Orientation response of Pacific coast wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to food baits in laboratory and effectiveness of baits in field

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Horton ◽  
Peter J. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Glass Plate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Orientation Response ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Capture Rates

AbstractAssays were done in the laboratory and field to monitor the response of Pacific coast wireworm, Limonius canus LeConte, to food baits. A glass-plate assay was used in laboratory trials to study movement of wireworm larvae through soil in response to several food baits, including germinating seeds of grains, rolled oats [Avenu sauva L. (Poaceae)], carrot [Daucus carota L. (Umbelliferae)], and potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae)]. Studies were also done with these baits to determine effectiveness under field conditions. In both laboratory and field trials, germinating seed of wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)] and barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae)] ranked higher in response by larvae than the remaining food baits. In the glass-plate assays, 65–70% of wireworms contacted the wheat or barley seed baits within a 2-h assay period. Corn [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] seed and sliced carrot were also effective, with 60% of larvae contacting the baits. Rice [Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae)], rye [Secale cereale L. (Poaceae)], and potato were contacted by 30–45% of larvae. In the majority of assays, contact with the bait occurred within 30 min of the start of the assay. Trail lengths varied substantially among larvae (0–70 cm). The field studies showed that all food baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. A second assay conducted in the laboratory showed that moistened rolled oats were contacted with a higher probability if oats were aged 72 h following wetting (51% of larvae contacted the bait) than oats used immediately following wetting (28% of larvae). Field trials using baits composed of different volumes of rolled oats showed little evidence of a dose response in capture rates of L. canus, although all baits captured more wireworms than unbaited traps. These studies showed that L. canus is attracted to food baits in both laboratory and field trials, and that baits may prove useful to monitor populations of this pest in the field.

scholarly journals Pectobacterium carotovorum: agente fitopatógeno causante de la pudrición blanda en la papa (Solanum tuberosum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie Paola Amaya Guerrero ◽  
Mayra Eleonora Beltrán Pineda ◽  
Nadia Catalina Alfonso Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Expresión Génica

La papa (Solanum tuberosum) es un tubérculo de importancia a nivel mundial; es el cuarto cultivo de interés agronómico en términos de producción y área cultivada después del arroz (Oryza sativa), el maíz (Zea mays) y el trigo (Triticum aestivum). Pectobacterium carotovorum es un agente fitopatógeno de la papa que causa la podredumbre blanda del tubérculo, y es considerada como la enfermedad poscosecha más importante, pues genera grandes pérdidas económicas a nivel del almacenamiento. El presente documento pretende dar un esbozo de la biología del patógeno, los métodos existentes para la detección de dicho agente, la descripción del quorum sensing como mecanismo de la regulación de la expresión génica de sus factores de virulencia, el mecanismo de acción del patógeno, el proceso infectivo y los métodos actuales de control.

scholarly journals CAPACIDAD ABSORBENTE DE ALMIDONES DE CINCO ESPECIES BOLIVIANAS ALIMENTARIAS

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiola R Valdivieso ◽  
◽  
Patricia A. Mollinedo Portugal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Para Determinar

Se analizó almidones de cinco diferentes orígenes botánicos: papa (Solanum tuberosum), quinua (Chenopodium quinoa), yuca (Manihot esculenta), trigo (Triticum aestivum) y arroz (Oryza sativa) como muestra estándar. Se obtuvo valores de humedad, características de gelatinización, porcentaje de amilosa y amilopectina, morfología del gránulo de almidón y retrogradación, para determinar la relación entre las mismas con la capacidad absorbente de cada almidón. Los resultados mostraron que el almidón de quinua retrogradado es el de máxima capacidad absorbente. Este almidón presenta un gránulo de almidón más pequeño, una relación más alta de amilosa y amilopectina (mayor porcentaje de amilopectina) y un bajo grado de gelatinización. La retrogradación favorece la absorción debido a la ruptura de los gránulos permitiendo que las moléculas de agua sean más fácilmente retenidas en la estructura. Aun así, los demás tipos de almidón también llegan a tener capacidad absorbente inmediata.

scholarly journals Tracking Changes on Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Sequestration after 30 Years of Different Tillage and Management Practices

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Ramón Bienes ◽  
Maria Jose Marques ◽  
Blanca Sastre ◽  
Andrés García-Díaz ◽  
Iris Esparza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Wilting Point

