Effect of Ground Vulcanizate Modification Methods on Properties of Oil-Petroleum-Resistant Rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 903 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Vadim Myadelets ◽  
Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis ◽  
Andrey V. Kasperovich
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Rubber Crumb ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Modification Method ◽  
Resistant Rubber ◽  
Set Up

In this paper, the influence of the modification method applied to ground vulcanizate (GV) on the properties of elastomeric compositions based on nitrile rubber is discussed. Modified GV has been mixed with the elastomeric composition, which is used for the manufacturing of oil-petroleum-resistant rubber products.The work takes into consideration two types of GV with different chemical nature. The first GV type is rubber crumb produced from end-of-life tires. The second GV type was obtained from rubber wastes based on nitrile rubber. Three methods of the modification are compared in the research: mechanical activation in a planetary ball mill, swelling in a Polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) medium, and the mechano-chemical transformation of GV with PEG-4000. It is shown that depending on the dosage addition of GV modified with PEG-4000 reduce the compression set up for (16.1±0.7%), the strength decreases only by 2.1–8.3%, and the elongation at break increases by 0.8–10.3% compared to rubber without additives.

scholarly journals Characterization of Blends of Virgin Nitrile Rubber and Compounded Nitrile Rubber Latex Waste Reclaimed with Urea: Part II - Physico-Mechanical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-737
Author(s):  
K.I.D.P. Perera ◽  
D.G. Edirisinghe ◽  
Laleen Karunanayake
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rubber Waste

Recycling of rubber waste materials in order to convert these to usable products is one of the main challenges in the rubber industry. Reclaiming of rubber waste and blending it with virgin rubber have increased during the past due to the growing concern on the environment and increase in the prices of synthetic rubbers. Hence, the aim of this study is to partially replace virgin nitrile rubber (NBR) with reclaimed compounded NBR latex waste to develop new rubber blends suitable for special applications. In this study, physico-mechanical properties, ageing performance and swelling behaviour of virgin NBR / reclaimed NBR blend vulcanizates were evaluated and compared with those of the control vulcanizate produced solely with virgin NBR. Results showed that replacement of 50% virgin NBR with reclaimed NBR retained 71-86% of tensile strength, elongation at break and resilience. Hardness and modulus of this blend vulcanizate increased by less than 18%, whereas abrasion volume loss and compression set increased by 27%. Ageing resistance is similar to that of the control vulcanizate. Interestingly, resistance to swelling in toluene and ASTM oil No.3 increased by 14% and 32%, respectively. Hence, the 50:50 virgin NBR / reclaimed NBR vulcanizate would be suitable for oil resistant applications.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) SEBAGAI ANTIACNE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Yulistia Budianti Soemarie ◽  
Tri Astuti ◽  
Nur Rochmah
Keyword(s):  
Side Effect ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Synthetic Chemicals ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermis ◽  
Acne Treatment

Currently, the development of acne drugs (antiacne) use  many natural materials because the natural materials can minimize the side effect if compared with synthetic chemicals drugs. Acne can caused by propionibacterium acnes, staphylococcus epidermis and staphylococcus aureu. One of plants that can be used for acne treatment is leaves of Avocado (Persea americana Mill). The aim of this study was to know whether the ethanol extract of leaves of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) can be made into an ointment preparations that fulfill the requirements. Sample in this research was extract of avocado leaves which used maceration method. The ointment formulations were made into some variation concentrations of PEG 400 and PEG 4000: Formula I (30%:70%); Formula II (50%:50%) and Formula III (70%:30%). The results show that the ointment of avocado leaves which fulfilled the requirements of physical properties is formula III with concentration of PEG 400 70 % and PEG 4000 30 %

scholarly journals PENGARUH VARIASI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi L) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK SEDIAAN SALEP DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BASIS PEG 4000 dan PEG 400

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tri Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ointment Formulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Way Anova

