scholarly journals CORRELATIVE INTERRELATIONS OF THE TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT AND RELATIVE RISK OF UNFAVOURABLE OUTCOME OF ENDOMETRIOID ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE CORPUS UTERI

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
D. A. Zinovkin
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Unfavourable Outcome ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Corpus Uteri ◽  
Tumorous Growth ◽  
Survival Potential

Objective : to identify correlative interrelations among the parameters of the tumor microenvironment of endometrioid adenocarcinoma and relative risk of its prognosis. Material and methods. Immunohistochemic and morphometric studies were performed on the histological material of 60 patients. Results. Correlative interrelations were revealed among the studied parameters in groups with favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Relative risks for progression of endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri were determined. Conclusion. The revealed differences in the interrelations among morphological and immunohistochemical parameters in female patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the corpus uteri of different survival potential reflect biological features of the tumorous growth and the disease progression.

scholarly journals Conditional and marginal relative risk parameters for a class of recursive regression graph models

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 3466-3486
Author(s):  
Monia Lupparelli
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Oral Morphine ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Morphine Administration ◽  
Gaussian Case ◽  
Regression Graph ◽  
Risk Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

In linear regression modelling, the distortion of effects after marginalizing over variables of the conditioning set has been widely studied in several contexts. For Gaussian variables, the relationship between marginal and partial regression coefficients is well established and the issue is often addressed as a result of W. G. Cochran. Possible generalizations beyond the linear Gaussian case have been developed, nevertheless the case of discrete variables is still challenging, in particular in medical and social science settings. A multivariate regression framework is proposed for binary data with regression coefficients given by the logarithm of relative risks, and a multivariate Relative Risk formula is derived to define the relationship between marginal and conditional relative risks. The method is illustrated through the analysis of the morphine data in order to assess the effect of preoperative oral morphine administration on the postoperative pain relief.

scholarly journals Semaphorin Signaling in Cancer-Associated Inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Franzolin ◽  
Luca Tamagnone
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cross Talk ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Anti Cancer

The inflammatory and immune response elicited by the growth of cancer cells is a major element conditioning the tumor microenvironment, impinging on disease progression and patients’ prognosis. Semaphorin receptors are widely expressed in inflammatory cells, and their ligands are provided by tumor cells, featuring an intense signaling cross-talk at local and systemic levels. Moreover, diverse semaphorins control both cells of the innate and the antigen-specific immunity. Notably, semaphorin signals acting as inhibitors of anti-cancer immune response are often dysregulated in human tumors, and may represent potential therapeutic targets. In this mini-review, we provide a survey of the best known semaphorin regulators of inflammatory and immune cells, and discuss their functional impact in the tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Mortality among young Nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica: deaths from disease versus injury

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger E. Bonilla ◽  
Juan B. Chavarría
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Census 2000

The aim of this research was to investigate mortality among young Nicaraguan immigrants to Costa Rica (disease versus injury deaths) and compare it with the young native population. The study focused on persons aged 15 to 34 years, due to the relative importance of the injury deaths in this age group. Deaths (numerators) and population data (denominators), which were obtained from the 10th Population and Housing Census 2000, were used to calculate the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants. The relative risk (RR) results from dividing each set of causal standardized mortality rates. Approximately 66% of deaths among Nicaraguan immigrants are injury deaths versus 57% for the native population. Immigrants have higher relative risks (RR) of mortality than natives for injury deaths (homicides RR=2.00, other accidents RR=1.70, and vehicular accidents RR=1.17). We emphasize that Nicaraguan immigrants have twice the risk of dying from homicide than the native population.

scholarly journals Explained and Unexplained Ischemic Heart Disease Risk after Renal Transplantation

