Rice Bran/Poly(lactic acid) Composites in Packaging Product

This research work was carried out on the production of rice bran/poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites. The composition during the batch molding process included rice bran, PLA, glycerol, and magnesium stearate (mold released agent). Afterwards, the composition was molded by bio-compression at temperature of 170°C for 5 min, and a pressure range of 50-100 kg/cm3. The result showed that the composition of rice bran, PLA, and glycerol could be used in the formation of food packaging. Also the mechanical properties, such as compressive strength and hardness, were investigated. It could be concluded that the most appropriate formulation of rice bran packaging was 5 phr PLA and 3 phr glycerol and 2 phr magnesium stearate. Moreover, FTIR results indicated the non-toxic nature of this method of food packaging.

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Response of Modified Poly(lactic acid) to Microwave Radiation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1393 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 488-489 ◽

pp. 1393-1397

Author(s):

Buranin Saengiet ◽

Wasin Koosomsuan ◽

Phassakarn Paungprasert ◽

Rattikarn Khankrua ◽

Sumonman Naimlang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Microwave Radiation ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Polypropylene Glycol ◽

Heat Accumulation ◽

The One ◽

Internal Mixer

The frozen instant food packaging is the one of disposal product, which produced from petroleum–based plastic and has been accumulated worldwide pressuring on the environment. Therefore, the biodegradable plastics have become key candidates in this application. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was regarded as one of the most promising biodegradable polymer due to its good mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study on the freezability and microwavability of PLA through crosslink reaction. For the improvement of the processibility of PLA, hyperbranched polymer (HBP) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) were used as plasticizer. Then the crosslinking of PLA was introduced by addition of peroxide (Luperox101) and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) in an internal mixer. Neat and modified PLA samples were characterized and testing for mechanical properties. From the gel content results, it was showed the increased value with the increased content of TAIC due to the denser crosslinked structure of polymer. This result was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. All modified PLA samples showed the higher %strain at break than neat PLA. In addition, impact resistance in frozen state showed the results of modified PLA with 0.1wt% of peroxide and 0.15 wt% of TAIC, was higher than neat PLA. Moreover, this composition also showed the highest microwave response and heat accumulation was suppressed when the specimen was immersed in the water during the test. From the results obtained in this work, the further investigation is needed to pursue and elucidate the relationship between the polymer structure and heat absorption when materials undergo the microwave radiation.

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Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals for Improving the Mechanical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Volume 12: Materials: Genetics to Structures ◽

10.1115/imece2018-87691 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jamileh Shojaeiarani ◽

Dilpreet Bajwa

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽

Mechanical Test ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Injection Molding Process ◽

Molding Process ◽

Dynamic Mechanical ◽

Uniform Dispersion ◽

The Impact

Biopolymers are emerging materials with numerous capabilities of minimizing the environmental hazards caused by synthetic materials. The competitive mechanical properties of bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted a huge interest in improving the mechanical properties of the corresponding nanocomposites. To obtain optimal properties of PLA-CNC nanocomposites, the compatibility between PLA and CNCs needs to be improved through uniform dispersion of CNCs into PLA. The application of chemical surface functionalization technique is an essential step to improve the interaction between hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic CNCs. In this study, a combination of a time-efficient esterification technique and masterbatch approach was used to improve the CNCs dispersibility in PLA. Nanocomposites reinforced by 1, 3, and 5 wt% functionalized CNCs were prepared using twin screw extrusion followed by injection molding process. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of pure PLA and nanocomposites were studied through tensile, impact and dynamic mechanical analysis. The impact fractured surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical test results exhibited that tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of nanocomposites improved by 70% and 11% upon addition of functionalized CNCs into pure PLA. The elongation at break and impact strength of nanocomposites exhibited 43% and 35% increase as compared to pure PLA. The rough and irregular fracture surface in nanocomposites confirmed the higher ductility in PLA nanocomposites as compared to pure PLA. The incorporation of functionalized CNCs into PLA resulted in an increase in storage modulus and a decrease in tan δ intensity which was more profound in nanocomposites reinforced with 3 wt% functionalized CNCs.