ABSTRAK Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) memiliki kandungan tanin dan flavonoid. Kandungan Flavonoid dan Tanin yang terdapat dalam belimbing wuluh mampu memberikan efek untuk menyembuhkan kulit yang mengalami kerusakan jaringan sel akibat luka bakar. Ada beberapa cara untuk pemanfaatan Daun Belimbing Wuluh antara lain dengan dibuat dalam sediaan salep. Pada penelitian ini salep dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh sebesar 10%, 15%, dan 20%  mengguankan basis PEG 4000 dan PEG 400. Ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh diperoleh menggunakan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 70% sebagai pelarutnya. Salep yang sudah dibuat kemudian dilakukan uji karakteristik meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, daya lekat dan uji daya sebar. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas di analisa secara deskrisptif kemudian hasil uji daya lekat dan uji daya sebar di analisa dengan menggunakan analisa statistik one-way ANOVA.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa salep berbentuk semipadat dengan warna hijau muda sampai hijau kehitaman. Hasil uji homogenitas di dapatkan untuk ketiga formula adalah homogen. Nilai daya sebar pada ketiga formula menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan, pada hasil uji daya lekat dan pH didapatkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap ketiga formulasi. Dengan demikian perbedaan konsentrasi zat aktif yang digunakan berpengaruh terhadap daya sebar sediaan salep ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh. Kata kunci: Averrhoa bilimbi L; Salep; PEG   ABSTRACT Carambola leaf Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L) contains tannins and flavonoids. The content of flavonoids and tannins contained in starfruit able to give effect to heal skin damaged cell tissue from burns. There were several ways for  utilization  of  Averrhoa  bilimbi  L.  among  others,  made  some  preparations, especially ointment formulation. This study aims to formulate leaf extract ointment preparation starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L) with various concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% using the PEG 4000 and PEG 400 as a base. Leaf extract obtained from meserasi leaf Averrhoa bilimbi  L  with  70%  ethanol. The ointment that has been made is then subjected to characteristic tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, adhesion and spreadability tests. The results of the organoleptic test and homogeneity were analyzed descriptively, then the results of the adhesion test and the spreadability test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA statistical analysis. The results showed that the ointment was semisolid, light green to blackish green. The homogeneity test results obtained for the three formulas are homogeneous. The value of the spreadability of the three formulas showed a significant difference, the results of the adhesion and pH test showed no significant difference between the three formulations. Thus the difference in the concentration of the active substance used affects the spreadability of the starfruit leaf extract ointment. Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi L; ointment; PEG

Effect of Ashes as Biomass in Silica Filled Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Wasinee Pinpat ◽  
Wirunya Keawwattana ◽  
Siree Tangbunsuk
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Oil Palm Ash ◽  
Reinforcing Filler

Silica has been used as reinforcing filler in natural rubber for a period of time as it results in excellent properties for NR vulcanizes. Rice husk ash (RHA), bagasse ash (BA), and oil palm ash (OPA) obtained from agricultural wastes are mainly composed of silica in the percentage of 80.00%, 57.33%, and 40.20% by weight, respectively. The effect of these fillers on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber materials at fixed silica content at 35 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) were investigated. The results indicated that ashes showed greater cure time compared to that of the silica. The incorporation of ashes into natural rubber gradually improved compression set but significantly decreased tensile strength, elongation at break, and resilience. Moreover, young's modulus increased, while hardness showed no significant change with the addition of ashes. Overall results indicated that ashes could be used as cheaper fillers for natural rubber materials where improved mechanical properties were not critical.

The Compression Set Behavior of Nitrile Rubber

1973 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-J. Jahn ◽  
H-H. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Nitrile Rubber ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Steep Part ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lower Test

Abstract The compression set (C.S.) of a vulcanizate depends on the formulation, processing, and conditions of cure. The following factors are the most important: (a) the type of elastomer, (b) the curing system, (c) the type and amount of filler, (d) the type and amount of plasticizer, (e) the type and amount of antioxidant, (f) the type of cure (press, steam, or hot air), and (g) the cure time and temperature. The present paper is intended, as far as possible, to describe these relationships quantitatively. Most tests will refer to nitrile rubber. We have modified the C.S. method described in ASTM D-395. The deviations are as follows : (1) When C.S. is plotted as a function of the duration of compression, the resulting curves rise steeply for roughly the first seven days, afterwards becoming flatter. The higher the test temperature, the steeper the curve. The ordinary compression times of 22 and 70 h still correspond to the steep part of the C.S. curve; here relatively small inaccuracies in the compression time and test temperature bring large errors in the C.S. readings. Therefore, to improve the correlation between C.S. readings and field behavior the test was extended to seven days in most cases. Longer test times would have been experimentally impractical. (2) As a rule, only C.S. figures relating to 20°, 70°, and 100° C are found in the literature, so test temperatures were extended to include practical conditions. Generally, therefore, C.S. readings were taken at twelve different temperatures ranging from −60° C to +160° C. (3) According to the standards the test pieces should be cooled to room temperature after removal of the load and before the recovery measurement is carried out. Only ASTM D-1229-62 requires the remeasurement to be taken at the load temperature. This ensures accurate measurements of the C.S. at low temperatures. In our tests this was done in every case because at high temperature the C.S. readings are lower since (1) many elastomers recover better at elevated temperatures than at room temperature and (2) the thermal expansion of the test piece can be measured in addition to the recovery. Nevertheless, the differences between remeasurements taken at room temperature and the test temperature are small if the test temperature is fairly high. Where lower test temperatures are used, the remeasurement should always be taken at test temperature if useful results are to be obtained. In all the tests the time allowed for recovery between removal of the load and the remeasurement was thirty min.

