APPLICATION OF DOUBLE PROTECTED SWABS IN DIAGNOSTICS OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS THE MARE’S UTERUS

Numerous studies have shown that a mare can develop a uterine infection that causes signifi cant economic losses in horse breeding. Assessment of the reproductive system in breeding animals in our country has been rarely carried out, however this is a common or compulsory practice in countries that have developed horse breeding. Th is paper describes the importance and diff erent techniques for the use of double protected swabs in the diagnostics of bacterial infection of the mare uterus in order to improve their fertility.

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Oral Administration of Nanopeptide CMCS-20H Conspicuously Boosts Immunity and Precautionary Effect Against Bacterial Infection in Fish

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.811616 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xingchen Huo ◽

Zhensheng Wang ◽

Xun Xiao ◽

Chunrong Yang ◽

Jianguo Su

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Oral Administration ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Complement C3 ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group

Massive mortalities caused by bacterial infections in intensive aquaculture result in serious economic losses. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide gcIFN-20H was efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) and loaded on carboxylmethyl chitosan (CMCS) to prepare CMCS-20H nanoparticles. Through physical characterization assays (TEM, DLS, BCA, and Raman) and biological activity tests (antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity), CMCS-20H nanopeptide was verified to be spherical nanoparticles with sustained release, antimicrobial activity, and negligible toxicity. CMCS-20H nanoparticles are more resistant to intestinal degradation than unloaded gcIFN-20H by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Oral administration was then carried out for 42 days. Complement C3 content, lysozyme, and total superoxide dismutase activities are highest in CMCS-20H group by serum biochemistry index assays. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rate in CMCS-20H group is highest (46%), which is 64% higher than the control group (28%). Meanwhile, the tissue bacterial loads (intestine, spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, hepatopancreas, muscle, and blood) in the CMCS-20H group are significantly lower than other groups. By PAS staining analysis, the number of intestinal villi goblet cells and the thickness of mucin in the CMCS-20H group obviously increased. CMCS-20H effectively enhances mRNA expressions of some important immune genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ2, and IgM). The minimal tissue lesions (Intestine, spleen, and trunk kidney) were seen in the CMCS-20H group by histopathological examination. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that oral CMCS-20H maintains the intestinal microbiome homeostasis in bacterial infection. The results indicate that the novel nanopeptide CMCS-20H as the immunopotentiator can remarkably boost fish immunity and precautionary effect by oral administration and address the theoretical mechanisms and insights into the promising application prospect in aquaculture.

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Procalcitonin Testingreduce Unnecessary Antibiotic Use in Bacterial Infection

Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer ◽

10.31557/apjec.2019.2.1.1-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Attabak Toofani Milani ◽

Mahshid Mohammadian ◽

Sadegh Rostaminasab ◽

Roghayeh Paribananaem ◽

Zohre Ahmadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Diagnostic Test ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Clinical Suspicion ◽

Diagnostic Biomarker ◽

Clinical Routine ◽

Initial Rise

Conventional diagnostic test have limitations to deferential diagnosis in clinical suspicion ofbacterial infection cases, that in some cases lead to inappropriate antibiotic therapy and increases antibiotic resistance. A new diagnostic insight is procalcitonin (PCT) test to improve diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic therapy. Serum PCT levels are of useful test as a biomarker in patients with bacterial infections for several reasons. Initial rise of PCT levels due to bacterial infection, subsequent sequential PCT levels can be used to assess the effectiveness and duration of antibiotic therapy. Based on clinical researches results, in bacterial infections, promising good results obtained when use of PCT used as differential diagnostic test. But further intervention studies are needed before use of PCT in clinical routine tests. The goal of this review is to study the PCT reliability as infections diagnostic biomarker.

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Crystalline ruthenium polypyridyl nanoparticles: a targeted treatment of bacterial infection with multifunctional antibacterial, adhesion and surface-anchoring photosensitizer properties

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/d1tb00103e ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chenyang Yin ◽

Zekun Wang ◽

Xiaoyuan Ding ◽

Xiaoqing Chen ◽

Jingyuan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Antibacterial Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Targeted Treatment ◽

Ruthenium Polypyridyl ◽

Surface Anchoring ◽

Antibacterial Materials

Photodynamic antibacterial therapy employs nanocomposites as an alternative to traditional antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. However, many of these antibacterial materials are less effective towards bacteria than traditional...

