Bioactive Constituents and Potency of Aqueous-Methanolic Extract of Asclepias syriaca on Plasmodium falciparum Infected Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Azeez Taofik Oladimeji ◽  
Iwuji Samuel Chidi ◽  
Uzoechi Samuel Chidiebere ◽  
Ejeta Kennedy Oghenenyore ◽  
Ajuogu Eno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Asclepias Syriaca ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

High mortality rate couple with the economic effect of deadly Plasmodium falciparum caused by malaria necessitated this study. Evaluation of bioactive constituents and antimalarial properties of the aqueous-methanolic extract of Asclepias syriaca (A. syriaca) was investigated. Bioactive constituents were determined by GC-MS analytical detector. Albino rats were five in each group of six groups (A-E) in which group A was non-infected with P. falciparum (negative control). Groups B, C, D, E were infected with 1×107/ml P. falciparum without treated, treated with standard drugs of 20mg of chloroquine/kg, 100, 200 and 400mg of extracted A. syriaca/kg, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters of Plasmodium falciparum infected albino rats were determined. Aqueous-methanolic extract of A. syriaca leaf made up of high content of pyrimidine, quinolone and silane derivatives with synergetic properties with potency for therapeutic of malarial and viral infectious diseases. MCV, PLA, RBC, total protein and albumin were significantly elevated upon infected P. falciparum and gradually increases with dosage and time when treated with chloroquine and A.syriaca leaf extract but vice visa for the case WBC and creatinine. Parasitemia level significantly declined when administered with chloroquine and A, syriaca leaf extract for 36 hours. Hence serves as an effective medication in place of chloroquine due to its availability, avoidable and as a source of relevant medications to Plasmodium spp and viral infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Effect of Sesbania grandiflora Linn leaf extracts on diuresis in wistar rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1305
Author(s):  
Krishnakanth K. ◽  
Pojala Kumar ◽  
Neeraja K. ◽  
Chakrapani Cheekavolu
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Diuretic Action ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Sesbania Grandiflora ◽  
Saluretic Activity

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sesbania grandiflora linn leaf extracts on diuretic activity in wistar rats.Methods: Healthy male wistar albino rats divided into 9 groups and weighing 150-200gm.diuretic activity was expressed by Natriuretic activity, saluretic activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, Diuretic index or Diuretic action, saluretic index, Natriuretic index. Animalgroups are divided into: group1 treated as control, 2and 3 treated as standards, group 4, 5 and 6 treated with aqueous leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. in different doses of 150,300,450mg/kg. Group 7,8and 9 treated with methanolic leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. Doses of 150,300,450mg/kg.Results: No change in body weight group treated with AE-150 (p>0.05) with AE-150 (0.1%), increase in urine volume with increasing doses both with aqueous and methanolic extracts, sodium excretion with methanolic extract was high compared with the aqueous extract, significant increase in potassium excretion in both aqueous and methanolic extract treated groups.All the statistical tests were done by using SPSS version 6. The level of significance was 5% (p≤0.05).Conclusions: All the electrolytes concentration was increased in the urine, hence excluding osmotic diuretic action. Diuretic index, saluretic activity, saluretic index and natriuretic index of ME-450 were more than the value of hydrochlorothiazide hence excludes thiazide diuretic action. But these values were less than furosemide.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective effects of methanol leaf extract of pterocarpus santalinoides DC on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in Albino rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
T. E. Ihedioha ◽  
L. U. Onwuegbuka ◽  
J. I. Ihedioha
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Pterocarpus Santalinoides

The effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides DC was investigated on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage (hepatotoxicity) in albino rats. Forty two adultmale albino ratswere used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study. The 30 rats used for the sub-acute hepatotoxicity study were randomly assigned into six groups (A – F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A – APAP+distilledwater placebo (negative control),Groups B,CandD–APAP+50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (bw) Pterocarpus santalinoides methanol extract (PSME) respectively, Group E – APAP + 100 mg/kg bw silymarin (positive control), and Group F – distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at 3000 mg/kg bw orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for 12 days, while treatment with PSME and silymarin was done orally twice daily for 15 days. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Assay of serum enzymes, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and bilirubin, and liver weight percentage of body weight of the rats was done at the end of the 15-day experimental period following standard procedures. The PSME had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD was above 5000 mg/kg bw. Treatment with PSME at the dose of 500 mg/kg bw significantly lowered (P < 0.05) serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, cholesterol and bilirubin levels, and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control,while treatment at the dose of 250mg/kg bw only led to significantly lower (P<0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute hepatotoxicity in albino rats with 500 mg/kg bw PSME significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Activity of Methanol Leaf Extract of Neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) Against Suppressor and Proinflammatory Molecules

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽  
◽  
Simon Widjanarko ◽  
Muhaimin Rifa'i ◽  
Yunianta Yunianta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Neem Leaf Extract

