scholarly journals Diverse non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars with multi-drug resistance potentials isolated from chicken faeces in Ogun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
M. Agbaje ◽  
B. Awosile ◽  
O.O. Kehinde ◽  
E.O. Omoshaba ◽  
M.A. Dipeolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Salmonella Serovars

This study was carried out in selected poultry farms to determine the prevalence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella serovars in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria. A total of 200 faecal samples were aseptically collected from the four geographical zones of Ogun State, Nigeria. Seventy-eight Salmonella isolates spread across 39 serovars and representing a prevalence of 39% was recovered. Salmonella Urbana (n=7), Salmonella Kingston (n=6) and Salmonella Agama (n=5) serovars were more commonly isolated. Resistance was most common to ciprofloxacin (29.5%; n=23/78). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 15.4% (n=12/78) of the isolates spread across 7 serovars: S. Kentucky, S. Telelkebir, S. Virchow, S. Blockley, S. Chomedey, S. Haifa, and S. Isangi. The study showed the diversity of Salmonella serovars and the increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farms in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria.

scholarly journals Recent trend of multi-drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-442
Author(s):  
Salman Khan ◽  
Priti Singh ◽  
Ms. Rashmi ◽  
Ashish Asthana
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Recent Trend ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Objective: Continuous emergence of resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to common antimicrobial drugs have been documented world-wide. This study investigated the recent trend of antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa among the patients in mid & far western region of Nepal. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 917 patients with suspected P. aeruginosa infections, attending outpatient and inpatient departments of Nepalgunj Medical College and teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal from September 2011 to January 2014. Specimens were collected from pus/wound, sputum, urine, tracheal aspirates, central venous catheter tip, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, catheters and vaginal swabs and processed for isolation and identification of P. aeruginosa following the standard microbiological methods. The disc diffusion test was used to determined antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates at the central Laboratory of Microbiology. Results: One hundred ninety four isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa. Resistance to Chloramphenicol (74.23%), Ceftriaxone (69.56%), Cefepime (57.22%), Cefoperazone-Salbactum (54.12%) and Co-trimoxazole (53.02%) was observed. All the isolates were susceptible to Imipenem. 48 (24.74%) of P. aeruginosa isolates were multi-drug resistant to >3 classes of antibiotics. Among 194 isolates, 88 (45.36%) were from the patients of 21-40 years age group, which was statistically significant (P<0.05) compared to the other age groups. Conclusions: The study revealed the presence of drug resistant strains of P. aeruginosa in Nepal. High levels of antibiotic resistance of many of the isolates might be due to antibiotic abuse. Therefore, we recommend judicious use of antibiotics by the physicians to curb the increasing multi-drug resistance of P. aeruginosa strains in Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20591 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.438-442

Distribution of TET, AAC and CTX-M Genes among Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Poultry under Various Farming System of A and N Islands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Sunder ◽  
T. Sujatha ◽  
S. Bhowmick ◽  
S.C. Mayuri ◽  
A.K. De ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
E Coli

