scholarly journals The Effect of High Dosage of Codeine-Containing Cough Syrup on Renal Function on Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-40
Author(s):  
Ramlatu Musa Adam ◽  
Aishatu Muhammad Bello ◽  
Jalil Idi James ◽  
Alhassan Ahmad Siddan ◽  
Aisami Abubakar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Cough Syrup ◽  
Nephrotoxic Effect

Codeine-containing cough syrup (CCS) is one of the most abused drugs in the world especially among the youths. However, there is need to study the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of the drug and to ascertain its effect on the kidney. Consequently, understanding the renal abnormalities in chronic use of CCS will be crucial for effective development of interventions. This study assessed the nephrotoxic effect associated with oral administration of codeine-containing cough syrup (Tutolin with Codeine) in albino rats, using the level of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride ions as biomarker in the serum of albino rats. The rats were administered orally with Tutolin and Codeine at a dose of 80mg/kg, 160mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320mg/kg body weight. After three weeks of oral administration of the syrup to all the groups, there was no difference (P> 0.05) in the levels of sodium ion, chloride ion and creatinine among all the study groups and levels of urea and potassium ion in the group administered with 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine compared with the control. After three weeks of oral administration of 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 240 mg/kg and 320 mg/kg body weight tutolin with codeine cough syrup, urea and potassium ion concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in group given 320mg/kg body weight of tutolin with codeine cough syrup compared with the control. This suggests that at higher doses, tutolin with codeine containing cough syrup may have effect on the kidney.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Effect of Methanol Extract of Hymenocardia acida Leaves on Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity in Rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nweje-Anyalowu Paul Chukwuemeka ◽  
Idakwoji Precious Adejoh ◽  
Iserhienrhien Lucky Osafanme ◽  
Anosike Joy Chizoba
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Group I

Aim: This study evaluated the nephroprotective effect of methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves in rat model of gentamicin induced renal damage. Materials and Methods: Twenty- four (24) Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 150- 200g were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each; Group I served as the control and received normal saline, Group II- IV received gentamicin (40 mg/kg, i.p), Groups III and IV also received 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt., p.o methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves respectively for 15 days. Body weight measurement, serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes analyses and histopathological examination of kidney were carried out. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in Serum urea, creatinine, decreased sodium and chloride ions, elevated serum level of potassium ion and pathological signs such as congestion, focal areas of inflammation, tubular necrosis, and glomerular atrophy. Administration of the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/ body wt significantly (p< 0.05) decreased Creatinine and urea levels, significantly (p< 0.05) increased sodium and chloride ion and significantly (p< 0.05)  decreased potassium ion level when compared to the gentamicin- alone- treated group. Histopathological analysis also revealed a gradual reversal of the pathological features caused by gentamicin toxicity. Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract possesses nephroprotective potential.

Investigation of Aspartame effects on some blood parameters after oral administration in Balb-c mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 2387-2390
Author(s):  
Diana Ali Alkhalil ◽  
Moofeed Yasein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Physiological Solution ◽  
Marker Enzymes ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

No-caloric sweeteners, such as aspartame, are widely used in various food and beverages to prevent the increasing rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus, acting as tools in helping control caloric intake. Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide used as a synthetic nonnutritive sweetener in over 90 countries worldwide in over 6000 products. It was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1981. Aspartame is metabolized to phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and methanol. these metabolites have some health risks specially on PKU (Phenyl Ketone Urea) patients who can’t metabolize the amino acid phenyl alanine. This study aims to investigate the health effects of aspartame on Balb-c mice. 16 Balb-c mice were given physiological solution by oral gavage(control) and the study groups were given the recommended ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) for mice (ADI = 250mg/kg/body weight) of Aspartame diluted in water for 15days, 30days. Glucose blood level, lipid profile, marker enzymes (ALT.AST.ALP, γGT) and uric acid were determined at the end of the experiment. The results of this study show that oral administration of aspartame (250mg/kg body weight) was correlated to a significant increase in the lipid profile, fasting blood glucose and some marker enzymes and this increase is time related.

