.

scholarly journals Corrosion and Micromorphological Analysis of Temporary Stainless Steel and Titanium Alloy Anchorage Devices

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Assis do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves ◽  
Surface Micromorphology ◽  
Micromorphological Analysis

The aim of this study was to compare the surface micromorphology and corrosion resistance of diferent temporary anchoragedevices (TADs) composed of titanium alloy (SIN®) and stainless steel (DAT Steel® and Bio Ray®). Ten samples of eachTAD were submitted to qualitative analyses using energy-dispersive and scanning electronic microscopy before and afterimmersion in artifcial saliva (1500 ppm of fuoride) for 30 days. The chemical analysis was done by X-ray fuorescence,and the corrosion tests were performed by electrochemical means (open circuit potential—OCP, potentiostat, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy—EIS, using anodic potentiodynamic polarization curves). Passive flm resistance (PFR)and corrosion current were established. The corrosion rate was determined by the mass loss test. Greater smoothness andfewer machining defects were observed for the stainless steel TAD before artifcial saliva immersion. Comparatively, highercorrosion resistance was found for titanium alloy TAD after immersion in saliva. There was no release of ions into the TADwhen immersed in artifcial saliva. ANOVA and Tukey tests showed that OCP (V) was signifcantly lower for the titaniumalloy TAD (p=0.030) than the stainless steel brands. Epite (V) and Epite−OCP (V) were signifcantly higher for the titaniumalloy TAD (p=0.0009 and p=0.0005, respectively). Stainless steel TADs presented lower roughness surface than titaniumalloy TAD, although the latter presented higher corrosion resistance than the former

scholarly journals Corrosion Behavior of Some Timonb Alloys in Ringer Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Maria Magdalena Pricopi ◽  
Romeu Chelariu ◽  
Nicolae Apostolescu ◽  
Doina-Margareta Gordin ◽  
Daniel Sutiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Open Circuit Potential ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Solution Ph

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different process parameters as chemical composition, the pH value and immersion time on the corrosion of the some TiMoNb alloys, using different electrochemical techniques such as: cyclic voltammetry, open circuit potential (OCP) measurement, polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The alloys were analyzed in the natural pH of the Ringer solution, but also with an acidic modification of the solution (ph = 4) and a basic modification (ph = 8). The more acidic values of pH, the more evident are differences between corrosion behavior of titanium-based alloys depending on their chemical compositions and immersion times.

Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Fabricated by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

2011 ◽  
Vol 194-196 ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Xing Chen ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Shu Hui Wu ◽  
Jin Li Hu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Corrosion Current ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Average Size

In this essay, the effects of grain refinement on corrosion behavior and hardness of equal-channel-angular-pressed (ECAPed) AISI 304 austenitic SS were studied. Finer grains with average size of 5μm in the specimen were obtained after four ECAPed passes compared with as-received one with grain size in range of 55μm Strain-induced grain refinement process can increase grain boundary and dislocation. Thus, the corrosion resistance of ECAPed AISI 304 austenitic SS would be improved.The refined microstructure achieves more positive open circuit potential (OCP) and lower corrosion current density in polarization corrosion tests.Through this process, austenitic stainless steel with better performance in corrosion resistance can be gained.

Electrosynthesis of a Duplex Coating Consisting of a Cerium-Based Layer and a Polypyrrole Film for the Corrosion Protection of AISI 304 Stainless Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A.P. Loperena ◽  
I.L. Lehr ◽  
S.B. Saidman
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Duplex Coating ◽  
Polypyrrole Film

Duplex coating consisting of an inner cerium-based layer and polypyrrole (PPy) film topcoat was electrodeposited onto AISI 304 stainless steel. The cerium-based coating was electrodeposited in solutions containing cerium nitrate at 50 ºC. The polymeric outer layer was electropolymerized in the presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT). The electrosynthesis was done under potentiostat conditions. The coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX). The morphology of the double-layered cerium polypyrrole film shows a granular structure with the presence of agglomerates of small grains. The anticorrosive performance of the coatings was evaluated in sodium chloride solution by linear polarization, open circuit measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Single films, cerium layer and PPy coating, and the duplex film all reduce the corrosion rate of AISI 304 stainless steel in NaCl solution. The duplex coating presents an improved corrosion resistance concerning the single films. The combination of the characteristics of the single layers is responsible for the superior corrosion protection efficiency of the double-layered cerium polypyrrole coating.

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