Background: Transmission of antibiotic resistance from animal food chain to human through animal food-borne pathogens have led to increased public concern. Wider surveillance on prevalence of antibiotic resistance in E. coli will provide information on evolution of resistance in various geographical locations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from poultry under various farming system in A and N Islands and resistance genes of tet, ctx-M and aac encoding the isolates. Methods: Isolates were obtained from cloacal swabs in poultry under various farming systems and tested against major antimicrobial derivatives to study multi drug resistance. The presence of genes associated with resistance to tetracycline (tet A), ESBL (CTX-M) and Gentamycin (aac(3)-IV) were determined by PCR. Result: A total of 126 cloacal samples were analysed out of which 31.38% of the E.coli isolates from poultry under various farming systems were producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases and were multiple antimicrobial resistant. Poultry birds of commercial farms showed higher resistance levels (37.5%) than organised farms (24.76%) and desi birds (31.88%). Results indicate a high level of multi-drug resistance is emerging even in desi birds. It is suggested that an antimicrobial resistance surveillance program is needed in A and N Islands in order to detect bacterial resistance among rural poultry production as the 80 percentage of total poultry population belong to desi birds.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of non-clinical Escherichia coli strains from chicken in Nsukka, South-east Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
K. F. Chah ◽  
S. C. Okafor ◽  
S. I. Oboegbulem
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study was carried out to determine resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinically healthy chickens in Nsukka, southeast Nigeria. A total of 324 E. coli strains isolated from cloaca swabs from 390 chickens were tested against 16 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotics used in the study were: ampicillin (25µg), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), Streptomycin (30µg). cefuroxime (20µg), cephalexin (10µg), nalidixic acid (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg), norfloxacin (10µg), ofloxacin (5µg), pefloxacin (5µg), tetracycline (30µg), chloramphenicol (10µg), cotrimoxazole (50µg), colistin (25µg) and nitrofurantoin (100µg).The strains demonstrated high rates of resistance (34.6%  66.1%) to ampicillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. None of the isolates was resistant to colistin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin. For each antimicrobial agent (except cephalexin), strains from the intensively reared chickens (layers and broilers) displayed higher resistance frequencies than those from the local birds. A total of 49 resistant patterns were recorded for the 228 strains resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug, with AmTeCoS and AmTeCfN being the predominant patterns. Because of the great variation in the drug resistance patterns of the Escherichia coli strains, use of antimicrobial agents in the management of E. coli infections in the study area should be based on results of sensitivity tests.

scholarly journals Prevalence of strongylids of pigs in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Akinkuotu ◽  
E. B. Jacobs ◽  
A. O. Egbetade
Keyword(s):  
Nematode Species ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Dictyocaulus Viviparus ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Sedimentation Technique ◽  
Regular Screening ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Nematode Eggs

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of strongyles infecting pigs in Ogun State , Southwestern Nigeria. Faecal samples were collected from 209 pigs which were initially screened by centrifugal sedimentation technique. Faeces positive nematode eggs were then cultured using a modified Baermann's technique. Out of the 36.8% (77/209) infected pigs, 84.4%, 58.4%, 57.1%, 19.5% and 6.5% were for Hyostrongylus rubidus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Oesophagostomum spp., Strongyloides ransomi and Dictyocaulus viviparus respectively. Mixed infection with various nematode species accounted for 94.8% of the prevalence. The infection rate in piglets (43.7%) was higher than in weaners and adults without any significant differences. Similarly no significant differences were observed between diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic pigs. The results of this study thus showed the economic importance of strongylid nematode infections in intensively reared pigs in Ogun state. Regular screening to ascertain worm load and species involved will facilitate appropriate control and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus spp from Chicken, Litter and Humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fufa Abunna ◽  
Biyanasa Adugna ◽  
Takele Beyene Tufa ◽  
Dinka Ayana ◽  
Fanta D. Gutema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Chicken Farm ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Abstract Background: In veterinary medicine, three Staphylococcus species are of particular importance as a primary cause of specific diseases; S. aureus (mastitis in ruminants, equine botryomycosis and bumble foot in poultry), S. hycus (porcine exudative epidermitis) and S. intermedius (canine pyoderma). The disease conditions caused by Staphylococcus in poultry vary with the site, the route and predisposing factors include wounds as a result of fighting/cannibalism, immunosuppression based on virus infections or parasite infestations, and bad husbandry conditions (overcrowding). Besides their role as colonizer or pathogen in different hosts, Staphylococcus, which colonizes food-producing animals, can contaminate carcasses during slaughter and play a role as contaminant in the subsequent manufacturing process in food of animal origin, such as pork, beef, veal, milk, poultry meat or poultry meat products Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on apparently healthy chicken, farm personnel and litter at chicken farms in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 2015 to May 2015. The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp from chicken, litter and personnel at chicken farm; and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates. A total of 222 samples consisting of 101 cloacal swabs, 90 tracheal swabs, 17 pooled litter swabs, 7 nasal swabs and 7 pooled hands and boot swabs were collected from six farms and examined for the presence of Staphylococcus species and antimicrobial resistance against 10 antimicrobial agents following recommended standard procedures. Results: The result showed that the overall proportion of Staphylococcus was 64/222 (28.83%). Of the isolates 40/64 (62.5%), 11/64 (17.2%), 3/64 (4.7%) and 10/64 (15.6%), were S. aureus, S. hycus, S. intermedius and CNS, respectively. Only one isolate of S. aureus was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested Of the 10 antibiotics tested, Penicillin G showed the highest (96.9%) resistance followed by Tetracycline (78.1%), Amoxicillin and Erythromycin at the same level (65.6%). Conversely, Ciprofloxacin showed the highest susceptibility (95.3%) followed by Sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (85.9%). Out of 64 isolates, 61/64 (95.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials tested. Of the isolates, 38/40 (95%) S. aureus, 10/11 (90.9%) S. hycus, 3/3 (100%) S. intermedius and 10/10(100%) CNS showed multi drug resistance (to three or more antimicrobials). Conclusion: This study showed considerable proportion of Staphylococcus spp in chicken, litter and farm workers with a potential source of resistant Staphylococcus species more importantly multi drug resistance strains. Further study on molecular characterization of the isolates will be essential to identify the resistant genes and establish epidemiological link in the transmission dynamics of resistant Staphylococcus species between poultry and humans.

