scholarly journals What is yopará? (Observations on paraguayan Spanish)

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
A. Sadikov

The article purports to summarize and rethink a considerable amount of facts collected by various researchers who studied the linguistic situation and the interplay of two languages, Spanish and Guarani, in modern Paraguay. Having revised a number facts pertaining to different levels of the language system, the author arrives at the conclusion that the linguistic phenomenon called yopará is emerging as a new language in the full sense of this word, its mixed origin notwithstanding, a real future national language now taking shape.

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pham Hung Viet ◽  
Ly Toan Thang

The paper discusses the concept of language borrowing from different viewpoints and considers approaches to that linguistic phenomenon, from traditional to modern ones concerning borrowings at different levels in a language system, including phonetic, lexical and syntactic levels. These offer practical implications to research on the issue of borrowing in the Vietnamese language at present.


2020 ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Iuliia Makarets

The article deals with sociolinguistic analysis of modern official female onomasticon of Ukraine. Its dynamics reflects processes, which are taking place in language system, and changes in society, social demographic and ethnic pattern, cultural markers and values, even the extent of legal regulation of social relations. Sociologists are interested in personal names as a means of social categorization and differentiation of individuals. Legists see them as a tool for one’s legalization and as an object of legal protection. Anthropologists study them as special units of communication and interaction between generations. For linguists they are a specific typexplore them linguists – ists of means of lexical nomination. Linguistically onomasticon is a valuable source of information on the current state of language norms, level of linguistic culture of the population, and the status correlation between languages in society. According to the date of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the repertoire of newborn girls’ names in 2015–2019 exceeded half a thousand units. It’s due to the magnitude of globalization processes in naming, restoration of national naming traditions, rising social freedom in choosing names, and, sometimes, the decay of sense of responsibility in naming and insufficient language culture. About third part of female names appears as phonetic, orthographic and morphological variants. Ukraine is a multinational state and representatives of other nationalities and national minorities maintain their own naming traditions. Ukrainian spelling of these names in documents often is inconsequent. Often variants arise due to the ambiguity of transliteration, Ukrainian-Russian language interference and violation of Ukrainian spelling standard. Much less it is a result of alive alternation in the Ukrainian language. Rows of variants of the same official female name consist from two to five or six units. Among them there are normative and anomalous variants. In first case main and optional variants can be distinguished. Optional variants are not conventional in language practice but they do not violate the essential features of national language system (over time, some of them may become more popular than the main variant). Linguistically such variants are the same unit, the natural manifestation of potentialities of language system. But legally, person’s name can’t be spelled differently in her documents.


2019 ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Olena Chorna

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.


Author(s):  
Elena Dadueva

Каузативность – функционально-семантическая категория, находящая реализацию на разных уровнях языковой системы. Каузативация является здесь одной из самых продуктивных дериваций. Каузативные маркеры могут присоединяться как к непроизводным основам, так и к производным. В статье показано, что довольно часто в бурятском языке встречается двойное маркирование каузативных глаголов – двойная каузация, которая свойственна агглютинативным языкам. Основной целью данной статьи является исследование семантических особенностей явления двойной каузации в бурятском языке. В задачи входит рассмотрение формальных признаков глаголов с двойной каузацией, анализ их семантических и функциональных особенностей. Так, исследование показало, что в образовании глаголов двойной каузации в бурятском языке участвуют продуктивные суффиксы -уул и -лга. Другие аффиксы в образовании второй степени каузации не участвуют. Также выявлено, что большее распространение здесь имеет порядок присоединения аффиксов, при котором не дублируются одни и те же аффиксы, а присоединяются новые, при этом непродуктивные суффиксы всегда предшествуют продуктивным. В семантическом плане двойная каузация в бурятском языке указывает на многочисленность отдельных участников каузативной ситуации, которая предполагает выражение значения дистантной каузации. Также двойная каузация служит для выражения значения пермиссивной каузации. Двойное каузирование способно выражать значение интенсивности или многократности каузативного действия, а также значение поэтапного каузирования. Двойная каузация в бурятском языке может быть также признаком избыточного маркирования, простого дублирования. В бурятском языке каузативные суффиксы могут выступать в страдательном значении и утрачивать значение каузативности, но нами отмечен факт того, что такие неканонические случаи использования каузативных аффиксов также допускают двойную каузацию, которая представляется избыточной. В работе также уделяется внимание вопросу о двойной каузации лексических каузативов, при которой каузативации подвергаются немаркированные каузативные глаголы. Двойная каузация в этом случае может служить средством выражения дистантной каузации.Causativity is a functional-semantic category, which is implemented at different levels of the language system. Causative verbs in the Buryat language have morphological expression. Causation is one of the most productive derivations here. Causative markers can be attached to both non-derived bases and derivatives. Quite often in the Buryat language there is a double marking of causative verbs-double causation, which is characteristic of agglutinative languages. The main purpose of this article is to study the phenomenon of double causation in the Buryat language. The tasks include consideration of formal features of verbs with double causation, analysis of their semantic and functional features. Thus, it is show that productive suffixes -uul, -lga participate in the formation of double causation in the Buryat language. Other affixes do not participate in the formation of the second degree of causation. It is also revealed that the order of affixes addition is more widespread here, in which the same affixes are not duplicated, but new ones are added, while unproductive suffixes always precede productive ones. Double causation in the Buryat language indicates the large number of individual participants in the causative situation, which involves the expression of the value of distant causation, the expression of the value of permissive causation. Also, double causation is able to Express the value of intensity or multiplicity of causative action, the value of step-by-step causation. Double and even triple causation can also be a sign of excessive marking, simple duplication. In the Buryat language, causative suffixes can appear in the passive sense and lose the value of causation, but we note the fact that such examples also allow for double causation, which is also excessive. The paper also draws attention to the question of double causation of lexical causatives, in which the causative are not marked causative verbs.