Long-term field trials are essential for monitoring the effects of sustainable land management strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. The influence of more than thirty years of different management is analyzed on extensive crops under three tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT), and with two crop rotations, monoculture winter-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-vetch (Triticum aestivum L.-Vicia sativa L.), widely present in the center of Spain. The soil under NT experienced the largest change in organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, macroaggregate stability, and bulk density. In the MT and NT treatments, SOC content was still increasing after 32 years, being 26.5 and 32.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, compared to 20.8 Mg ha−1 in CT. The SOC stratification (ratio of SOC at the topsoil/SOC at the layer underneath), an indicator of soil conservation, increased with decreasing tillage intensity (2.32, 1.36, and 1.01 for NT, MT, and CT respectively). Tillage intensity affected the majority of soil parameters, except the water stable aggregates, infiltration, and porosity. The NT treatment increased available water, but only in monocropping. More water was retained at the permanent wilting point in NT treatments, which can be a disadvantage in dry periods of these edaphoclimatic conditions.

scholarly journals Comparison of Herbicides for Control of Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass in Wheat

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghi Bararpour ◽  
Ralph Hale ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Jason Bond ◽  
Nilda Burgos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. Multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) is a dominant weed problem in non-irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in mid-south USA. Field studies were conducted from 2001 to 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides for diclofop-resistant ryegrass control and effect on wheat yield. In 2001 through 2004, chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron at 0.026 kg ha−1 preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) mesosulfuron at 0.048 kg ha−1 at 4-leaf to 2-tiller ryegrass provided 89% control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass, resulting in the highest wheat yield (3201 kg ha−1). Flufenacet/metribuzin at 0.476 kg ha−1 applied at 1- to 2-leaf wheat had equivalent Italian ryegrass control (87%), but lesser yield (3013 kg ha−1). In 2005–2006, best treatments for Italian ryegrass control were chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron, 0.013 kg ha−1 PRE fb mesosulfuron 0.015 kg ha−1 at 3- to 4-leaf ryegrass (92%); metribuzin, 0.280 kg ha−1 at 2- to 3- leaf wheat fb metribuzin at 2- to 3-tiller ryegrass (94%); chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron (0.026 kg ha−1) (89%); and flufenacet/metribuzin at 1- to 2-leaf wheat (89%). Chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron fb mesosulfuron provided higher yield (3515 kg ha−1) than all other treatments, except metribuzin fb metribuzin.

scholarly journals Managing Bees for Delivering Biological Control Agents and Improved Pollination in Berry and Fruit Cultivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki M. T. Hokkanen ◽  
Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen ◽  
Marja-Leena Lahdenpera
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Dissemination Activity ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Disease Pressure

<p>Targeted precision biocontrol and improved pollination were studied Europe-wide in the EU ERA-NET CORE ORGANIC 2 project BICOPOLL (Biocontrol and Pollination). A case study was conducted on the management of strawberry grey mold <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, with the biocontrol fungus, <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em>, vectored by honey bees or bumble bees. A joint field trial carried out in five countries targeted strawberry cultivations in open field, and included four treatments: untreated control, chemical fungicide, entomovectored biocontrol, and chemical and biocontrol combined. In organic fields, no pesticide treatments were included. The proportion of moldy berries, and/or the marketable yield of healthy berries were recorded from each treatment, along with other parameters of local interest. A pilot study was started in Finland in 2006, and, by 2012, large commercial farms were using entomovectoring. In 2012, field trials were started in Estonia and in Italy, and in 2013-14, these experiments were expanded to Slovenia and Turkey. In total, 26 field tests were conducted using entomovectoring and <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em> (Prestop<sup>®</sup> Mix) on strawberry, with five additional trials on raspberry. Efficacy results have been excellent throughout the field studies. The results show crop protection equalling or exceeding that provided by a full chemical fungicide program, under all weather conditions, and over a wide geographical range (from Finland to Turkey). Under heavy disease pressure, entomovectoring provided on average a 47% disease reduction, which was the same as multiple fungicide sprays. Under light disease pressure, biocontrol decreased grey mold by an average of 66%, which was greater than fungicide sprays. The concept has proven to be effective on strawberries, raspberries, pears, apples, blueberries, cherries, and grapes. A conservative estimate for Finland is that over 500 ha of strawberry cultivation currently use the technique (≈15% of the strawberry growing area). To make full use of the entomovectoring technique, organic berry and fruit growers are encouraged to (i) keep bees, or to hire the service from local beekeepers for entomovectoring; and (ii) manage vegetation within and around the target crop to support the activity of bees and other pollinators, which can help to disseminate the beneficial microbial populations within the crop. Beekeepers are encouraged to (i) market pollination and biocontrol services to fruit and berry growers, and (ii) ensure that all operations are effective in mananging bees and their microbe dissemination activity. Biocontrol product manufacturers are encouraged to further develop products and their formulations specifically for entomovectoring, because current formulations are suboptimal as they are initially optimized for other uses (e.g., mixing into the soil).</p>

scholarly journals Inter-relação sexual de Magnaporthe grisea do trigo e de outros hospedeiros

