Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates from Broiler Chickens at Slaughter in Alberta, Canada

Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella species are threatening to become a serious public health problem. Therefore, surveillance and prudent use of antimicrobials is needed in both the agricultural and human health sectors. The aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Salmonella isolates recovered from healthy broiler chickens at slaughter from November 2004 to April 2005. Salmonella isolates recovered from 36 broiler flocks in Alberta, Canada, were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against 15 antimicrobials. Of 272 Salmonella isolates tested, 64.0% were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, 10.0% were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, and 1.8% were resistant to five antimicrobials. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. The highest prevalence of resistance was to tetracycline (54.8%), followed by streptomycin (24.2%) and sulfisoxazole (8.4%). The most common multiantimicrobial resistance patterns were to streptomycin-tetracycline (24.3%), streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (6.6%), and ampicillin-streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (3.7%). The strongest associations were observed between resistance to kanamycin and tetracycline (odds ratio = 65.7, P = 0.001) and to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole (odds ratio = 62.9, P = 0.001). Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Heidelberg were the two most common serovars accounting for 40.4 and 13.6% of the total isolates, respectively. Eighty-one percent and 12.7% of Salmonella Hadar isolates and 62.0 and 8.1% of Salmonella Heidelberg isolates were resistant to 1 or more and three or more antimicrobials, respectively. The flock level prevalence of resistance ranged from 5.6% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to 83.3% for tetracycline. This study provides baseline information on antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates of broiler chickens at slaughter in Alberta that can serve as a benchmark for future research.

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Isolates of Broiler Chickens at Slaughter in Alberta, Canada

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-203 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

pp. 2045-2051 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

CHUNU MAINALI ◽

MARGARET McFALL ◽

ROBIN KING ◽

REBECCA IRWIN

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Future Research ◽

Bench Mark ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Baseline Information

This study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens in Alberta, Canada. Cecal contents of broiler chickens from 24 flocks were collected at slaughter between January and March 2005 for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against a panel of 15 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Of 600 E. coli isolates tested, 475 (79.2%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobials, 326 (54.3%) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials, 65 (10.8%) were resistant to five or more antimicrobials, and 15 (2.5%) were resistant to seven or more antimicrobials. The most common resistance was to tetracycline (69.2%), followed by streptomycin (48.2%), kanamycin (40.3%), and sulfisoxazole (38.0%). None of the E. coli isolates were resistant to amikacin, ceftriaxone, or ciprofloxacin. Of the isolates that were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, the most common multidrug resistance patterns were streptomycin-tetracycline (44.0%), streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (30.7%), and kanamycin-streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-tetracycline (23.5%). Resistance to tetracycline and kanamycin (odds ratio = 46.7, P = 0.0001) was highly associated, followed by resistance to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole (odds ratio = 12.0, P = 0.0001), and streptomycin and tetracycline (odds ratio = 10.3, P = 0.0001). The flock level prevalence of resistance varied from 16.7% for chloramphenicol to 100.0% for ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. The results of this study provided baseline information on antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates of broiler chickens at slaughter in Alberta, which can serve as a bench mark for future research.

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Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Saudi Arabian Hospital

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v13i1.17428 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 45-48

Author(s):

Shamweel Ahmed ◽

Mohmammed Nawaf Al-Harbi

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Medical Science ◽

State Level ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common gram-negative bacteria. identified in the clinical specimens of hospital admitted patients. A major problem in P. aeruginosa infection may be that this pathogen exhibits a high degree of resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. The study aimed to isolate and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the P. aeruginosa. This prospective study was done over a period of six months. Forty one clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were isolated from sputum specimens of the patients suspected of having respiratory tract infection. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of all the isolates were determined using disk diffusion method as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Ciprofloxacin was found to be the most effective antimicrobial agent with 85.4% susceptibility followed by imipenem (75.6%), aminoglycosides (amikacin, 95.1% and gentamicin, 90.3%), and the beta-lactams (cefepime 65.8%, ceftazidime, 51.2%). Piperacillin showed the maximum resistance (46.3%) followed by Aztreonam (36.6%). Regular antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance is essential for area-wise monitoring of the resistance patterns. An effective national and state level antibiotic policy and draft guidelines should be introduced to preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics and for better patient management. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i1.17428 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 13 No. 01 January2014: 45-48. Table I & Figure I added on 02 February 2014.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bacterial isolates from intra-abdominal and skin and skin structure infections in Eastern and Western Europe

10.26226/morressier.56d6be7ad462b80296c97cb5 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Sahm

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Western Europe ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Skin Structure ◽

Susceptibility Profiles ◽

Eastern And Western Europe

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Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with hepatobiliary infections in China: results from the study for monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends (SMART), 2006–2013

10.26226/morressier.56d5ba2cd462b80296c969c0 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Qiwen Yang

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

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Knowledge Gaps in Understanding the Etiology of Anemia in Indonesian Adolescents

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120979241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. S39-S58

Author(s):

Kesso Gabrielle van Zutphen ◽

Klaus Kraemer ◽

Alida Melse-Boonstra

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Population Group ◽

Future Research ◽

Folic Acid Deficiency ◽

Knowledge Gaps ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Etiological Factors ◽

