scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Rate of Breast Cancer; Role of Heavy Metals

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Shabbir Hussain ◽  
Sumra Naseer ◽  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Samina Ashraf ◽  
Aisha Saddiqa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Breast Cells

Breast cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of breast cells. It is more common in women as compared tothat in men. The breast cancer may be interlinked with the drinking of alcohol, smoking, sex, hormonal therapy, obesity,family history and age. Various epidemiologic studies suggest the role of metals e.g., nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic(As),selenium (Se)and cadmium (Cd)as potential risk factors in breast cancer. Humans are exposed to these metals bymeans of drinking water, food and air. The oxidative theory suspects that the complexes formed from these metals invivo, near the location of DNA, catalyze the redox reactions which results in oxidation of DNA. The metals like arsenic(As), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr)which exist in trace amount are considered ascarcinogens for organisms by IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). The carcinogenicity of these metalsmainly depends upon their chemical structure and oxidation states.

Arsenic and breast cancer: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Khanjani ◽  
Abu-Bakr Jafarnejad ◽  
Leila Tavakkoli
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Group 1

AbstractIntroduction:Arsenic is one of the heavy metals known to be a cause of cancer and many other serious human health problems. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), has classified arsenic as a Group 1 carcinogen. Studies were performed in different populations to investigate the association between arsenic and breast cancer and the present paper attempts to review these studies.Methods and materials:Accessible electronic resources including, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Science Direct and Scopus and Google Scholar were searched, with relevant phrases up to October 30, 2016. All articles were reviewed by two people separately and among them, original epidemiologic studies that investigated the association between breast cancer and exposure to arsenic were included.Results:Eventually seven articles were selected from 126 retrieved articles. Although three studies (one case-control and two ecological) were not able to show a significant affect, others provide some evidence of a relation between arsenic and breast cancer in specific subgroups.Conclusion:Exposure to arsenic may increase the risk of breast cancer. The strength of this relation can vary due to regional and individual differences.

THE ROLE OF OXYGEN IN YBa2Cu3O7−δ

1988 ◽  
Vol 02 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 379-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN B. GOODENOUGH ◽  
A. MANTHIRAM
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Basal Plane ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Orthorhombic Phase ◽  
Near Neighbor ◽  
Oxidation States ◽  
Internal Electric Field ◽  
Phase 3

Five observations concerning the role of oxygen in the high-Tc superconductors YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ are emphasized: (1) An internal electric field parallel to the c-axis constrains the redox reactions associated with the intercalation/disintercalation of oxygen primarily to the [ CuO 3−δ]3− layers located between Ba 2+ layers. (2) Intercalation of O 2− into the tetragonal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 phase results in an ordering onto one of the basal-plane axes of the Cu(1) layer, the b-axis of the orthorhombic phase. (3) Ordering between and within b-axis chains gives rise to discrete phases predicted to occur at O 6.875, O 6.75, O 6.5, O 6.25, and O 6.125. (4) An equilibrium oxidation state for the intercalation layer depends not only on the oxygen partial pressure and temperature, but also on the cations of the structure. (5) At higher oxidation states of the intercalation layer, any oxygen atom on the a-axis interacts with a near-neighbor oxygen on the b-axis to trap out holes in a peroxide ion ( O 2)2−.

scholarly journals Antibody Conjugation of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics for Breast Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Juan ◽  
Francisco J. Cimas ◽  
Iván Bravo ◽  
Atanasio Pandiella ◽  
Alberto Ocaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Breast Cancer Treatment ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
Antibody Conjugation

Breast cancer is the most common invasive tumor in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Nanomedicine raises high expectations for millions of patients as it can provide better, more efficient, and affordable healthcare, and it has the potential to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of solid tumors. In this regard, targeted therapies can be encapsulated into nanocarriers, and these nanovehicles are guided to the tumors through conjugation with antibodies—the so-called antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs). ACNPs can preserve the chemical structure of drugs, deliver them in a controlled manner, and reduce toxicity. As certain breast cancer subtypes and indications have limited therapeutic options, this field provides hope for the future treatment of patients with difficult to treat breast cancers. In this review, we discuss the application of ACNPs for the treatment of this disease. Given the fact that ACNPs have shown clinical activity in this clinical setting, special emphasis on the role of the nanovehicles and their translation to the clinic is placed on the revision.

