Genetic dissection of the developmental behaviour of total starch content and its components in wheat grain

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tian ◽  
Zhiying Deng ◽  
Quangang Xie ◽  
Jichun Tian
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Epistatic Qtls ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Additive Qtls ◽  
Total Starch

Starch in wheat is an important component of flour and is related to grain yield and wheat end-products. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population with 168 lines derived from a cross of elite Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Huapei 3 and Yumai 57 was used to identify dynamic quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for total starch content (TSC), amylose (AMS) and amylopectin (AMP) in wheat grain. Traits were measured at stages, grown under three treatments in two seasons, and were assessed by unconditional and conditional QTL analyses. Thirty-three additive QTLs and 21 pairs of epistatic QTLs for TSC, AMS and AMP were detected by unconditional mapping, whereas 19 additive QTLs and 15 pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified by conditional mapping. Of these, QTsc4A.1 and QAms4A.1 were detected continuously at five stages under three treatments in two seasons by unconditional mapping, indicating that the accumulated effects of these QTLs were expressed stably from 12 days after flowering (DAF) and were little affected by nitrogen and water agronomic treatment. These two QTLs also showed net expression from 12 to 22 DAF by conditional mapping. The results indicate that the two loci play an important role in starch synthesis. Most of the epistatic QTLs belonged to a minor QTL, but played an important role in the target traits. Therefore, the development of starch is mainly affected by additive effects besides the epistasis effect. The data are useful for potential marker-assisted selection and cloning of the target gene in further fine mapping, and provide a foundation to understand the genetic mechanism underlying the development of starch in wheat and to increase yield.

scholarly journals NnABI4-Mediated ABA Regulation of Starch Biosynthesis in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13506
Author(s):  
Peng Wu ◽  
Ailian Liu ◽  
Yongyan Zhang ◽  
Kai Feng ◽  
Shuping Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Starch Biosynthesis ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Total Starch

Starch is an important component in lotus. ABA is an important plant hormone, which plays a very crucial role in regulating plant starch synthesis. Using ‘MRH’ as experimental materials, the leaves were sprayed with exogenous ABA before the rhizome expansion. The results showed that stomatal conductance and transpiration rate decreased while net photosynthetic rate increased. The total starch content of the underground rhizome of lotus increased significantly. Meanwhile, qPCR results showed that the relative expression levels of NnSS1, NnSBE1 and NnABI4 were all upregulated after ABA treatment. Then, yeast one-hybrid and dual luciferase assay suggested that NnABI4 protein can promote the expression of NnSS1 by directly binding to its promoter. In addition, subcellular localization results showed that NnABI4 encodes a nuclear protein, and NnSS1 protein was located in the chloroplast. Finally, these results indicate that ABA induced the upregulated expression of NnABI4, and NnABI4 promoted the expression of NnSS1 and thus enhanced starch accumulation in lotus rhizomes. This will provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of ABA regulating starch synthesis in plant.

scholarly journals Over-Expressing TaSPA-B Reduces Prolamin and Starch Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Guo ◽  
Qiling Hou ◽  
Runqi Zhang ◽  
Hongyao Lou ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Wheat Lines

Starch and prolamin composition and content are important indexes for determining the processing and nutritional quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains. Several transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression during starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat. Storage protein activator (TaSPA), a member of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family, has been reported to activate glutenin genes and is correlated to starch synthesis related genes. In this study, we generated TaSPA-B overexpressing (OE) transgenic wheat lines. Compared with wild-type (WT) plants, the starch content was slightly reduced and starch granules exhibited a more polarized distribution in the TaSPA-B OE lines. Moreover, glutenin and ω- gliadin contents were significantly reduced, with lower expression levels of related genes (e.g., By15, Dx2, and ω-1,2 gliadin gene). RNA-seq analysis identified 2023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The low expression of some DEGs (e.g., SUSase, ADPase, Pho1, Waxy, SBE, SSI, and SS II a) might explain the reduction of starch contents. Some TFs involved in glutenin and starch synthesis might be regulated by TaSPA-B, for example, TaPBF was reduced in TaSPA-B OE-3 lines. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that both TaSPA-B and TaPBF could transactivate the promoter of ω-1,2 gliadin gene. These results suggest that TaSPA-B regulates a complex gene network and plays an important role in starch and protein biosynthesis in wheat.