Infection And Inflammation

Background: Anemia is a public health problem among adolescents in Indonesia. Strategies to prevent or treat anemia should be tailored to local conditions, taking into account its specific etiology and prevalence in a given setting and population group. Objective: This review aims to (1) identify and synthesize the current knowledge on the etiology of anemia among adolescents in Indonesia, (2) reveal knowledge gaps in this area, and (3) suggest directions for future research and programmatic work. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, and WorldCat databases for peer-reviewed journal articles to identify which etiological factors were related to anemia among Indonesian adolescents. Research papers were reviewed and included in the review according to inclusion criteria. Results: Of 13 studies, 8 showed that anemia was associated with iron deficiency; 4 are suggestive of vitamin A deficiency; and 2 of folic acid deficiency. Five studies underscore different etiological determinants for anemia, such as malaria, protein and energy malnutrition, vitamin B2 deficiency, calcium, and vitamin C deficiency. Based on these findings, we developed a framework on knowledge gaps on the etiology of anemia among adolescents in Indonesia, divided in 3 levels of knowledge: (1) significant knowledge gaps, (2) knowledge gaps, and (3) established knowledge. Conclusions: The knowledge gaps around the etiology of anemia among Indonesian adolescents are significant. Our framework emphasizes the need for further research across all etiological factors, namely inadequate nutritional intake and absorption, genetic hemoglobin disorders, infection and inflammation, and menstrual disorders.

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Temporal Variations in Patterns of Clostridioides difficile Strain Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance in Thailand

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10060714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 714

Author(s):

Supapit Wongkuna ◽

Tavan Janvilisri ◽

Matthew Phanchana ◽

Phurt Harnvoravongchai ◽

Amornrat Aroonnual ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Reference Strain ◽

Toxin Production ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Toxin Gene ◽

Data Sets ◽

Clostridioides Difficile ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Susceptibility Profiles

Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as a life-threatening pathogen that causes enteric diseases, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The severity of C. difficile infection (CDI) correlates with toxin production and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile. In Thailand, the data addressing ribotypes, toxigenic, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of this pathogen are scarce and some of these data sets are limited. In this study, two groups of C. difficile isolates in Thailand, including 50 isolates collected from 2006 to 2009 (THA group) and 26 isolates collected from 2010 to 2012 (THB group), were compared for toxin genes and ribotyping profiles. The production of toxins A and B were determined on the basis of toxin gene profiles. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration of eight antibiotics were examined for all 76 C. difficile isolates. The isolates of the THA group were categorized into 27 A−B+CDT− (54%) and 23 A-B-CDT- (46%), while the THB isolates were classified into five toxigenic profiles, including six A+B+CDT+ (23%), two A+B+CDT− (8%), five A−B+CDT+ (19%), seven A−B+CDT− (27%), and six A−B−CDT− (23%). By visually comparing them to the references, only five ribotypes were identified among THA isolates, while 15 ribotypes were identified within THB isolates. Ribotype 017 was the most common in both groups. Interestingly, 18 unknown ribotyping patterns were identified. Among eight tcdA-positive isolates, three isolates showed significantly greater levels of toxin A than the reference strain. The levels of toxin B in 3 of 47 tcdB-positive isolates were significantly higher than that of the reference strain. Based on the antimicrobial susceptibility test, metronidazole showed potent efficiency against most isolates in both groups. However, high MIC values of cefoxitin (MICs 256 μg/mL) and chloramphenicol (MICs ≥ 64 μg/mL) were observed with most of the isolates. The other five antibiotics exhibited diverse MIC values among two groups of isolates. This work provides evidence of temporal changes in both C. difficile strains and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Thailand.

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Pediatric Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends across the United States

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/673974 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 1244-1251 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Pranita D. Tamma ◽

Gwen L. Robinson ◽

Jeffrey S. Gerber ◽

Jason G. Newland ◽

Chloe M. DeLisle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

The United States ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Gram Negative Organisms ◽

Pediatric Healthcare ◽

Regional Comparisons ◽

Susceptibility Patterns ◽

Over Time

Objective.Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns across US pediatric healthcare institutions are unknown. A national pooled pediatric antibiogram (1) identifies nationwide trends in antimicrobial resistance, (2) allows across-hospital benchmarking, and (3) provides guidance for empirical antimicrobial regimens for institutions unable to generate pediatric antibiograms.Methods.In January 2012, a request for submission of pediatric antibiograms between 2005 and 2011 was sent to 233 US hospitals. A summary antibiogram was compiled from participating institutions to generate proportions of antimicrobial susceptibility. Temporal and regional comparisons were evaluated using χ² tests and logistic regression, respectively.Results.Of 200 institutions (85%) responding to our survey, 78 (39%) reported generating pediatric antibiograms, and 55 (71%) submitted antibiograms. Carbapenems had the highest activity against the majority of gram-negative organisms tested, but no antibiotic had more than 90% activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Approximately 50% of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. Western hospitals had significantly lower proportions of S. aureus that were methicillin resistant compared with all other regions tested. Overall, 21% of S. aureus isolates had resistance to clindamycin. Among Enterococcus faecium isolates, the prevalence of susceptibility to ampicillin (25%) and vancomycin (45%) was low but improved over time (P < .01), and 8% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to linezolid. Southern hospitals reported significantly higher prevalence of E. faecium with susceptibilities to ampicillin, vancomycin, and linezolid compared with the other 3 regions (P < .01).Conclusions.A pooled, pediatric antibiogram can identify nationwide antimicrobial resistance patterns for common pathogens and might serve as a useful tool for benchmarking resistance and informing national prescribing guidelines for children.

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