Semisolid Casting of Short Freezing Range Alloys

2019 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 247-252
Author(s):  
Farshid Marani ◽  
Behzad Niroumand

Semisolid casting and non-dendritic solidification of commercially pure tin (about 1 °C freezing range) and Zamak 3 alloy (about 10 °C freezing range) by a modified serpentine channel method were studied. It was shown that semisolid casting of very small freezing range metals with a non-dendritic structure was possible using this method. The results showed that the wall of the copper serpentine channel mold acted as a substrate for heterogeneous copious nucleation of primary solid particles and the channel provided sufficient self-steering action to disperse the nuclei in the melt. The average diameter and shape factor of the primary particles in the semisolid cast CP-Sn sample was measured to be about 107 μm and 0.75, respectively. The average diameter and shape factor of the primary particles in the semisolid cast Zamak 3 alloy was measured to be about 16 μm and 0.8, respectively. Hardness of semisolid samples was slightly higher than those of conventional gravity cast samples.

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hao Yi ◽  
Zhuo Huang ◽  
Jiadai Du

With the deepening of natural gas exploitation, the problem of sand production in gas wells is becoming more and more serious, especially in high-yield gas wells. The solid particles in natural gas are very likely to cause erosion and wear of downstream pipelines and throttling manifolds, which makes the pipeline ineffective. Once the pipeline is damaged, the natural gas leaks, which may cause serious catastrophic accidents. In this paper, the impact of sand particles on the pipeline wall is predicted by the analysis of the research on bent and continuous pipeline combined with particle collision model. The parameters of different particles (particle shape factor, particle velocity, and particle diameter), different bent parameters (angle, diameter, and curvature-to-diameter ratio), and the influence of different continuous pipeline parameters (assembly spacing and angle) are explored on the erosion and wear mechanism of curved pipeline. The results show that the shape of the particles has a great influence on the wear of the curved pipeline. As the shape factor of the particles decreases, the wear tends to decrease. The bent area is subject to erosion changes as the particle parameters and piping parameters. The increase in pipeline diameter is beneficial to reduce the maximum and the average erosion wear rate. When the bent angle of the pipeline is less than 90 deg, the maximum erosion wear rate is basically the same. But when it is greater than 90 deg, it decreases with the increase in the bent angle. When the assembly angle of double curved pipeline is between 0 deg and 60 deg, the elbow is subject to severe erosion wear. At the same time, increasing the assembly spacing is beneficial to reduce the erosion wear rate. The research can provide a theoretical support for subsequent engineering applications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 7460-7477
Author(s):  
Syed M. Hussain ◽  
Wasim Jamshed ◽  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Vikash Kumar ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Le Tian Teng ◽  
Kang Zhao ◽  
Yu Fei Tang ◽  
Xi Chen

TiO2/VOxnanofibers were synthesized via electrospinning and dipping technologies. They increased the photocatalytic property by reducing the recombination rate of electrons and holes at the surface of TiO2. The composition, structure and morphology were characterized. The effect of annealing temperature to the dendritic structure and their photocatalytic property were demonstrated. The results showed dendritic TiO2/VOxnanofiers were obtained via dipping in vanadium sol, which was annealed at 550°C in 90% Ar/10% H2atmosphere. The average diameter of the samples was 354±42nm. Both the size and the number of dendritic structure were increased as the annealing temperature was rising. The degradation rate of methyl orange (5mg/L) by as-prepared TiO2/VOxnanofibers was 76.4% after exposure under UV light for 120min, which was 25.7% higher than which annealed in air atmosphere.


2010 ◽  
Vol 443 ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Fang Wu ◽  
Jian Xin Deng ◽  
Pei Yan

TiN coatings were produced on substrates of a hard metal at different bias by pulsed filtered vacuum cathode arc deposition assisted with ion bombardment. The erosion wear resistance of TiN coatings was investigated. The erosion wear was tested with a gas blast apparatus. In the test, TiN coatings were impacted at an impingement angle of 90° by angular SiC solid particles with an average diameter of 124um. The maximum depth of the erosion scar measured by the Veeco NT9300 optical profiler was used to evaluate the erosion wear loss of the coatings. The coatings proved to have lower erosion rate than the substrate material and consequently, the erosion rate increased significantly to the high level of the hard metal substrate after the coatings were penetrated. The results indicated that the TiN coating deposited at 150V bias had the lowest erosion wear rate and best wear resistance. The failure mechanism was revealed by examining the surface morphology of the coatings before and after the erosion test. The erosion wear of the TiN coatings behaved as typical brittle materials.


2008 ◽  
Vol 141-143 ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Keung ◽  
Y.F. Lee ◽  
Wei Wei Shan ◽  
Shou Jing Luo

Thixotropy is essential to semi-solid processing, and because of it the semi-solid material is characterized by ‘shear shinning’. Here, thixotropic strength and thixotropic criteria in semi-solid processing are put forward based on related theories and experiments, and thixotropic mechanism and its influencing factors are also investigated. The results are as follows: 1) the term of thixotropic strength means that with constant shear rate at semi-solid temperature, the semi-solid body begins to flow when the shear stress reach a certain value. This value of shear stress is defined as the thixotropic strength; 2) Thixotropic behavior happens with ‘shear thinning’ because of the deagglomeration of solid particles, while ‘shear thickening’ happens because of the agglomeration at the same time. With increasing shear time, the shear stress increases first and then decreases rapidly to reach a stable value. 3) There are three important factors that influence ‘thixotropic strength’: temperature (hence solid content), initial microstructure (including size, shape factor and uniformity of solid particles) and shear rate.