scholarly journals Mapping of additive and epistatic QTLs linked to seed longevity in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mian Abdur Rehman Arif ◽  
Monika Agacka-Mołdoch ◽  
Calvin O. Qualset ◽  
Andreas Börner
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Epistatic Effect ◽  
Additive Mapping ◽  
Seed Longevity ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Epistatic Qtls ◽  
High Quality Snps ◽  
Additive Qtls

AbstractPlant genetic resources are stored and regenerated in > 1750 gene banks storing > 7,000,000 accessions. Since seeds are the primary storage units, research on seed longevity is of particular importance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of 15 traits related to seed longevity and dormancy using 7584 high-quality SNPs recorded across 2 years and originated from five production years revealed a total of 46 additive QTLs. Exploration of the QTLs with epistatic effect resulted in the detection of 29 pairs of epistatic QTLs. To our information, this is only the second report of epistatic QTLs for seed longevity in bread wheat. We conclude that in addition to dense genetic maps, the epistatic interaction between loci should be considered to capture more variation which remained unnoticed in additive mapping.

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING WHEAT GRAINS. I. CHANGES IN PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIN C. KAPOOR ◽  
ROBERT E. HEINER
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Environment Chamber ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Rna And Dna

Two spring wheat cultivars, (Triticum aestivum L.) one tall, Chris, and another semidwarf, Era, with different yield and grain protein potentials, were grown in a controlled environment chamber to compare protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid contents in developing grain at 12, 22, 29, and 36 days after heading. Crude protein and true protein of both cultivars increased and the nonprotein nitrogen decreased as the grain matured. Starch content was initially low but increased rapidly during maturation while reducing sugars, sucrose, and fructosans decreased. Starch synthesis started earlier in Chris but was more rapid in Era at later stages of development. Era contained more starch than Chris at maturity. Nucleic acid contents were also affected during grain maturation. Chris, which produced higher amounts of grain protein throughout grain development, also contained higher amounts of RNA and DNA at all stages of development.

Starch synthesis and localization in post-germination Pinusedulis seedlings

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1457-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brad Murphy ◽  
Mark F. Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Starch Conversion ◽  
A Minor

Following pine seed germination, lipids in the megagametophyte are converted to sucrose, which is transported to the emerging seedling to support its growth. In several conifer species, an increase in the seedling starch content following germination has been reported. To further characterize this phenomenon, starch accumulation and localization, starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) activity (both soluble and granule-bound), and partitioning of exogenous 14C-sucrose were determined following germination of pinyon (Pinusedulis Engelm.) seeds. Starch was a minor component in dry embryos, accounting for only 3% of the dry weight. Starch levels increased 22-fold and 15-fold in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, respectively, by 8 days after germination. Starch accumulated to 65% of the dry weight in the cotyledons and 46% in the hypocotyl. The root and epicotyl accumulated relatively low levels of starch, only about 7%. Starch was localized primarily in the cortex and pith of the hypocotyl, the cortex of the cotyledons, and the root cap. Only granule-bound starch synthase showed a significant increase in activity during germination, and its changes more closely followed the pattern of starch accumulation. Exogenous 14C-sucrose was partitioned primarily into starch. After a 24-h labeling period, starch in both the cotyledons and hypocotyl accounted for 38% of total label (61% of the incorporated label) in these organs. In the roots, starch accounted for only 2.5 and 14%, respectively, of the total and incorporated label. The spatial and temporal pattern of starch accumulation closely paralleled previously reported patterns for the activity of sucrose synthase, which is apparently associated with the sucrose–starch conversion. Starch accumulation in the seedling accounts for approximately 50% of the sucrose transported from the megagametophyte following pinyon seed germination. Thus, starch appears to serve as an important transitory carbon pool for the growing seedling and may serve additional functions during seedling development.