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA C. BRUNO ◽  
ALFREDO S. URASHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Magnaporthe Grisea

Foram identificados isolados de Magnaporthe grisea do Brasil a serem utilizados como parentais em estudos de determinação do tipo compatível ("mating type") do fungo. A escolha dos melhores parentais baseou-se naqueles isolados que determinaram o tipo compatível de maior número de isolados de M. grisea do trigo (Triticum aestivum). A inter-relação sexual da brusone do trigo com a brusone de diversos hospedeiros foi avaliada de acordo com os seguintes parâmetros: determinação de tipo compatível (MAT1-1 e MAT1-2), sexualidade (hermafrodita, fêmea e macho), fertilidade (número de peritécios) e produção de órgãos sexuais (peritécio, ascas e ascósporos). Os parentais Bp3a e Br118.2D possibilitaram a identificação do tipo compatível de maior porcentagem dos isolados da brusone do trigo. Entre as diversas gramíneas estudadas, os isolados de brusone provenientes de Brachiaria plantaginea e T. aestivum podem influenciar na alta variabilidade de M. grisea do trigo. Verificou-se variabilidade genética dentro de isolados de Setaria geniculata, sugerindo que a brusone desse hospedeiro pode influir na variabilidade da brusone do trigo. Isolados de brusone do arroz (Oryza sativa) apresentaram baixa fertilidade sexual.

scholarly journals Peningkatan Nutrisi Tanaman Serealia Menggunakan Actinobacteria Endofit

Agrikultura ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartika Sari
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Enhancement ◽  
Pot Trial

ABSTRACTNutrient Enhancement In Cereal Crops Using Actinobacterial EndophytesWheat high demand without sufficient production and Actinobacterial endophytes usage limitation inIndonesia motivated this research. The aim was to determine Actinobacterial endophytes effect on nutrientenhancement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). It was hypothesized that they can enhance wheat nutrient.The experiment stages were: 1) Pot-Trial I, confirming nutrient enhancement using Actinobacteria in 6 soiltypes; 2) Pot-Trial II, screening Actinobacteria strains; and 3) Field-Trial. The results showed thatActinobacteria effects varied for different nutrients and site based differences. In Pot-Trial I, different soiltypes significantly affected the manganese and zinc content (P=0.00 and P=0.01), but not inoculation ofActinobacteria nor the combination of them. Field Trials showed the same trends. Combination betweenthose treatments significantly affected manganese content (P=0.045). Nutrient analysis on xylem sap in PotTrials 2 only showed the value differences since there was insufficient collected volume to be statisticallyanalyzed. Zinc and iron contents were the highest in Actinobacteria EUM165 treatment and the highestmanganese content in Actinobacteria EN16. In conclusion, wheat nutrient content is affected byActinobacteria and different soil types but there was insufficient evidence to generally conclude that it canbe enhanced. They have their own effects and affected each other in enhancing nutrient content.Keywords: Nutreint, wheat, endophytic ActinobacteriaABSTRAKTingginya permintaan gandum tidak disertai produksi yang cukup, serta terbatasnya pemanfaatanActinobacteria endofit di Indonesia, melatarbelakangi penelitian ini. Tujuannya untuk mengetahuipengaruh penambahan Actinobacteria endofit terhadap nutrisi gandum (Triticum aestivum L.). Diduga,penambahan Actinobacteria endofit dapat meningkatkan kandungan nutrisinya. Tahapan penelitianmeliputi: 1) Uji-Pot I, mengonfirmasi peningkatan nutrisi gandum menggunakan Actinobacteria pada 6 jenistanah; 2) Uji-Pot II, menguji berbagai strain Actinobacteria terhadap peningkatan nutrisi gandum; serta 3)Uji Lapangan. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Actinobacteria meningkatkan nutrisi gandum secara berbedatergantung nutrisi yang diuji serta jenis tanah yang digunakan. Pada Uji-Pot I, jenis tanah berpengaruhnyata terhadap kandungan mangan dan seng (P=0.00 dan P=0.01), tapi pemberian Actinobacteria maupunkombinasi keduanya tidak. Uji Lapangan menunjukkan hasil yang sama. Kombinasi kedua perlakuanmeningkatkan kandungan mangan secara signifikan (P=0.045). Analisis cairan xilem dari Uji-Pot IImenunjukkan perbedaan hasil tanpa uji statistik karena terbatasnya cairan yang dikumpulkan. Kandungantertinggi seng dan zat besi ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan Actinobacteria EUM165 dan mangan yang lebihtinggi oleh Actinobacteria EN16. Disimpulkan bahwa kandungan nutrisi tanaman gandum dapatdipengaruhi oleh pemberian Actinobacteria endofit serta perbedaan jenis tanah, namun tidak cukup buktiuntuk menyimpulkannya secara umum. Baik jenis tanah maupun Actinobacteria endofit memiliki pengaruhsendiri serta saling mempengaruhi terhadap kandungan nutrisi tanaman gandum.Kata kunci: Nutrisi, gandum, actinobacteria endofit

scholarly journals Estado del Cultivo de Plátano (Musa sp) en el Municipio de Tlapacoyan, Veracruz