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Thermomechanical Study and Thermal Behavior of Plasticized Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.317.333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 317 ◽

pp. 333-340

Author(s):

Mohammed Zorah ◽

Izan Roshawaty Mustapa ◽

Norlinda Daud ◽

Nahida Jumah ◽

Nur Ain Syafiqah Sudin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Thermal Behavior ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Solvent Casting ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Hot Press

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a useful alternative to petrochemical commodity material used in such as in food packaging industries. Due to its inherent brittleness, low thermal stability, and poor crystallization, it needs to improve its properties, namely in terms of thermal and mechanical performance. The plasticized PLA composites reinforced with nanofiller were prepared by solvent casting and hot press methods. Thermal and mechanical properties, as well as the crystallinity study of these nanocomposites, were investigated to study the effect of tributyl citrate (TBC) and TiO2 on the PLA composites. The addition of TBC improved the flexibility and crystallinity of the composites. Reinforcement of TiO2 was found as a practical approach to improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and enhanced crystalline ability for plasticized PLA nanocomposites. Based on the results achieved in this study, the composite with 3.5% nanofiller (pPLATi3.5) presented the optimum set of mechanical properties and improved thermal stability.

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Compounding and Melt Strengthening of Poly(Lactic Acid): Shear and Elongation Rheological Investigations for Forming Process

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1751 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 554-557 ◽

pp. 1751-1756 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Benoit Mallet ◽

Khalid Lamnawar ◽

Abderrahim Maazouz

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Blow Up ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Chain Extension ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Forming Process ◽

Batch Foaming

The poly (lactic acid) (PLA), through its organic origin and its biodegradation properties, can be a good alternative to petroleum-based polymers. To this end, the forming process as well blown extrusion and foaming of PLA was investigated in this study as an alternative for the production of food packaging. Through this work, we present some promising routes to enhance its processing ability which presents several challenges mainly due to the poor shear and elongation properties of this biopolymer. To our knowledge, there is no paper dedicated to the investigation of foaming and/or blown extrusion of PLA that involves structural, rheological and thermo-mechanical properties. To achieve this objective, various formulations of PLA with multifunctionalized epoxy, nucleants and plasticizer were prepared and characterized on the basis of their linear viscoelasticity and extensional properties. The balance of chain extension and branching has been also investigated using solution viscosimetry, Steric exclusion chromatography (SEC) and rheology (relaxation spectrum, Van Gurp Palmen curves….). We pushed further by characterizing both the structure and thermo-mechanical properties of PLA formulations. On one hand, a batch foaming assisted with supercritical CO2 was achieved following a full characterization in physicochemical, rheological and thermal domain, The influence of the foaming parameters, the extent of chain modification as well as the contribution of crystallization on cell morphology was evaluated. Based on these parameters, structures ranging from micro to macro-cellular-cell were obtained. On the other hand, the stability maps of blown processing for neat and modified PLA were established at different die temperatures. We have achieved a great enhancement of the blown processing windows of PLA with high BUR (Blow Up Ratio) and TUR (Take Up Ratio) attained. We were able to demonstrate that a higher kinetic of crystallization can also be reached for chain-extended and branched PLA formulated with adequate amounts of nucleants and plasticizers. Induced crystallization during process was also demonstrated. Through this work, blown films with interesting thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties have been produced using an optimal formulation for PLA. References [1] A. Maazouz, K. Lamnawar, B. Mallet, Patent: C08L67/00; C08J5/10. FR2941702 (A1). (2010) [2] Y.-M. Corre, A. Maazouz, J. Duchet, J. Reignier, Batch foaming of chain extended PLA with supercritical CO2: Influence of the rheological properties and the process parameters on the cellular structure. J. of Supercritical Fluids,58 (2011) 177-188 [3] B. Mallet, K. Lamnawar, A. Maazouz, Compounding and processing of biodegradable materials based on PLA for packaging applications: In greening the 21st century material’s world, Frontiers in Science and Engineering, 1-2(2011) 1-44 [4] B. Mallet, K. Lamnawar, A. Maazouz, Improvement of blown extrusion processing of PLA: structure-processing-properties relashionships. Polymer engineering and Science (To appear in 2013).

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Effect of the Addition of Natural Rice Bran Oil on the Thermal, Mechanical, Morphological and Viscoelastic Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11102783 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2783 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maria Cristina Righetti ◽

Patrizia Cinelli ◽

Norma Mallegni ◽

Carlo Andrea Massa ◽

Maria Irakli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Viscoelastic Properties ◽

Rice Bran Oil ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Polymer Systems ◽

Α Phase ◽

First Time

For the first time in this study, the utilization of rice bran oil (RBO) as possible totally eco-friendly plasticizer for poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been investigated. For comparison, the behavior of soybean oil (SO) has also been analyzed. Both oils are not completely miscible with PLA. However, certain compatibility exists between PLA and (i) RBO and (ii) SO, because demixing is not complete. Although not totally miscible, RBO and SO are able to reduce the viscosity of the PLA+RBO and PLA+SO mixtures, which attests that a small amount of RBO or SO can be successfully added to PLA to improve its processability. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the PLA+RBO and PLA+SO mixtures exhibit trends typical of plasticizer-polymer systems. More interestingly, RBO was found to accelerate the growth of PLA α’-crystals at a low crystallization temperature. This feature is appealing, because the α’-phase presents lower elastic modulus and higher permeability to water vapor in comparison to the α-phase, which grows at high temperatures. Thus, this study demonstrates that the addition of RBO to PLA in small percentages is a useful solution for a faster preparation of PLA materials containing mainly the α’-phase.