Author(s):  
Lydia A. Stanovaïa ◽  

After a long and very heated discussions in 60s-70s of the last century, the term «linguistic economy» is firmly established in Russian linguistics. However, the analysis of modern publications of Russian linguists indicates «embarrassing» polysemy of the term, which is used in different meanings: 1) ordinary, determined by the meaning of the word «economy» in the Russian language as frugality, thrift; 2) special, determined by A. Martinet theory, where economy is considered as the principle of organization and evolution of the language system; 3) mixed due to the mixture of different terms, ideas and concepts. The article discusses the main issues related to defining the essence of linguistic economy, its place and role in language evolution. Many postulates concerning these issues contradict well-known facts of language change on different levels of language system. However, if we strictly separate economy in speech from economy in language many contradictions disappear.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Nilufar Shirinova ◽  
◽  
Nargiza Shirinova

Introduction. The issue of gradual relations in differentiation of the meanings of substance and attributiveness in the English and Uzbek languages in a gradual way is studied in the article. Graduonymy, as a type of linguistic phenomenon, serves as the main demarcation method for the manifestation of substantive and attributive meanings in different aspects of the systems of English and Uzbek languages. Research methods. Logical analizing and synthesizing, linguistic analyzing, graduonymy, comparative method, constructive method, synchronic classification method and others are used to make a linguistic research on the given issue. Graduonymic approach is chosen as the main way of the linguistic analysis of the substance and attributive meanings in the lexical and grammatical aspects of the language system in general. Results and discussion. Demarcation of substance and attributive meanings in the English and Uzbek languages occurs in a gradual way as a form of language consciousness. However, substance and attributiveness, being sincrete (diffuisive) in reality, semi-discrete (as concepts of substance and attributiveness) in human consciousness, and discrete (analytical) in language system, are realised in both English and Uzbek languages in the forms of gradual lines (rows).


1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 449-456
Author(s):  
Norbert Maertens ◽  
Clarence Schminke

As classroom teachers and, concomitantly, students of the teaching of elementary school mathematics, we readily accept the idea that learning is accomplished on a variety of levels. Further, our teaching methods generally reflect this. When we want quick, automatic response to number facts, we use flash cards, timed tests, and the like; but when we want to develop understanding and the abiUty to solve problems, we use quite different procedures. In the latter instance we are likely to pace instruction more evenly, provide many concrete materials, encourage pupil inquiry through group discussion and give appropriate attention to the mathematics of our environment. Experience has taught us, however, that when we attempt to evaluate such instructional efforts, we seem much less effective than we assumed ourselves to be during the original teaching process. Our instruments are often haphazard and ill-conceived, and our interpretations of test results can be equally vague and sterile. The material that follows presents a hi erarchical framework for evaluation—a framework that can help us systematically examine different levels of learning and subsequently determine appropriate evaluation activities more closely associated with tbe original purposes of the instruction.


2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Viera Kováčová

Abstract Main focus of this paper is the issue of notional variability of the term “archaism” which occurs in historical-linguistic and dialectological works with a common denominator - dialects. The basis of the registered notional variability (1. Linguistic phenomenon which carries over from an earlier linguistic period - residual archaism; 2. Dialectal phenomenon which represents older state of language - relict archaism 3. Dialectal phenomenon which is currently receding - synchronic, structural archaism) lies in differences resulting from diachronic (the age of the linguistic phenomenon, diachronic resultativity, residuality/relictness) and synchronic (obsolescence of the linguistic phenomenon, synchronic processuality) approach to the language and its dynamics. The variability of the term archaism according to the approach used (the aspect of the national language, its development vs. the aspect of dialectal system and its structure) is illustrated on the example of linguistic phenomena characteristic for Sotak dialects of the north-eastern Zemplín. During the process of selection of examples from Sotak dialects the fact that the structure of this dialectal system includes, in a concentrated form, linguistic phenomena reflecting an older developmental state of the Slovak language (archaisms from the point of view of national language and its development) was taken into consideration.


2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2 (4)) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Anahit Galstyan

It is common knowledge that Modern English (especially its American version) has become a language of international significance and is expanding its area of impact day by day. Naturally, Armenia could not remain unaffected. Bilingualism (Armenian and English), even trilingualism (including Russian) have doubled in our country in the last decade owing to the development of tourism, mixed marriages, growth in the number of international organizations and other factors.Bilingualism is closely related to a linguistic phenomenon in which the Armenian speech is complemented with English words, word combinations and even sentences. The reasons contributing to such phenomena are not only linguistic but also social-psychological. It is applied in most diverse social spheres – in the field of education in order to enhance one’s knowledge, in everyday speech to fill the vocabulary gaps and make some impression on the interlocuter, etc. Research suggests that code switching can contribute to borrowings from one language into another thereby enriching the Armenian vocabulary. On the other hand, if this process lasts long and encompasses larger masses it can distort the language and threaten the purity of the national language.


2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-246
Author(s):  
Gulzira Kuatova ◽  
Manat Musatayeva

In this article the authors consider realization of futural meaning in the artistic text – in Victor Pelevin’s novel “Omon Ra”. The futurality is treated as a functional-semantic field according to functional grammar in version of A. V. Bondarko. The authors consider several expression forms of futurality which represent the different levels of language system: morphological, lexical, lexical-syntactic, syntactic, and contextually caused. These forms are descripted in terms of their frequency in the postmodern text.


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