scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF MARIFAT IN SUFISM

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
NILUFAR TUYCHIEVA
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Special System ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The theoretical foundations of Sufism, as well as spiritual and psychological exercises, methods of self-improvement tempering were developed at the beginning of the IX century. By the same period, the concepts of tariqah, ma’rifah, and haqiqah were formed, based on which a special system of views of tasawwuf was created. One of the main features of tasawwuf is that it is not limited to theoretical knowledge and principles applied in practical life with the help of tarikahs. This trend, called tasawwuf in theory, is called tariqah in practice. Tasawwuf originally comes from an ascetic movement that emphasized practice. Sufs believe that theoretical knowledge alone is not enough to understand Suf issues. In their opinion, through dhikr, mujahadah, and riyadah, the soul gains purity, which makes it possible to comprehend these issues. The article lists the stages and degrees of spiritual development, the paths that must be passed to comprehend the Creator. In conclusion, we can say that at the stage of asceticism the concept of ma’rifah is not used in tasawwuf. The reason for this is that even though ascetics adhered to seclusion and abstinence, they were deprived of love and divine knowledge. They did not have such qualities as philosophical thinking, striving for spiritual and moral improvement, foresight. The goal of the ascetics was to fnd forgiveness on the day of judgment and attain the bliss of paradise promised in the Qur’an through worship. According to the Sufs, worship for reaching paradise is a form of greed. A Suf should not have self-interest either in this world or on the day of judgment. The only desire of a Suf should be to see the appearance of the Creator

Jeremy Taylor on the Practice of Theology

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Kruger
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
Presence Of God ◽  
Jeremy Taylor ◽  
Practical Nature

This article seeks to highlight the practical nature of the work of Jeremy Taylor, developing his understanding of the place of theoretical knowledge in its relation to moral living. I argue that Taylor is devoted to the realization of the theoretical in everyday life, and does not overemphasize the moral to the detriment of the theological. In exploring this argument, I analyze his description of the practice of the presence of God and the contemplation of the eternal, two examples from his work of the integration of the theoretical with the practical for the sake of moral improvement.

CULTURAL APPROACH IN THE CONTEXT OF FORMATION OF TOLERANCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (43) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
K. S. Hnatovska
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Primary School Teacher ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of tolerance and the cultural approach as a means of forming the tolerance of future specialists. Tolerance is defined as a personally significant personality trait. The content of tolerant qualities is determined by the person's ability to make a morally determined choice, the orientation of its character traits, the influence of the environment, and adherence to certain ideas. The significance of the cultural approach is analyzed from the position of forming the tolerance of future primary school teachers. It has been determined that the strategy of the formation of tolerance with the help of cultural approach is to provide the individual with all the necessary conditions for his spiritual development, intellectual and moral freedom, choice of behavior, the formation of a sense of citizenship, patriotic and national identity, free ideological position, humane and tolerant attitude to others. The goal is to generalize the definitions of the cultural approach in the context of studying the problem of forming the tolerance of future teachers. For the purpose of the study, the following tasks were identified: to analyze the theoretical foundations of the concepts of "tolerance" and "cultural approach"; to reveal the essence and features of the cultural approach in the context of the formation of tolerance of future primary school teachers.Key words: tolerance, cultural approach, values, education, formation, specialists, primary school teacher, means.

STRUCTURE AND COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL COMPETENCE OF THE FUTURE TRANSLATOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
V. Lashkul ◽  
◽  
V. Timofeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Moral Consciousness ◽  
Ethical Competence ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
The Future ◽  
Psychological Mechanism

In this article, the authors reveal the structural and component composition of the ethical competence of the future translator. It is formed on the concept of moral consciousness, the principles of professional ethics and a certain set of professionally important qualities. On this basis, the psychological mechanism of the ethical competence of the translator is made, because in our study the spiritual development of the translator means awareness of its high purpose in life, responsibility to present and future generations, understanding the complexity of nature and constant pursuit of moral improvement. The measure of a translator's spiritual development can be the degree of his responsibility for his physical, mental and social development, and professionally important qualities.

scholarly journals Design for Sustained Wellbeing through Positive Activities—A Multi-Stage Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Lisa Wiese ◽  
Anna E. Pohlmeyer ◽  
Paul Hekkert
Keyword(s):  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Product Interaction ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

