scholarly journals Effects of Valproic Acid on Selected Kidney Function Indices in Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 3687-3695
Author(s):  
A. Igunnu ◽  
O. O. Owolabi ◽  
I. O. Bankole
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Acid Base Balance

Valproic acid (VPA) has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-diabetic effect and attenuate hypertensive responses in animal models but its safety evaluation on the kidney has not been reported. This study investigated the effect of VPA on selected kidney function indices of rats. Twenty healthy Wistar rats were randomly grouped into 4 of 5 rats each. Rats in group 1 (control) were administered clean water only, while rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight (bw) of VPA, respectively for 3 weeks. Serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate and chloride ions as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the kidney and serum of rats were determined. VPA at the 3 doses administered did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the kidney/body weight ratio, serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, sodium ion and phosphate ion when compared with control. VPA at 600 mg/kg bw alone and at both 300 and 600 mg/kg bw significantly increased (p<0.05) the serum levels of potassium and chloride ions, respectively. VPA did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the kidney ALP and ALT activities as well as the serum ALP, ACP, AST and ALT activities but significantly increased (p<0.05) the kidney ACP and AST activities at 300 mg/kg bw. These results imply that treatment with VPA at higher doses may adversely affect the reabsorption of chloride ion in the kidney which may alter the acid/base balance and impair nerve impulse transmission.

Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extract of Aloe ferox Mill. in loperamide-induced constipated rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
OA Wintola ◽  
TO Sunmonu ◽  
AJ Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Aloe Ferox ◽  
Haematological Analysis

Aloe ferox Mill. is a widely used medicinal plant in South Africa for the treatment of many ailments including constipation. The present study evaluated the toxicological effect of aqueous leaf extract of the herb at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight for 7 days on the haematological parameters as well as liver and kidney function indices in loperamide—induced constipated rats. The extract did not cause any significant (p > 0.05) effect on the kidney and liver—body weight ratio as well as the kidney function indices including serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, urea, calcium and potassium ions at all the dosages investigated. Whereas the serum levels of total protein, albumin, bilirubin and gamma glutamyl trasferase (GGT) were not affected, the elevated activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the untreated constipated animals were normalized following treatment with extract. The data obtained with respect to the haematological analysis indicated that the extracts had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on the haematological parameters with the exception of lymphocyte count which was increased in the untreated constipated rats. This was however attenuated after administering the herb. The available evidence in this study suggests that A. ferox may be safe as an oral remedy for constipation. Generally, the effect of the extract compared favourably well with senokot, a recommended drug for the treatment of constipation.

scholarly journals The Effect of High Dosage of Codeine-Containing Cough Syrup on Renal Function on Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
Ramlatu Musa Adam ◽  
Aishatu Muhammad Bello ◽  
Jalil Idi James ◽  
Alhassan Ahmad Siddan ◽  
Aisami Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Cough Syrup ◽  
Nephrotoxic Effect

Codeine-containing cough syrup (CCS) is one of the most abused drugs in the world especially among the youths. However, there is need to study the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of the drug and to ascertain its effect on the kidney. Consequently, understanding the renal abnormalities in chronic use of CCS will be crucial for effective development of interventions. This study assessed the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of codeine-containing cough syrup (Tutolin with Codeine) in albino rats, using the level of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride ions as biomarker in the serum of albino rats. The rats were administered orally with Tutolin and Codeine at a dose of 80mg/kg, 160mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320mg/kg body weight. After three weeks of oral administration of the syrup to all the groups, there was no difference (P> 0.05) in the levels of sodium ion, chloride ion and creatinine among all the study groups and levels of urea and potassium ion in the group administered with 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine compared with the control. After three weeks of oral administration of 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320 mg/kg body weight tutolin with codeine cough syrup, urea and potassium ion concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in group given 320mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine cough syrup compared with the control. This suggests that at higher doses, tutolin with codeine containing cough syrup may have effect on the kidney.

Some consequences of body size

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. H495-H507 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Proper Size ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Metabolic Indices

The question of the proper size denominator for metabolic indices is addressed. Metabolic rate among different species is proportional to the 3/4 power of body weight, not surface area. Muscle power also varies with the 3/4 power of weight, suggesting that metabolic rate is determined mainly by muscle power. Power-to-weight ratio, specific metabolic rate, and a number of metabolic periods, including heart rate, all vary inversely with the 1/4 power of body weight. Thus the relative times required for physiological and pathological processes in different species may be estimated from the average resting heart rate for the species. There are not many small humans among athletic record holders in events involving acceleration and hill climbing, as would be expected if they had higher power-to-weight ratios. Thus the relationship between size and metabolic rate in different species should not be applied within the single species of humans. Evidence is reviewed showing that basal metabolic rate in humans is determined mainly by lean body mass.

