BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING WHEAT GRAINS. I. CHANGES IN PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIN C. KAPOOR ◽  
ROBERT E. HEINER
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Rna And Dna

Two spring wheat cultivars, (Triticum aestivum L.) one tall, Chris, and another semidwarf, Era, with different yield and grain protein potentials, were grown in a controlled environment chamber to compare protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid contents in developing grain at 12, 22, 29, and 36 days after heading. Crude protein and true protein of both cultivars increased and the nonprotein nitrogen decreased as the grain matured. Starch content was initially low but increased rapidly during maturation while reducing sugars, sucrose, and fructosans decreased. Starch synthesis started earlier in Chris but was more rapid in Era at later stages of development. Era contained more starch than Chris at maturity. Nucleic acid contents were also affected during grain maturation. Chris, which produced higher amounts of grain protein throughout grain development, also contained higher amounts of RNA and DNA at all stages of development.

scholarly journals Over-Expressing TaSPA-B Reduces Prolamin and Starch Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Guo ◽  
Qiling Hou ◽  
Runqi Zhang ◽  
Hongyao Lou ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Wheat Lines

Starch and prolamin composition and content are important indexes for determining the processing and nutritional quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Several transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression during starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat. Storage protein activator (TaSPA), a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family, has been reported to activate glutenin genes and is correlated to starch synthesis related genes. In this study, we generated TaSPA-B overexpressing (OE) transgenic wheat lines. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the starch content was slightly reduced and starch granules exhibited a more polarized distribution in the TaSPA-B OE lines. Moreover, glutenin and ω- gliadin contents were significantly reduced, with lower expression levels of related genes (e.g., By15, Dx2, and ω-1,2 gliadin gene). RNA-seq analysis identified 2023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The low expression of some DEGs (e.g., SUSase, ADPase, Pho1, Waxy, SBE, SSI, and SS II a) might explain the reduction of starch contents. Some TFs involved in glutenin and starch synthesis might be regulated by TaSPA-B, for example, TaPBF was reduced in TaSPA-B OE-3 lines. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that both TaSPA-B and TaPBF could transactivate the promoter of ω-1,2 gliadin gene. These results suggest that TaSPA-B regulates a complex gene network and plays an important role in starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat.

Genetic dissection of the developmental behaviour of total starch content and its components in wheat grain

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tian ◽  
Zhiying Deng ◽  
Quangang Xie ◽  
Jichun Tian
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Epistatic Qtls ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Additive Qtls ◽  
Total Starch

Starch in wheat is an important component of flour and is related to grain yield and wheat end-products. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population with 168 lines derived from a cross of elite Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Huapei 3 and Yumai 57 was used to identify dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total starch content (TSC), amylose (AMS) and amylopectin (AMP) in wheat grain. Traits were measured at stages, grown under three treatments in two seasons, and were assessed by unconditional and conditional QTL analyses. Thirty-three additive QTLs and 21 pairs of epistatic QTLs for TSC, AMS and AMP were detected by unconditional mapping, whereas 19 additive QTLs and 15 pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified by conditional mapping. Of these, QTsc4A.1 and QAms4A.1 were detected continuously at five stages under three treatments in two seasons by unconditional mapping, indicating that the accumulated effects of these QTLs were expressed stably from 12 days after flowering (DAF) and were little affected by nitrogen and water agronomic treatment. These two QTLs also showed net expression from 12 to 22 DAF by conditional mapping. The results indicate that the two loci play an important role in starch synthesis. Most of the epistatic QTLs belonged to a minor QTL, but played an important role in the target traits. Therefore, the development of starch is mainly affected by additive effects besides the epistasis effect. The data are useful for potential marker-assisted selection and cloning of the target gene in further fine mapping, and provide a foundation to understand the genetic mechanism underlying the development of starch in wheat and to increase yield.

scholarly journals Sweet Corn Research around the World 2015–2020

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
Calli M. Anibas ◽  
William F. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Endosperm Starch

Modern sweet corn is distinguished from other vegetable corns by the presence of one or more recessive alleles within the maize endosperm starch synthesis pathway. This results in reduced starch content and increased sugar concentration when consumed fresh. Fresh sweet corn originated in the USA and has since been introduced in countries around the World with increasing popularity as a favored vegetable choice. Several reviews have been published recently on endosperm genetics, breeding, and physiology that focus on the basic biology and uses in the US. However, new questions concerning sustainability, environmental care, and climate change, along with the introduction of sweet corn in other countries have produced a variety of new uses and research activities. This review is a summary of the sweet corn research published during the five years preceding 2021.