Effect of Methyl Methacrylate Content in Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Compounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Rohani ◽  
Mustafa Kamal Mazlina ◽  
Fauzi Mohd Som
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Emulsion Polymerisation

Natural rubber-grafted-poly(methyl methacrylate) containing 30 and 50 percent of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer per 100 parts by weight of the dry rubber content denoted as NR-g-PMMA 30 and NR-g-PMMA 50, respectively were prepared via emulsion polymerisation technique. The occurrences of graft copolymerisation of PMMA onto NR were confirmed by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) following purifications. The reinforcement of rubber by fillers is of great practical and technical importance. Thus, these fillers are added to rubber formulations to optimize the properties to meet a given application or set of performance parameters. In this study, the effect of carbon black in NR-g-PMMA 30 and NR-g-PMMA 50 rubber compounds were evaluated. Our results demonstrated that tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set reduced, while the hardness and solvent resistance increased in the presence of carbon black filler in comparison to the unfilled compound.

Relating solubility data of parabens in liquid PEG 400 to the behaviour of PEG 4000-parabens solid dispersions

2009 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Unga ◽  
Farhad Tajarobi ◽  
Ove Norder ◽  
Göran Frenning ◽  
Anette Larsson
Keyword(s):  
Solid Dispersions ◽  
Solubility Data ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Peg 4000

Utilization of Maleic Anhydride Modified Ground EVA Waste in NBR Vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bluma G. Soares ◽  
Ana C. O. Gomes ◽  
Viviane X. Moreira ◽  
Marcia G. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
Lower Elongation ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Abstract The influence of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) waste (EVAW) on the rheological and mechanical properties of NBR vulcanizates compounds was studied. The optimum concentration of EVAW, which has presented higher ultimate tensile strength, was found to be 70 phr. In addition, the influence of EVAW modified with maleic anhydride as adhesion promoter was studied. Two distinct routes of modification with maleic anhydride were selected, originating a carboxylated EVA waste (EVAWCOOH) and an anhydride EVA waste (EVAWMA). An improvement of tensile strength and aging resistance was observed with the substitution of EVAW by EVAWCOOH or EVAWMA. A very good resistance to compression set has been achieved with the addition of EVAWCOOH. The improvement of mechanical performance was attributed to a better dispersion of EVAW along NBR matrix, promoted by the enhanced modified-waste polarity, which allowed a good interaction with polar NBR. The presence of anhydride group in functionalized EVAW resulted in the highest values of tensile strength but lower elongation at break and also lower values of tan delta obtained from dynamic testing. These behaviors have been attributed to an increase of crosslink density due to the reaction between zinc oxide and succinic pendant groups of EVAWMA.

Effect of Filler Types on Properties of the Natural Rubber Closed Cell Foam

2019 ◽  
Vol 886 ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Ekaroek Phumnok ◽  
Jakkrit Boonphang ◽  
Orrachorn Bourkaew
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Blowing Agent ◽  
Compression Set ◽  
China Clay ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cell Foam

In this research, effects of filler types and their loading on properties of the natural rubber closed cell foam were investigated. The azodicarbonamide was used as a blowing agent in 4 phr loading. The filler types that are the N-330 grade of carbon black, precipitated calcium carbonate and rubber grade china clay, their loading was varied from 0 to 50 phr (part per hundred dried rubber). The physical properties of the rubber foam that are the difference torque from the oscillating disk rheometer, hardness, tear strength, 300% modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set were analyzed. The results were found that the carbon black was yielded the highest of all properties in every loading. In conclusion, the suitable filler for closed cell rubber foam is the carbon black.

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