In this paper, we introduce a framework that conceptualizes a multi-stage process through which technology can promote sustained wellbeing. Intentional wellbeing-enhancing activities form the centerpiece linking direct product interaction to, ultimately, wellbeing. The framework was developed following a bottom-up–top-down approach by integrating theoretical knowledge from positive psychology, behavioral science and human–computer interaction (HCI)/design with empirical insights. We outline (a) the framework, (b) its five main stages including their multidisciplinary theoretical foundations, (c) relations between these stages and (d) specific elements that further describe each stage. The paper illustrates how the framework was developed and elaborates three major areas of application: (design) research, design strategies and measurement approaches. With this work, we aim to provide actionable guidance for researchers and IT practitioners to understand and design technologies that foster sustained wellbeing.

Diplomacy as Relational Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Yaqing Qin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Society ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Relational Practice ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Cooperative Relationship

Summary Diplomacy is defined as implementation of foreign policy through communication, and the ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) is the chief implementer and communicator. This article challenges the conventional definition and argues that diplomacy is relational practice in the first place. The anchoring practice of diplomacy is to make, manage and build up relations. The MFA, therefore, is the pivotal relator who, to maintain a cooperative relationship, needs to follow two principles, both inspired by ancient Chinese philosophical thinking. The first is ‘the Confucian improvement’, meaning that improvement of self-interest is possible if and only if other-interest is simultaneously improved, and the second, ‘the Mencian optimality’, holding that self-interest is best realised if and only if a community maintains optimally harmonious relations among its members. The MFA is a good implementer and communicator only if it is able to manage well complex relations in international society.

scholarly journals Citizenship and the Welfare State: A Critique of David Miller's Theory of Nationality

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Hibbert
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Moral Diversity ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
Moral Dimensions ◽  
Post War ◽  
Ethical Relations ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Abstract.For much of the post-war period of welfare state formation, T.H. Marshall's idea of shared entitlement to universal social rights of citizenship formed the theoretical foundations of social democratic political reforms and legitimacy. This approach has been updated by contemporary egalitarian theorists, such as John Rawls. The ongoing politics of restructuring have led to a growing number of arguments against the motivational capacity of an institutional account of social unity. This paper examines a particular argument against rights-based citizenship—David Miller's theory of nationality. Miller argues that “pure” citizenship rests on self-interest, and thus when differences in risk are explicit it can only legitimate minimal redistribution. Strong welfare states require pre-political ties and must be embedded in the ethical relations of shared nationality. Against Miller's position, it is advanced that shared citizenship has both effective motivational and moral dimensions. It can also address the problems the nationality thesis faces in reconciling its account of motivation with the moral diversity that is constitutive of pluralist societies.Résumé.Dans l'après-guerre, au moment de la formation des Etats-providence, la mise en place et la justification des politiques social-démocrates s'appuyèrent en grande majorité sur la théorie de T.H. Marshall à propos du rôle joué par les droits sociaux dans l'intégration civique. Cette approche a été actualisée par des théoriciens égalitariens tels que John Rawls. Les politiques actuelles de restructuration de l'Etat-providence ont provoqué la multiplication d'un certain type de critiques soulignant les insuffisances de cette approche institutionnelle du lien social en termes de ressources motivationnelles. Cet article examine l'une ces critiques, formulée par David Miller dans sa théorie sur la nationalité. Miller soutient que la citoyenneté “pure” repose sur l'intérêt personnel et qu'elle ne peut justifier qu'une redistribution minimale, lorsque les différences engagées sont manifestes. Pour affirmer leur autorité, les Etats-providence ont besoin d'être fondés sur des liens prépolitiques et soutenus par les rapports de solidarité d'une nationalité commune. A l'encontre de la position défendue par Miller, on avancera que la citoyenneté possède de façon effective une dimension qui est à la fois morale et motivationnelle. En outre, elle est à même d'affronter les problèmes que soulève la thèse sur la nationalité, en réconciliant sa conception de la motivation avec la diversité morale inhérente aux sociétés pluralistes.