scholarly journals Arsenic Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk: A Re-Evaluation of the Literature

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3305
Author(s):  
Katherine Pullella ◽  
Joanne Kotsopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Environmental Toxins ◽  
The Public

Arsenic is a widespread environmental contaminant and recognized carcinogen for the skin, bladder and lungs. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of studies that have investigated the effects of arsenic exposure and cancer risk at other sites, including the breast. However, to date, the association between arsenic exposure and breast cancer risk remains unclear. This article will provide an overview of arsenic metabolism, the clinically important biomarkers commonly used to assess arsenic exposure, and review the epidemiologic studies examining the role of arsenic exposure on breast cancer risk. Given the large burden of disease associated with breast cancer, it is of the upmost importance to identify risk factors and preventative strategies that could reduce cancer incidence. Limiting exposure to endemic environmental toxins, such as arsenic, represents one such strategy. More studies are required to better ascertain this relationship and to develop the public policy necessary to significantly reduce breast cancer incidence.

VITAMIN D3 IN BREAST CANCER PREVENTION: MYTH OR REALITY (literature review)

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
Б.К. Таракова ◽  
А.С. Култаев ◽  
С.Е. Есентаева ◽  
Ж.К. Жакенова
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Natural Death ◽  
Breast Cells ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oncological Pathology

В 2018 году в Республике Казахстан было зарегистрировано 4648 новых случая рака молочной железы (РМЖ). Результаты: О взаимосвязи уровня витамина Д3 и риска развития РМЖ свидетельствуют результаты достаточного числа исследований. Женщины с высоким содержанием витамина Д в рационе питания имеют меньший риск развития РМЖ. Положительное противоопухолевое действие витамина Д3 связано с двумя основными механизмами: антипролиферативным эффектом, ингибирующим ростом клеток путем подавления сигналов, стимулирующих рост рецепторов, которые имеются в ткани молочной железы, и проапоптотическим эффектом, способствующим естественной гибели клеток молочной железы. Заключение: Накопленные к настоящему времени данные о роли витамина Д3 в организме человека, взаимосвязи его уровня с развитием и течением онкологической патологии позволяют предположить, что коррекция недостаточного уровня витамина Д3 может быть перспективным направлением в профилактике и комплексном лечении онкологических заболеваний. Introduction: In 2018, 4648 new cases of breast cancer (BC) were registered in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Results: The relationship between the level of vitamin D3 and the risk of developing breast cancer is evidenced by the results of a sufficient number of studies. Women with a high vitamin D diet have a lower risk of developing breast cancer. The positive antitumor effect of vitamin D3 is associated with two main mechanisms: the antiproliferative effect, which inhibits cell growth by suppressing signals that stimulate the growth of receptors present in the breast tissue, and the proapoptotic effect, which promotes the natural death of breast cells. Conclusion: The data accumulated to date on the role of vitamin D3 in the human body, the relationship of its level with the development and course of oncological pathology suggests that the correction of insufficient levels of vitamin D3 may be a promising direction in the prevention and complex treatment of cancer.

scholarly journals Endotoxin Triggers Tumor Initiation Events in Nontumorigenic Breast Epithelial Cells and Enhances Invasion-Related Phenotype in Pretumorigenic and Tumorigenic Breast Epithelial Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Farah Yassine ◽  
Sabreen F. Fostok ◽  
Nataly Naser Al Deen ◽  
Rabih S. Talhouk
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Breast Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Breast Cells ◽  
Breast Epithelial