scholarly journals Composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa slime

1969 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. W. Brown ◽  
J. H. Scott Foster ◽  
J. R. Clamp
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
Polysaccharide Fraction ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Rna And Dna

1. The slime produced by eight strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a number of different media was demonstrated to be qualitatively the same. Small quantitative differences may be occasioned by differences in the extraction procedure, the growth medium or the strain of organism used. 2. The slime was shown to be predominantly polysaccharide with some nucleic acid material and a small amount of protein. 3. The hydrolysed polysaccharide fraction consists mainly of glucose with smaller amounts of mannose. This accounts for some 50–60% of the total slime. In addition, there is some 5% of hyaluronic acid. The nucleic acid material represents approx. 20% of the total weight, and is composed of both RNA and DNA. 4. Minor components are protein, rhamnose and glucosamine, the protein being less than 5% of the total. 5. Hyaluronic acid is produced in greater quantities from nutrient broth than from chemically defined media, and is more firmly attached to the cells than the other components.

Tumor cell metabolism in vitro: a study of incubation media

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Caldwell ◽  
Marianne F. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites ◽  
Eac Cells ◽  
Rna And Dna

A number of incubation media which have been used in studies of the metabolism of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vitro have been examined with respect to their abilities to support the incorporation of radioactive precursors into nucleotides and nucleic acids, and to maintain the structural integrity and tumor-inducing abilities of EAC cells. Cells incubated in the chemically-defined "Fischer's medium for leukemic cells of mice" were able to produce lethal tumors in mice after more than 16 h of incubation, maintained their structural integrity on prolonged incubation, and catalyzed high rates of incorporation of exogenously added substrates into nucleotides, RNA, and DNA. However, cells incubated in balanced salts solutions supplemented with glucose had these characteristics: (a) were unable to produce lethal tumors after 4 h of incubation, (b) released large amounts of nucleotide, nucleic acid, and protein material into the medium after less than 2 h of incubation, and (c) catalyzed the incorporation of radioactive precursors into nucleotides and RNA at much lower rates than did cells incubated in Fischer's medium, and were virtually unable to catalyze the incorporation of adenine-14C into DNA.

Agronomic evaluation of a tiller inhibition gene (tin) in wheat. I. Effect on yield, yield components, and grain protein

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Duggan ◽  
R. A. Richards ◽  
A. F. van Herwaarden ◽  
N. A. Fettell
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Spike Number ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Productive Tiller ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Yield Penalty

Reduced tillering cereals have been proposed as being advantageous under terminal drought conditions through their reported reduction in non-productive tiller number and reduced soil water use prior to anthesis. This study was conducted to determine whether wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines containing the tiller inhibition (tin) gene have a yield penalty over their commercial near-isogenic counterparts. A terminal drought was experienced in all experiments. The effects of the tin gene were investigated in 4 different near-isogenic pairs of lines grown at 2 sowing densities at 4 locations in the eastern Australian wheatbelt over a 3-year period. Averaged over all experiments and lines, grain yield was unaffected by the presence of the tin gene. However, the highest yielding line contained the tin gene and its yield was 5% higher than all other lines. Averaged across the different genetic backgrounds, the tin gene decreased fertile spike number by 11%, increased the number of kernels/spike by 9%, and there was a 2% increase in kernel weight. The tin gene increased the harvest index by an average of 0.02, whereas above-ground biomass was reduced by 7%. Increasing sowing density from 50 to 100 kg/ha had little influence on yield or yield-related characteristics in both the restricted tillering and freely tillering lines. There was an interaction between sowing rate and the presence of the tin gene on yield, with tin lines yielding 0.2 t/ha more than the freely tillering lines at the higher sowing rate, whereas there was no effect at the lower sowing rate. The response of several lines containing the tin gene to nitrogen fertiliser was also investigated at 2 sites. Nitrogen increased spike number in all lines but the number remained around 20% less than in the freely tillering cultivars. The yield of wheat lines containing the tin gene was 6% greater than their near-isogenic pairs where nitrogen status was high in the presence of terminal drought. Grain protein concentration was unaffected by the presence of the tin gene at high grain protein sites, whereas at lower grain protein sites it had a positive effect.