scholarly journals METAL CUTTING IS IT STILL OF INTEREST TO ANYONE?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Eugen Pamintas ◽  
◽  
Felicia Veronica Banciu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Limits Of Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

For almost 100 years, the phenomena in the metal cutting process have offered researchers in the field a wide range of research topics, and at the same time, as much satisfaction, both in terms of deepening theoretical knowledge, especially in terms of the practical results obtained. Interest in this field has declined dramatically, however, since the beginning of the third millennium. Has the cutting process reached the limits of knowledge by their exhaustion or has it become inefficient for industry compared to other new processes for manufacturing metallic, non-metallic materials and composites? Why is the field no longer as attractive to researchers? Here is what this paper tries to clarify and propose to researchers in the field to reinvent the approach of the cutting process, as an incomplete explored and still excellent perspective, not only for the manufacturing industry, but also for the theoretical foundations of the cutting phenomenon.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS PERSON`S PECULARITIES OF SELF-CONSCIOUSESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K Belaia ◽  
◽  
E.E Churilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
God Image ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Central Aspect ◽  
Religious Person ◽  
Ideal Image ◽  
Key Issues

The article represents person`s peculiarities of self-consciousness with different degree of religiosity and highlights the content of religious person`s self-consciousness, depending on the particular confession. It was revealed that: - religiosity draws the content basis of the religious person`s reflection (the respondents present and name themselves though God image; God appears as the central aspect of their claim to recognition); - the religious person`s self-consciousness has a special nature which is determined by reference to the divine as an ideal-image of oneself, abidance of religious precepts and tendency to spiritual development; - religious person has a special connection and dialogue with God; - religious respondents sense faith as “the live meeting and communication with God”, “the deep inner heartfelt experience of meeting with God,” “the way of salvation,” “the attaining the meaning of life,” “the inner aspiration to God and sincere faith in His Existence" etc.; - respondents of different creeds of Christianity have different meaningful content of their reflection. The results of our research can widen theoretical knowledge and ideas of religious person`s self-consciousness, key issues and features of religious person`s reflection. The results of the study can be practically applied to the educational environment, to counseling and therapeutic sessions as well as to the other human-to-human approaches.

scholarly journals The Ontological Concept of Disease and the Clinical Empiricism of Thomas Sydenham

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Ruy J. Henríquez Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Concept Of Disease ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Ancient Medicine ◽  
Medicine And Philosophy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Ontological Concept

Abstract The clinical empiricism of Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) and his definition of especie morbosae represented a substantial turn in the medicine of his time. This turn supposed the shift towards an ontological conception of diseases, from a qualitative to quantitative interpretation. Sydenham’s clinical proposal had a great influence on empiricism philosophical thinking, particularly in John Locke and his delimitation of knowledge. The dialogue between medicine and philosophy, set out by Sydenham-Locke, reactivates the problem of the clinical and theoretical foundations of medical thought, as well as the limits of scientific knowledge. Similar to problem exposed in the Hippocratic treatise On ancient medicine, seventeenth-century medicine seeks its epistemological foundations and the solution to its difficulties in clinical experience, probability and analogy. The aim of this work is to show the Sydenham’s contribution to one of the great controversies between medicine and philosophy.

A Phenomenology of the Devout Life

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Christian Spirituality ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Union With God ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Affective Orientation

A Phenomenology of the Devout Life offers a phenomenological approach to the kind of Christian spirituality set out in François de Sales’s Introduction to the Devout Life but with parallels in other movements in both Protestant and Catholic spirituality. Situating the subject in relation to contemporary philosophical discussions of selfhood, the book arrives at a view of the devout self as essentially motivated by an affective orientation towards God that, via the experience of temptation and the practice of humility, subordinates reason to love and ends with self-annihilation. In this annihilated condition it becomes capable of a pure love of God, devoid of self-interest, willing only what God wills. These themes of pure love and nothingness are explored with particular reference to the writings of Archbishop Fénelon. Although this may suggest that the devout life is a kind of mysticism, it is argued that as a programme for practical life in the world it is distinct from experientially oriented kinds of mysticism, though sharing the ideal of union with God. As the first of a three-part Philosophy of Christian Life, the book ends by questioning what it could mean to insist that the source of the affective lure of devotion is God.

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