Neem plant is rich in bioactive constituents, which make it massively discussed the treatment of various diseases. A study on the immunomodulatory activities of neem is given here. This current work aimed to investigate the effects of neem leaf extract on immunocompetent cells. In vivo experiment was carried out using mice (Mus musculus) Â induced with DMBA, comprising positive control, negative control, and treatments of neem leaf extracts (250, 500, and 1000 ppm). Data obtained from flow cytometric analysis were evaluated using BD Cellquest ProTM software, then statistically analyzed in SPSS version 21. Parametric analysis in one-way ANOVA was performed at a significance level of 5%. The significant difference was compared in the Duncan test. The results showed that administration of neem leaf extracts significantly affected the expression of CD4+, CD8+, CD25+, CD62L, IL-10, and IL-17 cells .Neem leaf extract has immunomodulatory activities by increasing pressure molecules and decreasing pro-inflammatory molecules

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective and Reno-protective Effects of Artichoke Leaf Extract and Rosemary Extract against Paracetamol Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Eman Aly Sadeek Fadlalla ◽  
Sahar Mousa Galal
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Rosemary Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Artichoke Leaf Extract

Background: Paracetamol overdose is a predominant cause of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in both humans and experimental animals. There is an emerging focus on plant products to find a highly effective and reliable drug for the prevention of paracetamol –induced toxicity. Objective: In this study, we investigated the Hepatoprotective and Reno-protective Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaf extract and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract against paracetamol Induced toxicity in Albino Rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into five groups: Negative control, paracetamol (1000 mg/kg dose) PCT, artichoke leaf extract “ALE” (1.5  g/kg, orally + paracetamol for 30 d), rosemary extract “RE” (125  mg/kg + paracetamol for 30 days) and the last group was treated with PCT+ ALE+ RE for 30 days. Results: Paracetamol caused marked liver damage as noted by significant increased activities of serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Paracetamol also raised serum levels of urea, creatinine, and Cystatin-C. In addition, there was a significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Paracetamol caused an elevation in lipid peroxidation paralleled with significant decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and activities of glutathione-S- transferase (GST), glutathione (GPX) peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and kidney. These results are confirmed in the histological examination of the liver and kidney. Conclusion: Treatment with artichoke leaf extract (ALE) and rosemary extract (RE) produced a potential protection of the liver and kidney against biochemical and histological alterations and oxidative stress induced by paracetamol.

scholarly journals Acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of methanol leaf extract of Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 120-128
Author(s):  
Joy Ogugua Igwe ◽  
Harrison Odera Abone ◽  
Moses Chukwuemeka Ezea ◽  
Chika Peter Ejikeugwu ◽  
Charles Okechukwu Esimone
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The medicinal value of herbal plants have been widely described in a number of studies, this has resulted in their increased usage. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of methanolic leaf extract of Psidium guajava extract in albino rats using biochemical, hematological and histological parameters. In acute toxicity, the extract was administered orally up to 5,000 mg/kg body weight once to male albino mice. While in chronic toxicity, twenty four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of six rats for each group. The control group received 10 ml/kg body weight distilled water daily. The other groups received 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of extract daily for 90 days. All the rats were observed daily for signs of toxicity and mortality. At the end of the treatment period, biochemical and hematological tests were carried out on prepared sera. Histology of vital organs was evaluated. Acute toxicology showed the LD50 of the extract to be less than 5000 mg/kg. Chronic toxicological study revealed that at 200 mg/kg, there was no significant (P > 0.05) differences in hematological and biochemical parameters, and there was no alterations in the histology of the organs. However, at 400 mg/kg body weight, the concentrations of the liver biomarkers were increased, with distorted liver. Since no alterations was observed at 200 mg/kg, the extract may be considered to be relatively safe at this dose and could be used for long term treatment of infections.

scholarly journals Anti-Diabetic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth Leaf on Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
David Yakubu Bot ◽  
Odachi Helen Agbo ◽  
Abigail John Ajiji ◽  
Abraham Adoniyi Ahmed ◽  
Adaobi Ifeoma Ekwenpu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Dose Dependence ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Group B

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a debilitating metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin or inability of insulin receptors to respond positively to circulating insulin. Prevalence of the disease is on the global increase annually with tendency to rise from 380 to over 592 million by 2035 in developing countries. Toxicity of some Orthodox drugs in use has led to searches for alternative sources for treatment and management of the disease. Aim: This work was aimed at investigating the effect of methanolic extract of Albizia lebbeck leaf on Alloxan monohydrate induced diabetic albino rats. Materials and Methods: Qualitative Phytochemical analysis of the plant extract was carried out in Biochemistry Division of National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria. Forty female Wistar albino rats were used for the study, divided into five groups (A-E) in two replicates. Group A- negative control (non-induced, not treated) and group B- positive control (induced with Alloxan - 120mg/kg body weight (b.w), administered intra-peritoneally but not treated). Groups C- and D- induced and treated with 100 and 200mg/kg b.w extract respectively. Group E- non-induced but treated with 100mg/kg b.w of extract. Diabetes was established on day 3 after induction. Blood samples were collected through retro-orbital plexus into Fluoride oxalate bottles on days 0, 3, 5 and 9. Glucose was estimated by Glucose Oxidase method. Results/Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes. Glucose analysis results showed dose dependence and statistically significant reduction (p<0.05) in blood glucose from 3rd, 5th and 9th days post induction following treatment with Albizia lebbeck in group C- 14.5±3.5, 10.4±4.6 and 8.4±3.7; in group D- 14.0±4.7, 10.2±3.3 and 6.5±2.5; and in group E- 5.0±0.6, 3.7±0.5 and 3.5±0.5 respectively. We conclude that methanolic leaf extract of the plant Albezia lebbeck (L.) Benth, possesses anti-diabetic properties effective on both normal and Alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the analgesic and antipyretic properties of African Cleome viscosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Chukwuka O. Opara ◽  
Kauna Usman
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cleome Viscosa