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PSVIII-8 Effect of Lactobacillus Casei Zhang on E. coli induced injury of blood and milk barrier in dairy cow

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 259-259

Author(s):

Yuhui Zheng ◽

Shengli Li

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Production Performance ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

E Coli ◽

Lactobacillus Casei Zhang

Abstract Bovine mastitis is one of the major diseases which directly affects the milk production performance and it causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. Bacterial infection is the main risk factor of bovine mastitis and the antibiotic therapy is the primary choice to control the disease. However, persistence use of antibiotic increases the incidence of bacterial resistance and traces of antibiotic residues in animal products. Lactobacillus casei Zhang is one of the probiotics with multiple biological functions, which has certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic microorganism. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) on the prevention of E. coli-induced milk-blood barrier damage. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were used to establish a milk-blood model and Control group (PBS), E. coli group, and L. casei Zhang pretreatment plus E. coli group were set up respectively. The results showed that: L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the increase of LDH release caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). And it can also significantly reduce the decrease of transmembrane resistance of monolayer cells caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). In addition, L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-4 and Occludin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, L. casei Zhang could effectively improve the damage of the blood-milk barrier caused by E. coli and could protect BMECs during bacterial infection.

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Bacterial Infection and Splenic Reticuloendothelial Function in Children with Hemoglobin SC Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.72.1.93 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

George R. Buchanan ◽

Susan J. Smith ◽

Christine A. Holtkamp ◽

John P. Fuseler

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Infection Risk ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Normal Children ◽

Splenic Function ◽

Focus Of Infection ◽

Serious Bacterial Infections ◽

Primary Focus ◽

Hemoglobin Sc Disease

Although the epidemiology and pathophysiology of serious bacterial infection in homozygous sickle cell anemia (SS disease) have become increasingly well understood, information about infection risk and splenic reticuloendothelial function in hemoglobin SC disease is quite limited. Therefore, the type and frequency of invasive bacterial disease were examined in 51 children with SC disease followed for 370 person-years and splenic function was assessed in 31 patients by quantitation of pitted erythrocytes. Seven serious bacterial infections occurred in four of the patients, five due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and two to Haemophilus influenzae. A primary focus of infection was present in all episodes, none of which proved fatal. Although 30 episodes of pneumonia or chest syndrome occurred in 20 of the patients, a bacterial etiology was proven in only three instances. Splenic function was usually impaired, with a mean pit count of 7.1% ± 8.2% (range 0% to 22.9%). This is significantly greater than normal, but less than pit counts in patients with SS disease or asplenic subjects. Children with SC disease may have a greater risk of bacterial infection than normal children, but their infection rate is not nearly as high as that in patients with SS disease.

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Atypical Bacterial Infections Explained by a Concomitant Virus Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.76.3.411 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 411-414

Author(s):

Ron Dagan ◽

Caroline B. Hall ◽

Marilyn A. Menegus

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Clinical Manifestation ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Virus Detection ◽

Dual Infection ◽

Dual Infections

Because both viral and bacterial infections are common during early childhood, dual infections are not unexpected. However, the clinical manifestation of such combined infections may be, difficult to interpret, and they are often misdiagnosed as "atypical bacterial infection." Five patients with concomitant viral-bacterial infections are described. In all five cases, virus detection enabled the physicians to better understand an otherwise puzzling clinical presentation. In view of the recent progress in rapid viral diagnoses and the potential of antiviral drugs, the possibility of dual infection should be investigated more often.

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Implementation of a Pragmatic Biomarker-Driven Algorithm to Guide Antibiotic Use in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: the Optimizing Antibiotic Strategies in Sepsis (OASIS) II Study

Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society ◽

10.1093/jpids/piy113 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 36-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kevin J Downes ◽

Julie C Fitzgerald ◽

Emily Schriver ◽

Craig L K Boge ◽

Michael E Russo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pediatric Intensive Care ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Period 2 ◽