scholarly journals Salmonella Heidelberg Isolated from Poultry Shows a Novel Resistance Profile

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Bassi das Neves ◽  
Lenita Moura Stefani ◽  
Eduarda Pick ◽  
Denise Nunes Araujo ◽  
Jéssica Giuriatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern ◽  
Field Samples

Background: The development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is a serious public health issue worldwide. Salmonella spp. is considered a leader cause of gastrointestinal disease in animals and humans, and poultry products have been reported as an important reservoir of the bacterium. S. Heidelberg became lately one of the most prevalent serovars found in several countries. However, hardly any information is available about the epidemiology and the resistance profile of it. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of S. Heidelberg (SH) and to compare to S. Enteritidis (SE) and S. Typhimurium (ST) isolated from the Southern part of Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 162 Salmonella isolates of poultry origin serotyped as SH (54), SE (54), and ST (54) were submitted to the disk-diffusion test with disks containing 10 antibiotics of 7 different classes, routinely used in veterinary and human medicine such as: enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. In addition, the Multi-drug Resistance Pattern (MDRP) and the Multiple-Drug Resistance Index (MDRI) were determined. The Chi-square (χ2) test with 1% of significance level was used to statistically evaluate the results. All isolates were susceptible to norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. The majority of the isolates were resistant to the quinolone class (68%), more specifically to nalidixic acid, which is considered a synthetic quinolone, followed by penicillin (47%) and cephalosporin (16%). Overall, SH isolates showed higher resistance compared to ST and SE (18, 16.5, and 9.6%, respectively). SH isolated from field samples, mainly drag swabs, showed higher resistance levels (24.2%) than those isolated from slaughterhouses (5.6%). SH showed the highest percentage of resistance to ceftiofur (31.5%), ceftriaxone (9.3%), and tetracycline (64.8%) in comparison to the other two serotypes. Most of the SH isolates were resistant to at least two (66.7%), three or more antibiotics (33.3%). A different scenario was observed for ST and SE, where 25.9 and 9.3% were susceptible to at least one drug, respectively. The most common pattern of resistance (MDRP) was C (gentamicin - nalidixic acid - tetracycline) for 14 SH isolates, and A (ceftiofur - nalidixic acid - tetracycline) for 12 SH isolates. MDRI indicated that 22.8% of all isolates were multidrug resistant. SH was the isolate with the largest variety of resistance patterns compared to ST and SE, where 11.7% of the isolates were resistant to more than three antibiotics. In addition, SH showed the greatest MDRI (0.25) ranging from 0.2 to 0.5.Discussion: SH was resistant to almost all antibiotics tested and showed multi-drug resistant profile, therefores, it showed a potential for horizontal transmission of resistance genes. Additionally, SH showed a higher resistance profile for ceftiofur, an important antibiotic used in poultry, which can cross-resist to ceftriaxone, commonly used to treat salmonellosis in children. Our results showed that SH is a real challenge regarding antimicrobial resistance. This scenario leads to the need for rational and judicious use of antimicrobials in poultry and, as an alert to the medical community.