scholarly journals The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures During the Booting Stage on Starch Synthesis and Yields in Wheat Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Lingyu Li ◽  
Xu Xu ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Grain Starch

Low temperatures (LT) in spring can have a major impact on the yields of wheat in winter. Wheat varieties with different cold sensitivities (the cold-tolerant Yannong 19 variety and the cold-sensitive Yangmai 18 variety) were used to study the responses of the wheat grain starch synthesis and dry material accumulation to short-term LT during the booting stage. The effects of short-term LT on the activities of key wheat grain starch synthesis enzymes, starch content and grain dry-matter accumulation were determined by exposing the wheat to simulated LT of from −2 to 2°C. Short-term LT stress caused a decrease in the fullness of the wheat grains along with decreased activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase, EC2.7.7.27), soluble starch synthase (SSS, EC2.4.1.21), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC2.4.1.21), and starch branching enzyme (SBE, EC2.4.1.18) at different spike positions during the filling stage. The rate of grain starch accumulation and starch content decreased with decreasing temperatures. Also, the duration of grain filling increased, the mean and the maximum filling rates were reduced and the quality of the grain dry-matter decreased. The number of grains per spike and the thousand-grain weight of the mature grains also decreased. Our data showed that short-term LT stress at the booting stage caused a decrease in the activities of key starch synthesis enzymes at the grain-filling stage. These changes reduced the accumulation of starch, decreased the filling rate, and lowered the accumulation of grain dry matter to ultimately decrease grain yields.

scholarly journals Sweet Corn Research around the World 2015–2020

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Pedro Revilla ◽  
Calli M. Anibas ◽  
William F. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Care ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Endosperm Starch

Modern sweet corn is distinguished from other vegetable corns by the presence of one or more recessive alleles within the maize endosperm starch synthesis pathway. This results in reduced starch content and increased sugar concentration when consumed fresh. Fresh sweet corn originated in the USA and has since been introduced in countries around the World with increasing popularity as a favored vegetable choice. Several reviews have been published recently on endosperm genetics, breeding, and physiology that focus on the basic biology and uses in the US. However, new questions concerning sustainability, environmental care, and climate change, along with the introduction of sweet corn in other countries have produced a variety of new uses and research activities. This review is a summary of the sweet corn research published during the five years preceding 2021.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Starch Composition and Gelatinization in Traditional and Non-traditional Dog Food Formulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Perry ◽  
Alyssa Ann Valach ◽  
Jesse Marie Francis ◽  
George E Moore
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Starch Gelatinization ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
Gelatinized Starch ◽  
Starch Composition ◽  
Traditional Diets ◽  
Total Starch

Gelatinization of starch content in pet foods can be impacted by several factors including moisture, retention time, and ingredients used. Starch gelatinization has been associated with digestibility but isn’t well studied using ingredients common in non-traditional canine diets. The objective of this research was to examine the impacts of dietary ingredient profile (traditional vs non-traditional) and assess impacts to total starch content and starch gelatinization. Traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including chicken, chicken by-product meal, meat and bone meal and plant-based ingredients including rice, barley, oats, and corn were examined in comparison with non-traditional diets (n = 10) utilizing meat-based ingredients including alligator, buffalo, venison, kangaroo, squid, quail, rabbit, rabbit and salmon along with plant-based ingredients including tapioca, peas, chickpeas, lentils, potato, and pumpkin. Representative samples were collected via grab sample technique (5 samples/diet) and were assessed for total starch content as well as percent starch gelatinization. Difference between ingredient type was assessed using a Students t-test in SAS 9.4. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Distribution of total starch content based on ingredient type (traditional vs non-traditional) revealed that mean total starch content was higher in traditional diets as compared to non-traditional diets (P <0.0001). Conversely, starch gelatinization was found to be higher in non-traditional diets (P < 0.0001). Total starch content and total gelatinized starch had a strong negative correlation (P < 0.01) in traditional diets, though no correlation was observed in non-traditional diets. This negative correlation indicates a decrease in total gelatinized starch associated with increased total starch content. These novel data reveal important differences between starch content and gelatinization and could impact manufacturing processes for ingredient types as well as feeding recommendations. Unpredicted variation between ingredient formulations could potentially lead to decreased digestibility and absorption and may result in nutrient deficiencies.