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Optimisation on Thermoforming of Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) by Numerical Modelling

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13040654 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 654

Author(s):

Huidong Wei

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Numerical Modelling ◽

Temperature Profile ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Strong Dependence ◽

Viscoelastic Model ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Strain History ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Broad Perspective

Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has a broad perspective for manufacturing green thermoplastic products by thermoforming for its biodegradable properties. The mechanical behaviour of PLA has been demonstrated by its strong dependence on temperature and strain rate at biaxial deformation. A nonlinear viscoelastic model by the previous study was employed in a thermoforming process used for food packaging. An optimisation approach was developed by achieving the optimal temperature profile of specimens by defining multiple heating zones based on numerical modelling with finite element analysis (FEA). The forming process of a PLA product was illustrated by modelling results on shape evolution and biaxial strain history. The optimal temperature profile was suggested in scalloped zones to achieve more even thickness distribution. The sensitivity of the optimal results was addressed by checking the robustness under perturbation.

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Conductivity and mechanical properties of carbon black-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA/CB) composites

Iranian Polymer Journal ◽

10.1007/s13726-021-00973-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jipeng Guo ◽

Chi-Hui Tsou ◽

Yongqi Yu ◽

Chin-San Wu ◽

Xuemei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Poly Lactic Acid

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A Review: Research Progress in Modification of Poly (Lactic Acid) by Lignin and Cellulose

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13050776 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 776

Author(s):

Sixiang Zhai ◽

Qingying Liu ◽

Yuelong Zhao ◽

Hui Sun ◽

Biao Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Crystallization Rate ◽

Research Progress ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Green Composite ◽

Materials Development ◽

Research Attention ◽

Biomass Components

With the depletion of petroleum energy, the possibility of prices of petroleum-based materials increasing, and increased environmental awareness, biodegradable materials as a kind of green alternative have attracted more and more research attention. In this context, poly (lactic acid) has shown a unique combination of properties such as nontoxicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and good workability. However, examples of its known drawbacks include poor tensile strength, low elongation at break, poor thermal properties, and low crystallization rate. Lignocellulosic materials such as lignin and cellulose have excellent biodegradability and mechanical properties. Compounding such biomass components with poly (lactic acid) is expected to prepare green composite materials with improved properties of poly (lactic acid). This paper is aimed at summarizing the research progress of modification of poly (lactic acid) with lignin and cellulose made in in recent years, with emphasis on effects of lignin and cellulose on mechanical properties, thermal stability and crystallinity on poly (lactic acid) composite materials. Development of poly (lactic acid) composite materials in this respect is forecasted.

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Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites Containing Poly(Glycolic Acid) Fiber and Hydroxyapatite Particles

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11010249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

Han-Seung Ko ◽

Sangwoon Lee ◽

Doyoung Lee ◽

Jae Young Jho

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Interfacial Adhesion ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

Compact Bone ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Coupling Reactions ◽

The Poor ◽

Human Compact Bone

To enhance the mechanical strength and bioactivity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to the level that can be used as a material for spinal implants, poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) fibers and hydroxyapatite (HA) were introduced as fillers to PLA composites. To improve the poor interface between HA and PLA, HA was grafted by PLA to form HA-g-PLA through coupling reactions, and mixed with PLA. The size of the HA particles in the PLA matrix was observed to be reduced from several micrometers to sub-micrometer by grafting PLA onto HA. The tensile and flexural strength of PLA/HA-g-PLA composites were increased compared with those of PLA/HA, apparently due to the better dispersion of HA and stronger interfacial adhesion between the HA and PLA matrix. We also examined the effects of the length and frequency of grafted PLA chains on the tensile strength of the composites. By the addition of unidirectionally aligned PGA fibers, the flexural strength of the composites was greatly improved to a level comparable with human compact bone. In the bioactivity tests, the growth of apatite on the surface was fastest and most uniform in the PLA/PGA fiber/HA-g-PLA composite.

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