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1735-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERTRAM L. KASISKE ◽  
HARINI A. CHAKKERA ◽  
JOSEPH ROEL
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Renal Transplant ◽  
Renal Transplant Recipients ◽  
Transplant Recipients ◽  
Calcium Channel Antagonists ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Abstract. Whether the high incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) among renal transplant patients can be attributed to the same risk factors that have been identified in the general population is unclear. The risk for major IHD events occurring >1 yr after transplantation among 1124 transplant recipients was estimated by using the risk calculated from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS). The FHS risk predicted IHD (relative risk, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.40; P < 0.001); however, the FHS risk tended to underestimate the risk of IHD for renal transplant recipients. This was largely attributable to increased risks associated with diabetes mellitus and, to a lesser extent, age and cigarette smoking for renal transplant recipients. For men, the relative risks for diabetes mellitus were 2.78 (1.73 to 4.49) and 1.53 for the transplant recipient and FHS populations, respectively; the relative risks for age (in years) were 1.06 (1.04 to 1.08) and 1.05, respectively, and those for smoking were 1.95 (1.20 to 3.19) and 1.69, respectively. For women, the relative risks for diabetes mellitus were 5.40 (2.73 to 10.66) and 1.82, respectively. There was a tendency for the risk associated with cholesterol levels to be higher for transplant recipients, compared with the FHS population, but the risks associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and BP appeared to be comparable. Independent of these and other risk factors, the adjusted risk of IHD for the transplant recipient population has decreased. Compared with the era before 1986, transplantation between 1986 and 1992 was associated with a lower relative risk of 0.60 (0.39 to 0.92); transplantation after 1992 was associated with an even lower relative risk of 0.27 (0.11 to 0.63) for IHD. Of concern was the fact that dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were associated with an increased risk for IHD (relative risk, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.24 to 4.12; P = 0.008), and this association was independent of other antihypertensive agents and risk factors. Therefore, although the FHS risk predicts IHD after renal transplantation, it tends to underestimate the risks, especially the risk associated with diabetes mellitus. The unexpected finding that dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists were associated with an increased IHD risk merits further evaluation.

Foodborne Snow Mountain Agent Gastroenteritis in a School Cafeteria

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-563
Author(s):  
Charles Guest ◽  
Kenneth C. Spitalny ◽  
H. Paul Madore ◽  
Katherine Pray ◽  
Raphael Dolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
The Mean

In 1984, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a school with 1,860 students in Brooklyn, NY. In a single-stage cluster sample of 375 students, 129 (34%) had illnesses that met our case definition of vomiting or diarrhea. The mean incubation period was 26 hours, and the mean illness duration was 24 hours. All case students had eaten in the cafeteria on at least one day between Nov 13 and 16, compared with 174/214 (81%) noncase students (P = 10-8, Fisher exact test). Foods implicated were french fries (relative risk 1.7, 95% confidence limits 1.4, 2.0) and hamburgers (relative risk 1.6, 95%, confidence limits 1.2, 2.1). Two cafeteria employees had served those foods while affected by diarrhea. By a recently developed blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, six of 11 (55%) case students showed fourfold antibody increases between acute-and convalescent-phase serum samples for Snow Mountain agent, a Norwalk-like virus, compared with one of ten (10%) noncase students (P = .04, Fisher exact test). We strongly suspect, but cannot document conclusively, that the Snow Mountain agent was spread to students on a vector of hot foods contaminated by ill food handlers. Implicated foods conferred low relative risks and could only have accounted for 74% of cases of illness. The strong association between cafeteria exposure and illness, therefore, suggests that additional modes of spread occurred.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Race to Breast Tumor Microenvironment Composition and Disease Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Kim ◽  
Jessica M. Pastoriza ◽  
John S. Condeelis ◽  
Joseph A. Sparano ◽  
Panagiota S. Filippou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Breast Tumor

RELATIVE RISK ESTIMATION OF DENGUE DISEASE IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA, USING POISSON-GAMMA AND BYM MODELS CONSIDERING THE SEVERITY LEVEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Kristiani ◽  
Benny Yong ◽  
Robyn Irawan
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Spatial Model ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Spatial Effect ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Severe Stage ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Severity Levels

Recently, dengue as one of the most dangerous diseases in the world has attracted more attention due to its soaring infection cases. One method to estimate the relative risks of dengue transmission commonly used is through the statistics approach. Dengue cases of all severity levels spread rapidly in every district in Bandung, Indonesia every month. There are two different severity levels of dengue disease: the early-stage known as Dengue Fever (DF) and the severe-stage manifested as Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). This research investigates the early stage, the severe stage, and the combination of both stages. The non-spatial Poisson-gamma model and spatial Besag, York, and Mollie (BYM) model are applied to estimate the relative risks in each district in Bandung every month. These two models are chosen to analyze whether there is a spatial effect in dengue transmission in particular critical area. This research will use 2013’s data from St. Borromeus hospital, one of the reputable hospitals in Bandung. The results show that the implementation of non-spatial Poisson-gamma and spatial BYM models does not depict a significant difference in the result of the relative risk estimation of dengue transmission in Bandung. The Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) diagnostic indicates that non-spatial model is better than the spatial model.  Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no spatial effect in dengue transmission in Bandung. It means that dengue transmission in Bandung is not affected by neighboring areas. This analysis is also applicable to every stage estimated, both for the early-stage as well as the severe-stage.  

