THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND POLLUANTS CONTENT OF SOME ECOLOGICAL AND CONVENTIONAL GREEN FORAGE SOURCES FOR DAIRY COW FEED

The quality of feed is very important in dairy milk production. The aim of the current paper was a comparative characterisation in terms of crude chemical composition, Ca and P, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu), nitrates, nitrites and pesticides, for the natural meadow and green alfalfa, cultivated in ecological and conventional systems, utilised for feeding dairy cows. Sampling and analysis were performed according to established standards and working methods: drying for dry matter (DM); calcination for crude ash (C Ash); Kjeldahl method for crude protein (CP); Soxhlet method for crude fat or ether extract (EE), spectrophotometry for P, nitrates and nitrites; atomic absorption spectrometry for Ca, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn; gas-chromatography for pesticides. For alfalfa, the highest values in the ecological system were for C Ash (12.68%), EE (2.50%), NFE (35.78%) and Ca (1.79%). For the natural meadow, the highest values in the ecological system were for DM (25.72%), OS (89.32%), EE (2.76%), NFE (45.27%) and Ca (0.70%). The toxic heavy metal content was below the limits allowed (1 mg/kg Cd and 30 mg/kg Pb). For Pb the values determined from the two feeds were between 0.06 mg/kg and 0.16 mg/kg and for Cd between 0.007 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg. The pesticides residuum was under the detection limit of 0.05 mg/kg DM for organo-chlorinated pesticides and 0.001 mg/kg for organo-phosphoric pesticides. All the studied forages were safe regarding pollutants (heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates and pesticides), but statistical differences existed between the production systems, such that the ecological system seems to be better.

Download Full-text

Research Regarding Crude Chemical Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Some Ecological Forages Utilised in Dairy Cows Nourishment

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.20.3.8014 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 405-415

Author(s):

Gherasim Nacu ◽

Nadia Aioanei ◽

Ioan Mircea Pop ◽

Daniel Simeanu ◽

Paul-Corneliu Boisteanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Production Systems ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Conventional Agriculture ◽

Extractive Substances ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Conventional Systems

Kowing the importance of utilised food for milk obtaining, in the current paper we determine the chemical composition of a natural meadow and green mass alfalfa cultivated in ecological and conventional systems, utilised for dairy cows feeding. Were analysed the content in: dry matter DM (%), crude ash C.Ash (%), organic substance OS (%), crude protein CP (%), crude cellulose CC (%), non-nitrogenous extractive substances NES (%), neutral detergent fibre NDF (%), acid detergent fibre ADF (%), Ca (%), P (%), heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu - ppm), nitrates, nitrites and pesticides. Analysis were realised in two consecutive production years, for each indicator being made 5 determinations. Samples gathering and analysis were effectuated in according with standards and enshrined working methods. Differences between crude chemical composition of forages obtained in ecological system and the ones obtained by conventional agriculture had statistical significance (from significant � p ≤ 0.05 � to very significant � p ≤ 0.001) for the majority of indicators. Differences between those two production systems were insignificant only for crude fat (both forages), crude cellulose (alfalfa), non-nitrogenous extractive substances (both forages) and for acid detergent fibre (alfalfa). Both forages were safety regarding pollutants (heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates and pesticides), existing however statistically differences between those two production systems, in the favour of ecological

Download Full-text

Etanolowe ekstrakty z propolisu jako źródło biopierwiastków

Postępy Fitoterapii ◽

10.25121/pf.2018.19.2.81 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Woźniak ◽

Marta Babicka ◽

Iwona Rissmann ◽

Bogdan Kędzia ◽

Izabela Ratajczak

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Detection Limit ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Is Research ◽

Flame Atomic Absorption ◽

Ethanolic Extracts ◽

Calcium Magnesium

Introduction. Propolis is one of bee products, which is increasingly widespread in medicine. An important aspect regarding propolis is research on the analysis of its chemical composition. Propolis extracts have been found to include phenolic compounds (flavonoids as well as phenolic acids and their esters), terpenes, amino acids, vitamins and elements. The elements analyzed in the propolis extracts include both macro- and microelements, such as: calcium, magnesium, iron or selenium. Aim. The aim of the study was to determine concentration of selected elements in commercial available ethanolic extracts of propolis. Material and methods. In three ethanolic extracts of propolis were determined concentration of 14 elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Si, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cd and Ni) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Results. In all propolis extracts the highest concentration among analyzed elements was determined for sodium, and in the lowest level of concentration was analyzed for copper and manganese. The concentrations of analyzed elements in extracts differed slightly and the highest differences were observed for magnesium, potassium and copper. In all examined samples the concentration of heavy metals was under detection limit of used analytical method. Conclusions. The results of the research presented in the paper indicate that the ethanolic extracts of propolis, despite slightly differences in the concentrations of the analyzed elements, can be a rich source of macro- and microelements.