scholarly journals Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of combined milk thistle and fenugreek seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1732-1736
Author(s):  
Mohamed Jamal Saadh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Ameliorative Effect

Background and Aim: Despite the availability of antidiabetic drugs, they are not free from associated adverse side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of oral administration of seeds from two medicinal plants: (1) Milk thistle and (2) fenugreek. Materials and Methods: Plant seeds were washed in distilled water and ground with a coffee grinder. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes in 20 male albino rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Group 1 (n=10), diabetic rats fed with 0.5 g/kg milk thistle and 2 g/kg fenugreek seeds per day and (2) Group 2 (n=10), diabetic rats fed standard rodent food for 4 weeks. Results: Oral administration of milk thistle and fenugreek seeds for 2 weeks resulted in significant improvement in body weight, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, this ameliorative effect was significantly elevated with respect to blood glucose (155.00±9.70 mg/ dL vs. 427.50±5.70 mg/dL; p<0.001), HbA1c (5.5±0.19% vs. 13.65±1.77%; p<0.001), cholesterol (281.50±10.95 mg/dL vs. 334.30±6.80 mg/dL; p<0.001), triglyceride (239.60±6.87 mg/dL vs. 284.20±9.95 mg/dL; p<0.01), and body weight (265.30±8.10 g vs. 207.40±11.4 g; p<0.01) as compared with non-treated diabetic rats. Conclusion: Milk thistle and fenugreek seeds possess hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties and could be used as natural compounds that are suitable as parent compounds for the development of new antidiabetic drugs.

Assessment of the Protective Effects of Vitamin C and E on Cypermethrin-induced Nephrotoxicity and Electrolyte Imbalance in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Johnson Oladele ◽  
Omowumi Adewale ◽  
Olu Oyewole ◽  
Abiola Gbolagbade ◽  
Moses Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group B

Cypermethrin is a potent pyrethroids insecticide causing different pathological features when exposed to mammal. Vitamins are used as nutrient supplements and in clinical studies as medical intervention in some disease conditions. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of vitamin C and E on Cypermethrin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Twenty-eight (28) wistar albino rats were sorted into four groups of seven rats per groups were used in this study. Group A serves as the control and received distilled water orally. Group B, C and D were administered 25mg/kg body weight cypermethrin orally. Group C and D were treated daily with 40mg/kg body weight vitamin C and 20mg/kg body weight vitamin E respectively by oral administration while group B was left untreated for 14 days. Cypermethrin significantly (P<0.05) induced nephrotoxicity as characterized with significant increased (P<0.05) in the serum levels of Urea, uric acid and creatinine. It also caused significant decrease (P<0.05) in renal total protein, albumin and globulin. Exposure to Cypermethrin induced electrolyte imbalance in rats with significant increase in serum chloride ion, potassium ion and significant decrease in serum level of sodium ion and bicarbonates. Histological results revealed that cypermethrin caused distortion in histoarchitecture of the kidney characterized by lesion of glomerulus, damaged Bowman’s capsule, degenerated and vacuolated renal tubules. Taken together, vitamin C and E significantly reverse all these alterations and offer protection to the kidney membrane.

scholarly journals Effect of Phoenix dactylifera pollen grains suspension on spermatogenesis and some biochemical parameters in albino rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-262
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells

In this study forty mature albino rats were used wich were randomly divided into five groups ,four groups were adminstrated Phoenix dactylifera pollen grains suspension at concertenrations (18,54,108,and 216)mg/ kg body weight by oral administration while the fifth group was considered as a control group.Experiment continued for 40 days then rats were sacrificed and samples of blood were collected for determination of some biochemical parameters (total protein ,total cholesterol ,LDLc and HDLc).Testis were removed for preparation histological sections to measures the diameters of seminferous tubules ,thickness of seminiferous epithelium and the numbers of spermatogenic cells. Results showed significant increase(p

scholarly journals Effects of Valproic Acid on Selected Kidney Function Indices in Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 3687-3695
Author(s):  
A. Igunnu ◽  
O. O. Owolabi ◽  
I. O. Bankole
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Acid Base Balance