UVserva ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paloma Violeta Susan Tepetlan
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Banana Production ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Musa Sp ◽  
Important Crop ◽  
The World

Los bananos y plátanos (Musa sp) se cultivan en más de 120 países alrededor del mundo y suministran una importante fuente de carbohidratos para más de 400 millones de personas en países tropicales, representan el cuarto cultivo de mayor importancia después del maíz (Zea mays), trigo (Triticum aestivum) y arroz (Oryza sativa). En México, se cultivan en 15 Estados, la variedad de bananos y plátanos que se cultivan  es amplia, dentro de ellas destacan los bananos como el Plátano Tabasco o Roatán, Enano Gigante, Criollo, Valery, Dominico, Manzano y los plátanos Macho, Morado y Pera, entre otros. Veracruz, ocupa el tercer lugar a nivel nacional en su, después de Chiapas y Tabasco, produciéndose en zonas en las que el cultivo es una de las principales actividades.Palabras clave: cultivo de plátano; Veracruz; países tropicales; Tlapacoyan Abstract Bananas and plantains are grown in more than 120 countries around the world, provides an important source of carbohydrates for more than 400 million people in tropical countries, is the fourth most important crop after maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa). In Mexico, are grown in 15 states, banana and plantain cultivars that are grown is wide, within them we can found bananas as Tabasco or Roatán, Giant Dwarf, Macho, Criollo, Valery, Dominico, Manzano and plantains as Morado and Pera between others. Veracruz, is third in banana production, after Chiapas and Tabasco, taking place in areas where this crop is one of the main activities.Keywords: banana cultivation; Veracruz; tropical countries; Tlapacoyan

Fluoride partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) upon irrigation with fluoride‐contaminated water and its risk assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
S. K. Jha ◽  
T. Damodaran ◽  
C. L. Verma ◽  
V. K. Mishra ◽  
D. k. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Disease Registry ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Contaminated Irrigation Water

Fluoride (F) contamination has become a global environmental problem affecting more than 25 countries and the cure of the associated disease “fluorosis” is not yet known. Now it has been realized that a sizable amount of F intake also takes place through the ingestion of food. Therefore, F partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) and its exposure in human was evaluated under pot culture experiment using F‐contaminated irrigation water. In both rice and wheat, F accumulation in the tissue parts of plant followed the order: grain < straw < root. The grain of rice and wheat contained F between 11.51 and 22.55 mg kg‐1 and 11.56 and 15.43 mg kg‐1, respectively in the treatment range of 0 ‐ 8 mg F l‐1. The cumulative EDI calculated at the maximum F concentration in rice and wheat grains for children, sedentary men and women was found to be higher than the limits stipulated by Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), USA. In conclusion, the fluoride poses potential health risks to humans due to the consumption of F contaminated rice and wheat, children being more susceptible/affected than the sedentary adult ones. Therefore, a constant surveillance and monitoring program is highly warranted for determining the human health risk by considering F exposure due to various sources viz., ingestion, drinking water, water used in cooking and other dietary sources.

scholarly journals Optimizing Sowing Depth of Tef for Irrigated Mediterranean Conditions: From Laboratory to Field Studies

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1983
Author(s):  
Shiran Ben-Zeev ◽  
Shane Kerzner ◽  
Onn Rabinovitz ◽  
Yehoshua Saranga
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Mediterranean Conditions

Developing new crops adapted to arid conditions is a promising approach to meet the increasing demand for food production under expanding aridity. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is a C4 cereal crop cultivated mainly in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and known for its high resilience to stressful environments. Due to their tiny size, tef seeds are traditionally sown by broadcasting and lightly covering with soil. Under semiarid Mediterranean conditions, a deeper sowing may guarantee seedling establishment while saving on irrigation water. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the effects of sowing depth on tef emergence, development, lodging, and productivity. Tef seeds were sown at different depths in test tubes and pots, and in two field experiments. In tubes and pots, time from sowing to emergence increased about twofold and emergence rate decreased in the deepest sowing (3 cm) treatment compared to controls (0 cm). In the pot and field trials, deep sowing (3 cm) significantly reduced plant height, shoot and root biomass, and lodging. Sowing depths of 1–2 cm allowed successful plant establishment while not exacting penalties on plant emergence or development; hence this range appears to be optimal for sowing irrigated tef.

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