Download Full-text

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN COCONUT WATER

Recent Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.25081/rrst.2018.10.3370 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 07-10

Author(s):

MdDidarul Islam, Ashiqur Rahaman, Aboni Afrose

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Heavy Metal Concentration ◽

Coconut Water ◽

Toxic Heavy Metals ◽

High Concentration ◽

Toxic Heavy Metal ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Wet Ashing ◽

Aas Method

This study was based on determining concentration of essential and toxic heavy metal in coconut water available at a local Hazaribagh area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. All essential minerals, if present in the drinking water at high concentration or very low concentration, it has negative actions. In this study, fifteen samples and eight heavy metals were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method which was followed by wet ashing digestion method. The concentration obtained in mg/l were in the range of 0.3 to 1.5, 7.77 to 21.2, 0 to 0.71, 0 to 0.9, 0 to 0.2, 0.9 to 17.3, 0.1 to 0.9, 0 to 0.9 and 0 to 0.7 for Fe, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb and Se respectively. From this data it was concluded that any toxic heavy metals like Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni exceed their toxicity level and some essential nutrients were in low concentration in those samples.

Download Full-text

ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRINKING TAP WATER IN KHANTY-MANSIYSK AND SALEKHARD

Ulyanovsk Medico-biological Journal ◽

10.34014/2227-1848-2020-3-159-167 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 159-167

Author(s):

V.V. Lapenko ◽

L.N. Bikbulatova ◽

E.M. Ternikova

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Water Samples ◽

Tap Water ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Northern Region ◽

Transport Processes ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Geochemical Environment

Water is very important for humans, as it is a solvent for metabolic products. Moreover, it is necessary for metabolism, biochemical and transport processes. The elemental status in persons depends on the geochemical environment and consumption of bioelements with food and water. The aim of the paper is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of chemical composition of drinking tap water in Khanty-Mansiysk and Salekhard. Materials and Methods. The chemical composition of 100 samples of drinking tap water was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. All in all, there were 50 samples from Khanty-Mansiysk and 50 samples from Salekhard. The results were compared with Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.1.4.1074-01. Results. Drinking tap water in Salekhard contains a significantly higher concentration of iron, which is much above the maximum allowable concentration, if compared to water samples in Khanty-Mansiysk (p=0.03). In the cities under consideration, the water undergoes high-quality reagent-free treatment. However, the deterioration of the water supply networks in Salekhard is 3 times as high as in Khanty-Mansiysk. Calcium and magnesium concentration in water samples from Khanty-Mansiysk is 5.6 and 3.9 times lower than the MAC; in water samples from Salekhard calcium concentration is 6.3 (p=0.008) and magnesium concentration 4.6 (p<0.001) times lower than the MAC. Conclusion. The consumption of ultra-fresh drinking water leads to low intake of bioelements, which are a part of enzymes contributing to the human antioxidant defense and can result in manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. This is especially true for Salekhard with very soft drinking water and high iron concentration, which excess can exhibit prooxidant properties. Keywords: tap water, bioelements, northern region, antioxidants. Вода является важнейшим соединением для человека: необходима в качестве растворителя продуктов метаболизма и протекания обменных, биохимических и транспортных процессов. Элементный статус организма человека зависит от геохимического окружения и поступления биоэлементов с пищей и водой. Цель. Провести комплексную оценку химического состава водопроводной воды городов Ханты-Мансийск и Салехард. Материалы и методы. Методами атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии, спектрофотометрии и капиллярного электрофореза проанализирован химический состав 100 проб водопроводной воды: по 50 из Ханты-Мансийска и Салехарда. Результаты сравнивали с СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01. Результаты. В водопроводной воде Салехарда установлена превышающая ПДК и достоверно более высокая концентрация железа сравнительно с водой Ханты-Мансийска (р=0,03). При условии качественной безреагентной водоподготовки в изучаемых городах это обусловлено изношенностью водопроводных сетей в Салехарде, более чем в 3 раза превышающей этот показатель в Ханты-Мансийске. Концентрация кальция и магния в воде Ханты-Мансийска в 5,6 и 3,9 раза ниже ПДК; в воде Салехарда – в 6,3 (р=0,008) и 4,6 (р<0,001) раза ниже ПДК соответственно. Заключение. Употребление ультрапресной питьевой воды на фоне очень малого поступления с водой биоэлементов, входящих в состав ферментов антиоксидантной защиты организма человека, может привести к манифестации кардиоваскулярных заболеваний. Это особенно актуально для г. Салехарда с очень мягкой питьевой водой с повышенным содержанием железа, избыток которого может проявлять прооксидантные свойства. Ключевые слова: водопроводная вода, биоэлементы, северный регион, антиоксиданты.