scholarly journals Re-Emergence of Salmonellosis in Hog Farms: Outbreak and Bacteriological Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 947
Author(s):  
Mariana Meneguzzi ◽  
Caroline Pissetti ◽  
Raquel Rebelatto ◽  
Julian Trachsel ◽  
Suzana Satomi Kuchiishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Genotypic Resistance ◽  
Clonal Group ◽  
Hog Farms

Clinical salmonellosis has been increasing significantly in Brazil in recent years. A total of 130 outbreaks distributed among 10 swine-producing states were investigated. One representative Salmonella isolate from each outbreak was characterized through serotyping, antimicrobial resistance profiles, PFGE, and WGS. From 130 outbreaks: 50 were enteric, 48 were septicemic, 17 cases were characterized as hepato-biliary invasive, 13 as nodal and two were not classified. The most prevalent serovars were a monophasic variant of S. typhimurium (55/130), Choleraesuis (46/130), and Typhimurium (14/130). Most of the strains (86.92%) demonstrated a high rate of multi-drug resistance. The identification of a major Choleraesuis clonal group in several Brazilian states sharing the same resistance genes suggested that these strains were closely related. Six strains from this clonal group were sequenced, revealing the same ST-145 and 11 to 47 different SNPs. The detected plasmid type showed multiple marker genes as RepA_1_pKPC-CAV1321, the first to be reported in Salmonella. All AMR genes detected in the genomes were likely present on plasmids, and their phenotype was related to genotypic resistance genes. These findings reveal that salmonellosis is endemic in the most important pig-producing states in Brazil, emphasizing the need to make data available to aid in reducing its occurrence.

scholarly journals Increasingly limited options for the treatment of enteric fever in travellers returning to England, 2014–2019: a cross-sectional analytical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Trent Herdman ◽  
Basel Karo ◽  
Jayshree Dave ◽  
Parisha Katwa ◽  
Joanne Freedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Returning Travellers ◽  
Empirical Antibiotics ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Introduction. Enteric fever (caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi) frequently presents as an acute, undifferentiated febrile illness in returning travellers, requiring timely empirical antibiotics. Gap Statement. Determining which empirical antibiotics to prescribe for enteric fever requires up-to-date knowledge of susceptibility patterns. Aim. By characterising factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in cases of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi imported to England, we aim to guide effective empirical treatment. Methodology. All English isolates of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi 2014–2019 underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing; results were compared to a previous survey in London 2005–2012. Risk factors for antimicrobial resistance were analysed with logistic regression models to predict adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for resistance to individual antibiotics and multi-drug resistance. Results. We identified 1088 cases of S. Typhi, 729 S. Paratyphi A, 93 S. Paratyphi B, and one S. Paratyphi C. In total, 93 % were imported. Overall, 90 % of S. Typhi and 97 % of S. Paratyphi A isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 26 % of S. Typhi were multidrug resistant to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, and chloramphenicol (MDR+FQ). Of the isolates, 4 % of S. Typhi showed an extended drug resistance (XDR) phenotype of MDR+FQ plus resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, with cases of XDR rising sharply in recent years (none before 2017, one in 2017, six in 2018, 32 in 2019). For S. Typhi isolates, resistance to ciprofloxacin was associated with travel to Pakistan (aOR=32.0, 95 % CI: 15.4–66.4), India (aOR=21.8, 95 % CI: 11.6–41.2), and Bangladesh (aOR=6.2, 95 % CI: 2.8–13.6) compared to travel elsewhere, after adjusting for rising prevalence of resistance over time. MDR+FQ resistance in S. Typhi isolates was associated with travel to Pakistan (aOR=3.5, 95 % CI: 2.4–5.2) and less likely with travel to India (aOR=0.07, 95 % CI 0.04–0.15) compared to travel elsewhere. All XDR cases were imported from Pakistan. No isolate was resistant to azithromycin. Comparison with the 2005–2012 London survey indicates substantial increases in the prevalence of resistance of S. Typhi isolates to ciprofloxacin associated with travel to Pakistan (from 79–98 %) and Africa (from 12–60 %). Conclusion. Third-generation cephalosporins and azithromycin remain appropriate choices for empirical treatment of enteric fever in most returning travellers to the UK from endemic countries, except from Pakistan, where XDR represents a significant risk.

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