Rate Ratios

Abstract Background Biomarkers can facilitate safe antibiotic discontinuation in critically ill patients without bacterial infection. Methods We tested the ability of a biomarker-based algorithm to reduce excess antibiotic administration in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) without bacterial infections (uninfected) in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The algorithm suggested that PICU clinicians stop antibiotics if (1) C-reactive protein <4 mg/dL and procalcitonin <1 ng/mL at SIRS onset and (2) no evidence of bacterial infection by exam/testing by 48 hours. We evaluated excess broad-spectrum antibiotic use, defined as administration on days 3–9 after SIRS onset in uninfected children. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared unadjusted excess length of therapy (LOT) in the 34 months before (Period 1) and 12 months after (Period 2) implementation of this algorithm, stratified by biomarker values. Segmented linear regression evaluated excess LOT among all uninfected episodes over time and between the periods. Results We identified 457 eligible SIRS episodes without bacterial infection, 333 in Period 1 and 124 in Period 2. When both biomarkers were below the algorithm’s cut-points (n = 48 Period 1, n = 31 Period 2), unadjusted excess LOT was lower in Period 2 (IRR, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.30–0.93). Among all 457 uninfected episodes, there were no significant differences in LOT (coefficient 0.9, P = .99) between the periods on segmented regression. Conclusions Implementation of a biomarker-based algorithm did not decrease overall antibiotic exposure among all uninfected patients in our PICU, although exposures were reduced in the subset of SIRS episodes where biomarkers were low.

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Imaging Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Bacterial Infection with [11C]-TMP: In Vitro and First-in-Human Evaluation

10.1101/2021.09.21.21262899 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Iris K Lee ◽

Daniel A Jacome ◽

Joshua K Cho ◽

Vincent Tu ◽

Anthony Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

The Body ◽

Response Monitoring ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Critical Question ◽

In Vitro Uptake

Recently, several molecular imaging strategies have developed to image bacterial infections in humans. Nuclear approaches, specifically positron emission tomography (PET), affords sensitive detection and the ability to non-invasively locate infections deep within the body. Two key radiotracer classes have arisen: metabolic approaches targeting bacterial specific biochemical transformations, and antibiotic-based approaches that have inherent selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells. A critical question for clinical application of antibiotic radiotracers is whether resistance to the template antibiotic abrogates specific uptake, thus diminishing the predictive value of the diagnostic test. We recently developed small-molecule PET radiotracers based on the antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP), including [11C]-TMP, and have shown their selectivity for imaging bacteria in preclinical models. Here, we measure the in vitro uptake of [11C]-TMP in pathogenic susceptible and drug-resistant bacterial strains. Both resistant and susceptible bacteria showed similar in vitro uptake, which led us to perform whole genome sequencing of these isolates to identify the mechanisms of TMP resistance that permit retained radiotracer binding. By interrogating these isolate genomes and a broad panel of previously sequenced strains, we reveal mechanisms where uptake or binding of TMP radiotracers can potentially be maintained despite the annotation of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we present several examples of patients with both TMP-sensitive and drug-resistant infections in our first-in-human experience with [11C]-TMP. This work underscores the ability of an antibiotic radiotracer to image bacterial infection in patients, which may allow insights into human bacterial pathogenesis, infection diagnosis, and antimicrobial response monitoring.

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Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

BMC Pulmonary Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12890-021-01756-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang Li ◽

Lanfang Min ◽

Xin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group A ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

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Investigation of Effective Factors on Calving Interval of Cows in Faryab Province

International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.31033/ijrasb.8.2.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 63-68

Author(s):

Saifullah Saadat

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Research Area ◽

General Purpose ◽

Point Of View ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Meat Production ◽

Calving Interval ◽

Effective Factors ◽

Inadequate Nutrition

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of factors (Identification of female cows, timely insemination of identified begging cows, diseases related to the reproductive system and nutrition) on the calving interval of dairy cows in Faryab province. Whereas, the long interval between two deliveries due to the identification of female cows, the increase in the number of inseminations (due to the failure of previous insemination), poor nutritional management and genital infections cause a long interval between calving to retrieval of cows. In that case, it will significantly reduce milk production and livestock income, because calving interval is one of the most important indicators of reproduction and economic characteristics of dairy cows, which is the interval between two calving intervals. Under the best of circumstances, one cow gives birth to only one calf per year. Calves born are important from both the point of view of meat production and replacement of old and low-producing cows. Identifying the effective factors and their effects on the calving interval between dairy cows and preventing the economic losses of dairy farmers due to increasing the calving interval between calves are the general purpose of this research. In this research, Andkhoy, Qurghan and other Faryab districts were randomly selected from three villages in each district and 10 owners from each village, which included three districts, 9 villages and nine livestock, respectively. The results of the present research showed that the interval between calving of dairy cows in the research area was due to the untimely identification of female cows by herders, increasing the number of inseminations due to the failure of previous inseminations of diseases related to the reproductive system and inadequate nutrition. The average time after delivery for the uterus to return to its previous state was 465 days.

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