Download Full-text

Metal(loid) speciation and transformation by aerobic methanotrophs

Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s40168-021-01112-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan ◽

Thomas J. Smith ◽

Shamsudeen Umar Dandare ◽

Kamaludeen Sara Parwin ◽

Heetasmin Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Ecosystem Health ◽

Toxic Metal ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Environmental Cost ◽

Toxic Heavy Metal ◽

Food Web Interactions ◽

Climate Regulation ◽

Aerobic Methanotrophs ◽

Long Term Impact

AbstractManufacturing and resource industries are the key drivers for economic growth with a huge environmental cost (e.g. discharge of industrial effluents and post-mining substrates). Pollutants from waste streams, either organic or inorganic (e.g. heavy metals), are prone to interact with their physical environment that not only affects the ecosystem health but also the livelihood of local communities. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals or trace metals (e.g. chromium, mercury) are non-biodegradable, bioaccumulate through food-web interactions and are likely to have a long-term impact on ecosystem health. Microorganisms provide varied ecosystem services including climate regulation, purification of groundwater, rehabilitation of contaminated sites by detoxifying pollutants. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of methanotrophs, a group of bacteria that can use methane as a sole carbon and energy source, to transform toxic metal (loids) such as chromium, mercury and selenium. In this review, we synthesise recent advances in the role of essential metals (e.g. copper) for methanotroph activity, uptake mechanisms alongside their potential to transform toxic heavy metal (loids). Case studies are presented on chromium, selenium and mercury pollution from the tanneries, coal burning and artisanal gold mining, respectively, which are particular problems in the developing economy that we propose may be suitable for remediation by methanotrophs.

Download Full-text

Concentration of cadmium and lead in vegetables and fruits

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-91554-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Monika Rusin ◽

Joanna Domagalska ◽

Danuta Rogala ◽

Mehdi Razzaghi ◽

Iwona Szymala

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Food Groups ◽

Chemical Contamination ◽

Fresh Frozen ◽

Processed Products ◽

Cadmium And Lead ◽

Vegetables And Fruits

AbstractChemical contamination of foods pose a significant risk to consumers. A source of this risk is due to the consumption of products contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The aim of the study was to research the levels of Cd and Pb contamination of selected species of vegetables and fruits in the form of fresh, frozen, dried and processed products. The goal was to verify which of these food groups was more contaminated with heavy metals. The study covered 370 samples of fruits and vegetables including apples, pears, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, as well as beetroots, celeries, carrots and tomatoes. The content of Cd and Pb was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Quantitative results were analyzed using statistical models: analysis of variance, outlier analysis, post-hoc multiple comparison Tukey test. The tests showed that the levels of Cd and Pb concentration in samples of fresh, processed, frozen and dried fruits and vegetables varied substantially. The highest concentrations were recorded in dried products. Several fruit and vegetable samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentrations of Cd and Pb. The contamination of these products could be a significant source of consumer exposure to heavy metals when these products are a part of the diet.

Download Full-text

An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847320985255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 239784732098525

Author(s):

Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽

Eric Oloya Otim ◽

Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽

Gerald Zirintunda ◽

Andrew Tamale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Principal Component ◽

Absorption Spectrometry ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Essential Elements ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization ◽

Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.4.743 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 743-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES ◽

SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽

W. E. MORGAN MORROW

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Production Systems ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Swine Production ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Conventional Farms ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Conventional Systems ◽

On Farm

Conventional swine production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in swine production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 pigs and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was detected against 10 of the 12 antimicrobials tested. The highest frequency of resistance was found against tetracycline (80%), followed by streptomycin (43.4%) and sulfamethoxazole (36%). Frequency of resistance to most classes of antimicrobials (except tetracycline) was significantly higher among conventional farms than antimicrobial-free farms, with ORs ranging from 2.84 for chloramphenicol to 23.22 for kanamycin at the on-farm level. A total of 28 antimicrobial resistance patterns were detected. A resistance pattern with streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (n = 130) was the most common multidrug resistance pattern. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates with this pattern between the conventional (19.5%) and the antimicrobial-free systems (18%) (OR = 1.8; P > 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.

Download Full-text