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Simulation Calculation of the Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Multiple Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5322
Author(s):  
Yang Ding ◽  
Tong-Lin Yang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Zhen Han ◽  
Shuang-Xi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Chloride Resistance ◽  
Simulation Calculation ◽  
Marine Concrete ◽  
Resistance Performance

Cement is widely used in marine concrete, and its resistance to chloride ion corrosion has been widely considered. In this paper, based on a laboratory test, the influence of different hydrostatic pressures, coarse aggregate contents and w/c ratios on the chloride resistance performance is analyzed. Based on COMSOL finite element software, a two-dimensional cementitious materials model is established, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results. The results show that the penetration depth of chloride ions in cement increases with the increase of the w/c ratio. Under the hydrostatic pressure of 0 MPa, when the w/c ratio is 0.35, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 7.4 mm, and the simulation result is 8.0 mm. When the w/c ratio is 0.45, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 9.3 mm, and the simulation result is 9.9 mm. When the w/c ratio is 0.55, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 12.9 mm, and the simulation result is 12.1 mm. Under different hydrostatic pressures, the penetration depth of chloride ions obviously changes, and with the increase in hydrostatic pressure, the penetration depth of chloride ions deepens. Under the w/c ratio of 0.35, when the hydrostatic pressure is 0.5 MPa, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 11.3 mm, and the simulation result is 12.1 mm. When the hydrostatic pressure is 1.0 MPa, the penetration depth of chloride ions is 16.2 mm, and the simulation result is 17.5 mm.

scholarly journals Creatine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Damage by Inhibiting Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cellular Senescence

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Nouf Aljobaily ◽  
Michael J. Viereckl ◽  
David S. Hydock ◽  
Hend Aljobaily ◽  
Tsung-Yen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Chromosomal Stability

Background: Treatment with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) may lead to toxicities that affect non-cancer cells including the liver. Supplementing the diet with creatine (Cr) has been suggested as a potential intervention to minimize DOX-induced side effects, but its effect in alleviating DOX-induced hepatoxicity is currently unknown. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of Cr supplementation on DOX-induced liver damage. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet supplemented with 2% Cr for four weeks, 4% Cr for one week followed by 2% Cr for three more weeks, or control diet for four weeks. Animals then received either a bolus i.p. injection of DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline as a placebo. Animals were then sacrificed five days-post injection and markers of hepatoxicity were analyzed using the liver-to-body weight ratio, aspartate transaminase (AST)-to- alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipemia, and T-Bilirubin. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Picro-Sirius Red staining, and immunofluorescence staining for CD45, 8-OHdG, and β-galactosidase were performed to evaluate liver morphology, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence, respectively. The mRNA levels for biomarkers of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence-related genes were measured in liver tissues. Chromosomal stability was evaluated using global DNA methylation ELISA. Results: The ALT/AST ratio and liver to body weight ratio tended to increase in the DOX group, and Cr supplementation tended to attenuate this increase. Furthermore, elevated levels of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence were observed with DOX treatment, and Cr supplementation prior to DOX treatment ameliorated this hepatoxicity. Moreover, DOX treatment resulted in chromosomal instability (i.e., altered DNA methylation profile), and Cr supplementation showed a tendency to restore chromosomal stability with DOX treatment. Conclusion: The data suggest that Cr protected against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence.

scholarly journals Broadband dielectric spectroscopy for monitoring temperature-dependent chloride ion motion in BiOCl plates

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Radoń ◽  
Dariusz Łukowiec ◽  
Patryk Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy ◽  
Free Chloride ◽  
Structure Rebuilding

AbstractThe dielectric properties and electrical conduction mechanism of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) plates synthesized using chloramine-T as the chloride ion source were investigated. Thermally-activated structure rebuilding was monitored using broadband dielectric spectroscopy, which showed that the onset temperature of this process was 283 K. This rebuilding was related to the introduction of free chloride ions into [Bi2O2]2+ layers and their growth, which increased the intensity of the (101) diffraction peak. The electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity were related to the movement of chloride ions between plates (in the low-frequency region), the interplanar motion of Cl− ions at higher frequencies, vibrations of these ions, and charge carrier hopping at frequencies above 10 kHz. The influence of the free chloride ion concentration on the electrical conductivity was also described. Structure rebuilding was associated with a lower concentration of free chloride ions, which significantly decreased the conductivity. According to the analysis, the BiOCl plate conductivity was related to the movement of Cl− ions, not electrons.