Author(s):  
Stephen Miska ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Yongli Zhang ◽  
Edmund F. Rybicki ◽  
...  

In the production and pipeline transport of various fluids, such as oil and natural gas, solid particles may be entrained in the fluid. These particles, commonly consisting of numerous types and sizes of sand, can travel apart from the streamlines of the fluid and impact the surface of the pipe. With time, enough particles may impinge a pipe wall at a sensitive location, such as an elbow or tee, to result in a measurable wall thickness loss. This may ultimately lead to severe erosion damage causing a leak in a pipeline, a dangerous and costly problem. As a result, a pipeline’s service life may often depend on the rate at which a pipe wall is eroded. The erosion rate, or amount of material loss over a certain time period, depends on a large number of factors. The target material, or material experiencing a thickness loss, such as a pipe wall, influences the rate at which damage occurs. Its density, hardness, yield strength, and microstructure combine to present a certain resistance toward erosion occurring from solid particle impact. Furthermore, the solid particle’s diameter, sharpness, and shape will influence its trajectory, speed, and momentum transfer into the target, thereby requiring the analysis of various particle types in predicting erosion. Finally, the carrier fluid being transported through a pipeline will further affect the solid particle’s movement as it approaches the target. As a result, the fluid’s density and viscosity must be carefully considered in particle tracking and erosion analysis. By considering the aforementioned properties of the target, solid particles, and carrier fluid, it is desirable to be able to predict the erosion rate from a single erosion equation. Other factors depending on these properties may be found in this expression, such as particle impact speed and impingement angle at the target. Velocity measurements by way of Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) were made for particles entrained in a viscous liquid traveling in a submerged, direct impingement jet. In an attempt to obtain representative particle impact characteristics during material erosion, data was collected from the nozzle exit to the target surface in order to track fluid and particle velocities prior to impact with a wall. Average particle sizes of 120 and 550 μm were used to represent typical sand sizes, while much smaller particles with an average diameter of 3 μm were utilized in fluid velocity measurements. The carrier fluid viscosity was varied from 1 to 100 centiPoise, while the nozzle flow rate and fluid density were maintained constant. Changes in approach and estimated impingement velocity occurring due to fluid viscosity and particle size are then presented. For the same impingement geometry and flow situations, metal loss erosion measurements have been made by way of an Electrical-Resistance (ER) probe. Oklahoma #1 sand particles with an average diameter of 150 μm were suspended in a viscous carrier fluid at a measured sand concentration. The measured erosion rate and particle velocities at near target wall locations are then compared to observe the effect of viscosity on material erosion and impact speed. Particle tracking and erosion predictions made by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can then be experimentally validated.