Inflammation is associated with the development of several cancers, including breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms driving breast cancer initiation or enhancement by inflammation are yet to be deciphered. Hence, we opted to investigate the role of inflammation in initiating and enhancing tumor-like phenotypes in nontumorigenic, pretumorigenic, and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells. Noncytotoxic endotoxin (ET) concentrations capable of inducing an inflammatory phenotype were determined for the different cell lines. Results showed that short-term ET exposure upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity in nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells of mouse (SCp2) and human origins (HMT-3522 S1; S1) and upregulated inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 1-β in tumorigenic human breast cells (MDA-MB-231), all in a dose-dependent manner. Long-term ET treatment, but not short-term, triggered the migration of SCp2 cells, and proliferation and migration of tumorigenic human breast cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Both short- and long-term ET exposures preferentially enhanced the invasion of pretumorigenic S1-connexin 43 knockout (Cx43-KO S1) cells compared to their nontumorigenic S1 counterparts. Moreover, both ET exposures disrupted lumen formation and apicolateral distribution of β-catenin in 3D cultures of S1 cells. In conclusion, ET treatment at concentrations that elicited inflammatory phenotype triggered tumor initiation events in nontumorigenic and pretumorigenic breast cells, and increased tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells. Our findings highlight the role of inflammation in enhancing migration, invasion, and loss of normal 3D morphology and suggest that such inflammatory insults can “add injury” to pretumorigenic and tumorigenic breast epithelial cells.

scholarly journals The role of factors affecting worry and risk perception of breast cancer in a chemoprevention trial of tamoxifen

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. iv93
Author(s):  
G. Rondanina ◽  
M. Puntoni ◽  
A. Guerrieri-Gonzaga ◽  
D. Marra ◽  
B. Bonanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chemoprevention Trial

The Role of Oxidative Stress Modulators in Breast Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (33) ◽  
pp. 4084-4101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hande Gurer-Orhan ◽  
Elif Ince ◽  
Dilan Konyar ◽  
Luciano Saso ◽  
Sibel Suzen
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Impaired Balance ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Background: Latest data from International Agency for Cancer Research shows that breast cancer is the leading cancer site in women and is the leading cause of death among female cancers. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a consequence of impaired balance between prooxidants and antioxidants are suggested to be involved in induction and progression of breast cancer. Cancer cells are found to exhibit higher levels of ROS compared to normal cells. However increased antioxidant defence which balances the oxidative status within the cancer cells suggests that high ROS levels may prevent tumorigenesis via various mechanisms. These contradictory roles of ROS and oxidative stress in breast cancer let scientists investigate potential oxidative stress modulators as anticancer strategies. Conclusions: In the present review we address the mechanisms of ROS production in breast cancer cells, the role of impaired oxidative status as well as the benefits of introducing oxidative stress modulators in therapeutic strategies in breast cancer. This review is focusing more on melatonin which we have been working on during the last decade. Our data, in accordance with the literature, suggest an important role for melatonin in breast cancer prevention and adjuvant therapy.

scholarly journals The possible role of arsenic and gene-arsenic interactions in susceptibility to breast cancer: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Moslehi ◽  
Cristy Stagnar ◽  
Sneha Srinivasan ◽  
Pawel Radziszowski ◽  
David O. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract The roles of many environmental contaminants in increasing breast cancer risk remain controversial. Arsenic (As) is a major global environmental contaminant and carcinogen. We conducted a systematic review of the role of As and gene-arsenic interactions in susceptibility to breast cancer. Following a systematic literature search using well-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 15 epidemiologic studies (two meta-analyses, three systematic reviews, three cohort studies, two case-control studies, and five cross-sectional studies) were reviewed. In addition, several animal, in vitro, in vivo, and in silico (i.e., computer modeling) studies provided mechanistic insights into the association between As and breast cancer. Our review suggests a possible overall main effect of As on breast cancer risk. The evidence for an effect of gene-As interactions on breast cancer risk is strong. Studies that measured levels of As metabolites among participants and/or evaluated interactions between As exposure and genetic or epigenetic factors generally reported positive associations with breast cancer risk. Our analysis of the Comparative Toxicogenomics and the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Databases provided further evidence for As-gene interactions and their effects on breast cancer-related biologic pathways. Our findings provide potential leads for future epidemiologic studies of As-associated cancer risks and interventions to reduce population exposure.

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