scholarly journals Nutritional Changes and Early Warning of Moldy Rice under Different Relative Humidity and Storage Temperature

Foods ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Jing Du ◽  
Yingxue Lin ◽  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Yanyan Tian ◽  
Jixiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Protein Secondary Structure ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Starch

Processed unhusked rice is prone to mildew during storage. In this study, the storage conditions were simulated at temperatures of 20, 30, and 35 °C and a relative humidity of 40%, 60% and 80%, respectively. The water, fatty acid, and total starch content and the peak viscosity, mold colony number, protein secondary structure, and spatial structure of rice were monitored in order to propose the critical point of mildew during storage. In the process of rice from lively to moldy, the water content, fatty acid contents and the peak viscosity were increased. The total starch content decreased and then showed a slow increasing trend, while the microstructure of the powder particles changed from smooth and complete to loosen and hollow. With the increase in storage time, the vibration of the amide Ⅰ band of the rice samples decreased slightly, indicating that the total contents of β-fold, β-turn, α-helix, and random curl of the rice protein also changed. PCA (Principal Component Analysis) analysis showed that rice mildew index was closely related to temperature and humidity during storage. In our investigation, the best and most suitable temperature and relative humidity for rice storge is 20 °C and 40%, respectively. These results suggested that temperature and environmental humidity are vital factors affecting the physicochemical properties and nutrient changes, which provides a theoretical basis for the early warning of rice mildew during storage.

scholarly journals Triple null mutations in starch synthase SSIIa gene homoeologs lead to high amylose and resistant starch in hexaploid wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Schoen ◽  
Anupama Joshi ◽  
Vijay K Tiwari ◽  
Bikram S. Gill ◽  
Nidhi Rawat
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Individual Genome ◽  
Mutant Genotype ◽  
Knock Out

Abstract Background: Lack of nutritionally appropriate foods is one of the leading causes of obesity in the US and worldwide. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) provides 20% of the calories consumed daily across the globe. The nutrients in the wheat grain come primarily from the starch composed of amylose and amylopectin. Resistant starch content, which is known to have significant human health benefits, can be increased by modifying starch synthesis pathways. Starch synthase enzyme SSIIa, also known as starch granule protein isoform-1 (SGP-1), is integral to the biosynthesis of the branched and readily digestible glucose polymer amylopectin. The goal of this work was to develop a triple null mutant genotype for SSIIa locus in the elite hard red winter wheat variety ‘Jagger’ and evaluate the effect of the knock-out mutations on resistant starch content in grains with respect to wild type. Results: Knock-out mutations in SSIIa in the three genomes of wheat variety ‘Jagger’ were identified using TILLING. Subsequently, these loss-of function mutations on A, B, and D genomes were combined by crossing to generate a triple knockout mutant genotype Jag-ssiia-∆ABD. The Jag-ssiia-∆ABD had an amylose content of 35.70% compared to 31.15% in Jagger, leading to ~118% increase in resistant starch in the Jag-ssiia-∆ABD genotype of Jagger wheat. The single individual genome mutations also had various effects on starch composition. Conclusions: Our full null Jag-ssiia-∆ABD mutant showed a significant increase in RS without the shriveled grain phenotype seen in other ssiia knockouts in elite wheat cultivars. Moreover, this study shows the potential for developing nutritionally improved foods in a non-GM approach. Since all the mutants have been developed in an elite wheat cultivar, their adoption in production and supply will be feasible in future.

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