Valproic acid (VPA) has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-diabetic effect and attenuate hypertensive responses in animal models but its safety evaluation on the kidney has not been reported. This study investigated the effect of VPA on selected kidney function indices of rats. Twenty healthy Wistar rats were randomly grouped into 4 of 5 rats each. Rats in group 1 (control) were administered clean water only, while rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight (bw) of VPA, respectively for 3 weeks. Serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate and chloride ions as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the kidney and serum of rats were determined. VPA at the 3 doses administered did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the kidney/body weight ratio, serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, sodium ion and phosphate ion when compared with control. VPA at 600 mg/kg bw alone and at both 300 and 600 mg/kg bw significantly increased (p<0.05) the serum levels of potassium and chloride ions, respectively. VPA did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the kidney ALP and ALT activities as well as the serum ALP, ACP, AST and ALT activities but significantly increased (p<0.05) the kidney ACP and AST activities at 300 mg/kg bw. These results imply that treatment with VPA at higher doses may adversely affect the reabsorption of chloride ion in the kidney which may alter the acid/base balance and impair nerve impulse transmission.

scholarly journals Hematological and Biochemical parameters study of female albino rats treated with lamotrigine drug

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Gawhar Ahmed Shekha ◽  
Kalthum Asaaf Maulood
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Anti Epileptic Drug ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters

The present study was aimed to investigate the possible effects of the anti-epileptic drug lamotrigine (LTG) on some haematological and biochemical parameters in adult female rats. Forty-eight female rats were divided into three groups (each group=16). Group one can be considered as a control group, group two and three administrated lamotrigine drugs orally at a dose of 3.57mg/kg body weight and 7.14mg/kg body weight for 7,14,21,28 day and all groups fed with standard rat feed. The results showed that there were significant (P≤0.05) changes in haematological parameters in group two and three when compared with the control group during all period except the mean level of corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The liver enzyme aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) and serum urea, creatinine with calcium, potassium, sodium and chloride ion showed significant alteration in the treated group, the relative organ weight showed significant changes in group two and three in comparison with control group during 7,14,21 and 28 days. Estradiol level in group three increased at 7, 14 and 21 day and decreased at 28 days of treatment when compared with group two and the control group. This study suggested that treatment of healthy female albino rats with therapeutic doses of lamotrigine drug for 28 days generally affect on included parameters in this study.   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.044

Evaluation of Glucose and Lipid Lowering Activity of Arganimide A in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Eddouks ◽  
Farid Khallouki ◽  
Robert W. Owen ◽  
Morad Hebi ◽  
Remy Burcelin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lowering Activity

Aims: Arganimide A (4,4-dihydroxy-3,3-imino-di-benzoic acid) is a compound belonging to a family of aminophenolics found in fruit of Argania spinosa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the glucose and lipid lowering activity of Arganimide A (ARG A). Methods: The effect of a single dose and daily oral administration of Arganimide A (ARG A) on blood glucose levels and plasma lipid profile was tested in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. Results: Single oral administration of ARG A reduced blood glucose levels from 26.50±0.61 mmol/L to 14.27±0.73 mmol/L (p<0.0001) six hours after administration in STZ diabetic rats. Furthermore, blood glucose levels were decreased from 5.35±0.30 mmol/L to 3.57±0.17 mmol/L (p<0.0001) and from 26.50±0.61 mmol/L to 3.67±0.29 mmol/L (p<0.0001) in normal and STZ diabetic rats, respectively, after seven days of treatment. Moreover, no significant changes in body weight in normal and STZ rats were shown. According to the lipid profile, the plasma triglycerides levels were decreased significantly in diabetic rats after seven days of ARG treatment (p<0.05). Moreover, seven days of ARG A treatment decreased significantly the plasma cholesterol concentrations (p<0.001). Conclusion: ARG A possesses glucose and lipid-lowering activity in diabetic rats and this natural compound may be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes.

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