scholarly journals The majority of natalizumab-treated MS patients have high natalizumab concentrations at time of re-dosing

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 805-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoé LE van Kempen ◽  
Cyra E Leurs ◽  
Birgit I Witte ◽  
Annick de Vries ◽  
Mike P Wattjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Trough Serum ◽  
Natalizumab Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Natalizumab is efficacious in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. All patients receive the same treatment regimen of 300 mg every 4 weeks, despite differences in pharmacokinetics between individual patients. Objective: To give neurologists insight into natalizumab concentrations at time of re-dosing, we investigated longitudinal natalizumab concentrations in 80 patients in relation to disease activity, with possible influencing factors. Methods: In a prospective observational cohort study, natalizumab trough serum concentrations were measured in 80 patients. Data on demographics, duration of treatment, Expanded Disability Status Scale, clinical exacerbations, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and body weight were collected. Results: We measured high (≥10 µg/mL) natalizumab trough concentrations in 94% of patients. Intra-individual concentrations were stable. The spread in concentrations was substantial and did not correlate with disease activity. We found a negative association between natalizumab concentration and body weight (β = −0.30, p = 0.010). Interpretation: The majority of patients showed high natalizumab serum concentrations at time of re-dosing. Alternative treatment regimens could lead to more efficient use of natalizumab, but caution is warranted regarding the possibility of recurrence of disease activity. Prospective clinical trials are needed to establish the safety of extended dose intervals in natalizumab treatment.

scholarly journals Status Asthmaticus

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
J.S Partana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Status Asthmaticus ◽  
Fluid Administration ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Electrolyte Disturbances ◽  
Oxygen Administration ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Normal Acid

The therapy of status asthmaticus must be rational. Thus it is important to evaluate: 1. the severity and duration of an asthmatic attack. 2. the degree of dehydration. 3. whether infection plays a role. 4. all medication previously administered. 5. any possible complication.Treatment is as follows :Fluid and electrolyte therapy is important not only for the correction of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances but also for preventing inspissation of mucus in the bronchi. The best route of fluid administration is intravenous.Potassium iodide orally administered may be helpful as an expectorant.After hydration and normal acid-base balance have been established, epinephrine may be of benefit.Aminophylline is effective when administered intravenously. It should be used with extreme caution: the dose should not exceed 3 mg per kg of body weight, it should be given slowly and should not be given more frequently than every 8 hours.Corticosteroids should be administered, especially in cases who have received suppressive doses previously.Humidified oxygen administration is of the utmost importance.Antibiotics are recommended when infection is suspected.Management of complications.

Exercise and clenbuterol as strategies to decrease the progression of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 734-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Dupont-Versteegden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Tetanic Tension

The effects of exercise and the combination of exercise and clenbuterol on progression of muscular dystrophy were studied in mdx mice. At 3 wk of age, mdx mice were randomly assigned to sedentary (MS), exercise (ME), or combined exercise and clenbuterol (MEC) groups. Clenbuterol was given in the drinking water (1.0-1.5 mg . kg body weight-1 . day-1), and exercise consisted of spontaneous running activity on exercise wheels. At 3 mo or 1 yr of age, ventilatory function, contractile properties, and morphological characteristics of the soleus (Sol) and diaphragm (Dia) muscles were measured. The mdx mice receiving clenbuterol ran less than the mice without clenbuterol. The combination of clenbuterol and exercise was associated with an increase in Sol muscle weight and a muscle weight-to-body weight ratio of 30-35% compared with the sedentary group and approximately 20% compared to exercise alone. Myosin and total protein concentrations of the Sol and Dia increased in the MEC group at 1 yr of age only. Normalized active tension was increased in the Dia at 1 yr of age in both the ME and MEC groups by approximately 30%. Absolute tetanic tension of the Sol was increased at both 3 mo and 1 yr of age in the MEC compared with the MS group. At 1 yr of age, there was an additional 23% increase compared with the ME group. Fatigability increased in the MEC group by approximately 25% in the Sol and Dia muscles at both ages compared with the MS and ME groups. Results indicate that exercise and exercise plus clenbuterol decrease the progression of muscular dystrophy. However, different mechanisms may be involved because the combination of clenbuterol and exercise resulted in increased fatigability and the development of deformities, whereas exercise alone did not. Therefore, clenbuterol may not be suitable for use in patients with muscular dystrophy.

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