Author(s):  
И.А. Песков ◽  
С.В. Посыпанов

При реализации концепции, обеспечивающей экономическую доступность удаленных лесных ресурсов, предусматривается сплотка малогабаритных пакетов круглых лесоматериалов в двухъярусные единицы в пунктах выхода с мелководных участков рек на глубоководные. Указанная сплотка предполагается в специальных устройствах, где предусматривается, в частности, торцевание сплоточных единиц с целью повышения экономических показателей дальнейшей транспортировки и надежности сохранения их целостности. Для обоснования параметров устройства нужна информация о требуемых усилиях для торцевания плавающих пакетов и двухярусных единиц из них. Установлено, что для ее получения нужны дополнительные исследования. Очевидна целесообразность общей методологии для двухъярусных единиц и составляющих их пакетов, с которых и следует начать исследования. С целью получения зависимости для расчета усилия, необходимого для торцевания плавающих пакетов, использовали теоретический метод, базирующийся на эластиковой теории. При этом плавающий пакет рассматривали как гибкую оболочку, заполненную двумя видами сыпучей среды с разным объемным весом. Граница сред проходит по поверхности воды. Линия обвязки, то есть гибкой оболочки представляет собой комбинацию фрагментов двух эластик с разными характеристиками. Используя параметрические уравнения, описывающие форму эластик, и зависимости для определения давлений в сыпучих средах, получили искомую аналитическую зависимость и ее упрощенный вариант для практических расчетов. Результаты расчетов по предложенной формуле превышают результаты, вычисленные по формуле, полученной ранее по другому алгоритму действий без учета давления обвязок, на 70% при коэффициенте формы пакета 1,5, то есть при сильном давлении обвязок и примерно на 10% – при коэффициенте 2,5, то есть слабом их давлении. Это позволяет считать результаты исследования достоверными, применение использованной методики для соответствующего исследования двухъярусным единиц – целесообразным. Установили, что при фиксированной плотности лесоматериалов наиболее существенно влияют на усилие торцевания изменения отношения высоты пакета к среднему диаметру лесоматериалов, его коэффициента формы и объема. Влияние первых двух факторов в аналитической формуле учитывается множителем, величину которого в практических расчетах можно определить по предложенным графикам или аппроксимирующим зависимостям. When implementing the concept that ensures the economic accessibility of remote forest resources, it is envisaged to raft small-sized packages of round timber into bilevel units at the points of exit from shallow-water sections of rivers to deep-water ones. The specified raft is assumed in special devices, which provide the leveling ends of rafting units to increase the economic indicators of further transportation and the reliability of maintaining integrity. To substantiate the parameters of the device, information is needed on the required forces for leveling ends of floating packages and bilevel units of them. It was found that to obtain it requires additional research. The expediency of a common methodology for bilevel units and their constituent packages is obvious, from which research should be started. To obtain the dependence for calculating the force required for leveling ends of the floating packages, a theoretical method based on the elastic theory was used. In this case, the floating package was considered as a flexible shell filled with two types of granular media with different bulk density. The boundary of the media runs along the surface of the water. The strapping line, that is, the flexible casing, is a combination of fragments of two elastics with different characteristics. Using parametric equations describing the shape of elastic and dependences for determining pressures in bulk media, we obtained the required analytical dependence and its simplified version for practical calculations. The calculation results according to the proposed formula exceed the results calculated according to the formula obtained earlier using another algorithm of actions without considering the pressure of the straps by 70% with a package shape factor of 1.5, that is, with a strong pressure of the straps and by about 10% – with a coefficient of 2.5, that is, their weak pressure. This allows us to consider the results of the study reliable, the use of the methodology used for the corresponding study of bilevel units is expedient. It was found that at a fixed density of timber, the most significant effect on the force of leveling ends is changes in the ratio of the height of the package to the average diameter of timber, its shape factor and volume. The influence of the first two factors in the analytical formula is considered by a factor, the value of which in practical calculations can be determined from the proposed graphs or approximating dependences.


2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 12004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syaharuddin Rasyid ◽  
Effendy Arif ◽  
Hairul Arsyad ◽  
Muhammad Syahid

In this study, effects of stirring time and stirring speed on the microstructure of semisolid rheocast (SSR) aluminum alloy ADC12 were examined. The research method was done by gravity casting using a metal mold. The aluminum ADC12 slurry is stirred by a mechanical stirrer (round rod stirrer) at 610OC with a variation of speed 0, 250, 300, 350 rpm for 0, 20, 40, 60 seconds. Furthermore, the aluminum slurry of ADC12 is poured on a metal mold with temperature 600OC. The microstructure characteristics were examined by direct observation using optical microscopy, secondary -Al phase dendrite arm spacing, shape factor, and Si eutectic phase were identified. The mechanical properties were investigated by hardness test and tensile test. A short period of stirring below the liquidus temperature to form a non-dendritic structure. The final morphology of the primary particles after a short period of stirring time has little impact as the stirring time increases. The optimal mechanical properties (hardness and tensile strength) were obtained at 20 seconds of stirring time and 300 rpm of stirring rate.


2022 ◽  
Vol 327 ◽  
pp. 255-262
Author(s):  
Nai Yong Li ◽  
Wei Min Mao ◽  
Xiao Xin Geng ◽  
Peng Yu Yan

The semi-solid slurry of 6061 aluminum alloy was prepared by the serpentine channel pouring process. The influence of graphite serpentine channel and copper serpentine channel on the slurry was comparative analyzed. The effect of pouring temperature on the slurry microstructure was also investigated. The results indicate that both copper and graphite serpentine channel can be used to prepare semi-solid slurry with spherical primary grains. Compared with a permanent casting, the microstructure of the semi-solid slurry was significantly improved and refined. With the increase of pouring temperature, the average equivalent grain diameter of the primary phase grains in the semi-solid slurry increases gradually, but the shape factor decreases gradually. When the pouring temperature increased from 675 °C to 690 °C, a high quality semi-solid slurry can be obtained. Comparing the two kinds of serpentine channel, it is found that the copper serpentine channel can make the primary grains finer, and the average equivalent grain size was 63 μm. However, the solidified shell near the inner graphite serpentine channel surface was thinner than that of the copper serpentine channel. In conclusion, the graphite serpentine channel is more suitable for preparing semi-solid 6061 aluminum alloy slurry.


2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 608-612
Author(s):  
Xiao Feng Huang ◽  
K. Feng ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
F.Y Yan ◽  
Ti Jun Chen

A new magnesium alloy, named as Mg-6Zn-6Al(ZA66), using for thixoforming production has been developed. The microstructure of the material during partial remelting holding in the semi-solid state was characterized. The results indicate that non-dendrite microstructure in ZA66 magnesium alloy billets can be obtained, but the proper partial remelting temperature and holding time should be select. After being treated at 575°Cfor 20 min, the ZA66 alloys can obtain a non-dendritic microstructure with finer unmelted primary solid particles (37 μm) and shape factor about 0.6. With the increasing holding temperature from 575°C to 590°C,the average size of unmelted primary solid particles increases and globular tendency becomes more obvious.


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