scholarly journals Temperature and pH of the nutrient solution on wheat primary root growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Camargo ◽  
Antonio Wilson Penteado Ferreira Filho ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Salomon
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Primary Root Growth ◽  
Temperature And Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Primary root growth is very important for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in upland conditions in the State of São Paulo. Fourteen wheat genotypes (mutant lines and cultivars) were evaluated for primary root growth during 7 and 15 days of development in complete and aerated nutrient solutions, in the laboratory. In the first experiment, solutions with three pH values (4.0, 5.0 and 6.0) at constant temperature (24 ± 1°C), and in the second experiment, solutions with the same pH (4.0) but with three temperatures (18°C ± 1°C, 24°C ± 1°C and 30°C ± 1°C) were used. High genetic variability was observed among the evaluated genotypes in relation to primary root growth in the first stages of development in nutrient solutions independent of pH, temperature and growth period. Genotypes 6 (BH-1146) and 13 (IAC-17), tolerant to Al3+ showed genetic potential for root growth in the first stages of development (7 and 15 days), regardless of nutrient solution temperature and pH. Genotypes 14 (IAC-24 M), 15 (IAC-24), 17 (MON"S" / ALD "S") ´ IAC-24 M2, 18 (MON"S" / ALD "S") ´ IAC-24 M3 and 24 (KAUZ"S" / IAC-24 M3), tolerant to Al3+, showed reduced root growth under the same conditions.

scholarly journals Bat Red Blood Cells express Nucleic Acid Sensing Receptors and bind RNA and DNA

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
LK Metthew Lam ◽  
Jane Dobkin ◽  
Kaitlyn A. Eckart ◽  
Ian Gereg ◽  
Andrew DiSalvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Cpg Dna ◽  
Human Rbcs ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Rna And Dna

Red blood cells (RBCs) demonstrate immunomodulatory capabilities through the expression of nucleic acid sensors. Little is known about bat RBCs, and no studies have examined the immune function of bat erythrocytes. Here we show that bat RBCs express the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR9 and bind the nucleic acid ligands, single-stranded RNA, and CpG DNA. Collectively, these data suggest that, like human RBCs, bat erythrocytes possess immune function and may be reservoirs for nucleic acids. These findings provide unique insight into bat immunity and may uncover potential mechanisms by which virulent pathogens in humans are concealed in bats.

scholarly journals Cleavage of DNA and RNA by PLD3 and PLD4 limits autoinflammatory triggering by multiple sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Gavin ◽  
Deli Huang ◽  
Tanya R. Blane ◽  
Therese C. Thinnes ◽  
Yusuke Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Type I ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Elevated Type ◽  
Minor Contribution ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Rna And Dna

AbstractPhospholipase D3 (PLD3) and PLD4 polymorphisms have been associated with several important inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that PLD3 and PLD4 digest ssRNA in addition to ssDNA as reported previously. Moreover, Pld3−/−Pld4−/− mice accumulate small ssRNAs and develop spontaneous fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) characterized by inflammatory liver damage and overproduction of Interferon (IFN)-γ. Pathology is rescued in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice, which lack all endosomal TLR signaling; genetic codeficiency or antibody blockade of TLR9 or TLR7 ameliorates disease less effectively, suggesting that both RNA and DNA sensing by TLRs contributes to inflammation. IFN-γ made a minor contribution to pathology. Elevated type I IFN and some other remaining perturbations in Unc93b13d/3dPld3−/−Pld4−/− mice requires STING (Tmem173). Our results show that PLD3 and PLD4 regulate both endosomal TLR and cytoplasmic/STING nucleic acid sensing pathways and have implications for the treatment of nucleic acid-driven inflammatory disease.

scholarly journals Modular barcode beads for microfluidic single cell genomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille L. Delley ◽  
Adam R. Abate
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Single Cell Genomics ◽  
New Targets ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Rna And Dna ◽  
Modular Framework

AbstractBarcode beads allow efficient nucleic acid tagging in single cell genomics. Current barcode designs, however, are fabricated with a particular application in mind. Repurposing to novel targets, or altering to add additional targets as information is obtained is possible but the result is suboptimal. Here, we describe a modular framework that simplifies generation of multifunctional beads and allows their easy extension to new targets.One Sentence SummaryWe describe an optimized design for barcoding beads which are useful for single cell RNA and DNA sequencing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document