scholarly journals Inflammation as a Driver of Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddison Archer ◽  
Navneet Dogra ◽  
Natasha Kyprianou
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among men, and progression to metastasis and the emergence of therapeutically resistant disease confers a high mortality rate. Growing evidence implicates inflammation as a driver of prostate cancer development and progression, resulting in increased cancer risk for prostate cancer. Population-based studies revealed that the use of antinflammatory drugs led to a 23% risk reduction prostate cancer occurrence, a negative association that was stronger in men who specifically used COX-2 inhibitors. Furthermore, patients that were taking aspirin had a 21% reduction in prostate cancer risk, and further, long-term users of daily low dose aspirin had a 29% prostate cancer risk reduction as compared to the controls. Environmental exposure to bacterial and viral infections, exposure to mutagenic agents, and genetic variations predispose the prostate gland to inflammation, with a coordinated elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TGF-β). It is the dynamics within the tumor microenvironment that empower these cytokines to promote survival and growth of the primary tumor and facilitate disease progression by navigating the immunoregulatory network, phenotypic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, anoikis resistance, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the sources of inflammation in the prostate, the functional contribution of the critical inflammatory effectors to prostate cancer initiation and metastatic progression, and the therapeutic challenges that they impose on treatment of advanced disease and overcoming therapeutic resistance. Growing mechanistic evidence supports the significance of inflammation in localized prostate cancer, and the systemic impact of the process within the tumor microenvironment on disease progression to advanced therapeutically-resistant prostate cancer. Rigorous exploitation of the role of inflammation in prostate cancer progression to metastasis and therapeutic resistance will empower the development of precise biomarker signatures and effective targeted therapeutics to reduce the clinical burden and lethal disease in the future.

Prognostic Value of Angiogenesis Assessment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: More Data Needed.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 4396-4396
Author(s):  
Darko Antic ◽  
Vladan Cokic ◽  
Marija Dencic Fekete ◽  
Maja Perunicic ◽  
Biljana Mihaljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Angiogenic Factor ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Risk Of Disease

Abstract Abstract 4396 Introduction The association between angiogenesis and cancer progression in solid tumors has been documented, but its significance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not been completely evaluated. Vascular endothelial growth factor /VEGF/ is the major pro-angiogenic factor in humans and his transduction pathway may be very active in CLL cells contributes to their enhanced survival. In this context VEGF can be additional tool for predicting the clinical course in early CLL. Patients and Methods To predict the risk of disease progression, we analyzed serum levels VEGF (sVEGF) using ELISA tehnique in 33 Binet stage A de novo CLL patients. In addition, We analyzed microvessel density (MVD) of the same patients using immunohistochemical staining with CD34 and vWf. Finally, we explored wheather changes of circulating VEGF concentrations and MVD reflected clinico-biological features of CLL (peripheral blood lymphocytosis (PBL), bone marrow (BM) histology, beta-2 microglobulin (β2m) level, lactat dehidrogenase (LDH) level) and kariotype abnormalities. Results The VEGF serum levels (sVEGF) was not significantly elevated (p=0.31) in CLL patients (mean: 70.9 pg/mL; range: 16–483) compared with and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (mean: 44.7 pg/mL; range: 22–69.2). sVEGF level positively correlated with elevated LDH level (p=0.008), but no correlation with other clinico-biological features was found. Bone marrow MVD was significantly higher (p<0.0001) in CLL patients (mean: 35.91 vessels/field ± 15.71) compared to controls (mean:8.27 vessels/field ±6.19). Also, there was a significant difference between MVD counts according to the antibody used. MVD was higher using CD34 vs vWF (CD34, 35.91 vessels/field ±15.7, vs vWF, 8.15 vessels/field ±4.65, p<0.0001). Bone marrow MVD detected by CD34 was significantlyhigher in patinents with CD38 expression more than 30% (p=0.006). However, no significant MVD differences were detected between CLL subgroups with regard to clinical course, pattern of marrow infiltration, Rai stage and FISH abnormalities. In univariate analysis sVEGF (p=0.018), Rai substages (p=0.027), PBL (p=0,030), β2m level (p=0.008) and diffuse bone marrow infiltration (p=0.006) were significantly associated with increased risk of disease progression. But, in multivariate analysis only sVEGF (p=0.002) and β2m level (p=0.008) retained their prognostic significance. Conclusions Serum VEGF level although not increased in comparasion with healthy controls, may improve the assessment of individual prognosis of patients with early CLL. Assessment of real clinical significance of bone marrow angiogenesis in CLL is required. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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