Background: Cleome viscosa Linn a plant from the family Capparaceae has been used in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa for the treatment of various diseases including diarrhea, cardiac stimulant, anthelmintic, carminative, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic. Decoction of the whole plant has been used for the treatment of inflammation and as a stimulant while the leaves have been applied externally on wounds and ulcers. The objective of this study is to investigate and evaluate the antipyretic and analgesic properties, toxicity profile and the phytochemical study of the methanolic leaf extract of African Cleome viscosa.Methods: The antipyretic study was performed by adopting the Baker’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats while the analgesic study was performed adopting the tail immersion or tail flick technique. Data generated was analyzed as appropriate using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: The methanolic extract of the leaves of the African Cleome viscosa had a significant (P<0.05) antipyretic and analgesic effects at different time intervals and varying doses when compared with the negative control groups in the respective studies. The preliminary phytochemical study showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids. The extract also proved to be non-toxic in the acute toxicity study carried out at the highest dose of 5000mg/kg body weight administered to the albino rats.Conclusions: The methanolic leaf extract of the plant showed significant antipyretic and analgesic activity in albino rats thus supporting its use in traditional medicine.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Test of Jamblang Leaf Extract (Syzygium Cumini (L.) Skeels) Against the Growth of Streptococcus Pyogenes and Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Venny Patricia ◽  
Wawan Sofwan Zaini ◽  
Ahmad Yani ◽  
Siti Atikah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Concentration Method

Infectious diseases are a problem for public health and can increase patient morbidity and mortality. Bacteria that cause infectious diseases include Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can cause resistance problems and the effects of undesirable drugs. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaf extract can be used as a natural antibacterial drug. There is a study showing the content of active compounds in the leaves of Jamblang are Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins are components of chemical compounds that are suspected as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Jamblang leaf extract against Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis bacteria. The method used is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration method using well diffusion. The study used Jamblang leaf extract with various concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, the test bacteria used were Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis, using positive control of chloramphenicol, and negative control of 10% DMSO. The results showed that Jamblang leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Proteus mirabilis bacteria in all concentrations. In the Kruskall Wallis Non-Parametric statistical test the two bacteria obtained P 0.05.In Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria the value of P = 0.031, and Proteus mirabilis bacteria the value of P = 0.015. These results indicate a real difference in this study.

scholarly journals Laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of leaf and roots from Amaranthus viridis L. on wistar albino rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Omodamiro Olorunshola Dave ◽  
Ajah Obinna
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the laxative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of leaf and root of Amaranthus viridis L. The laxative activity of ethanolic leaf extract of A. viridis was studied using six groups of wistar albino rats; Group I which served as the negative control received 0.5ml/kg of normal saline, Group II received 10mg/kg of Dulcolax and the rest of the groups (III-VI) received 400, 200, 100 and 50mg/kg of the extract respectively. The laxative activity of the ethanolic leaf extract was expressed as the mean of total weight of faecal output in each group. A significant (p<0.05) dose dependent increase in the faecal output was observed at the 200mg/kg (3.00 ±1.41gm) and 400mg/kg (3.50 ±2.12gm) doses compared with the negative control. The antimicrobial activity was expressed as the diameter of the zone of inhibition hence the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined. The antimicrobial activity of the A. viridis leaf and root extracts had dose dependent increases in all the tested organisms from their various minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The result confirmed that the leaves and root of A. viridis possess laxative and antimicrobial activity. 

scholarly journals Haematopoeitic potentials of methanolic extract of Tetrapleura Tetraptera pods in male Albino rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Successful Induction

Anaemia constitutes a major challenge in the livestock industry worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the haematopoietic potential of methanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (T. tetraptera) in male albino rats. Twenty five rats weighing between 147 and 166 g were used for the study. Anaemia was induced by daily removal of 2ml of blood per 100g body weight for ten days. The extraction was by cold maceration. Thereafter, the animals were administered with the extract for seven days. The rats were treated with graded doses of the extract, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg for groups A, B and C respectively while groups D (negative control) and E (positive control) received 5 ml/kg of water. Results showed successful induction of anaemia. There was significant (p<0.05) increases in the erythrocytic parameters and plasma protein after administration of the methanoloic extract of T. tetraptera. The concentration dependent increase in the PCV, HBC, RBC, MCH and MCHC in the groups treated with the extract when compared with the untreated groups indicates haematopoietic potentials of T. Tetraptera.

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