Foetal wastage in food animals slaughtered at Nsukka Municipal abattoir, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
F. O. Abonyi ◽  
O. E. Ikejiofor ◽  
K. I. Idika
Keyword(s):  
Visual Observation ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
The Law

This study was conducted to evaluate foetal/pregnancy losses following slaughtering of food animals at Nsukka Municipal Abattoir Enugu State, Nigeria over a period of three months (April to June). The pregnancy status of each animal was determined tentatively by visual observation and by palpation of the exposed uterus after slaughtering. Attempts were made to recover embryos from dams with structures suggestive of pregnancy by flushing. Foetuses were recovered from slaughtered cattle, goats and pigs. The ages of recovered foetuses were determined and grouped according to the stage of gestation. A total of 2711 animals were slaughtered within the study period which comprised 1303 (48.06%) cattle, 756 (27.89%) pigs and 652 (24.05%) goats. The percentages of female animals slaughtered were 19.41, 49.74 and 91.26 for cattle, pigs and goals, respectively. Of these figures, 7.43%, 8.78% and 40.34% of cows, sows and does were pregnant, respectively. Similarly of the 78 uteri flushed, 4, 10 and 7 embryos were recovered from cattle, pigs and goats. The slaughtering of these pregnant animals resulted in loss of 605 foetuses; 417 goats, 174 pigs and 14 cattle, respectively. This amounts to possible economic losses of N5, 946,000.00 or $37,396.23. Reasons advanced for slaughtering of these pregnant animals included financial needs, scarcity and or high cost of feed and ignorance of the physiological status of the animals. It was concluded from the study that to reduce foetal losses in Nsukka area, educating the farmers, provision of portable pregnancy diagnostic facilities and enforcing the law prohibiting slaughtering of pregnant animals are vital.

Distinguishing between property damage and pure economic loss in negligence: a personality thesis

Legal Studies ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Witting
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The Self ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Pure Economic Loss ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Law

The law of negligence favours redress for damage to property interests over redress for damage to mere economic interests. The question arises whether this preference can be justified. In endeavouring to answer it, the author surveys existing reasons given by courts and commentators for maintaining a distinction between property and economic interests. Each of these reasons, which collectively focus upon the ‘problematic’ nature of economic losses, is found to be either ad hoe in nature or without substantial explanatory power. However, it is submitted that the distinction is explicable on the basis that, whereas an individual's personality is partly constituted by the property that he or she owns, so that property can be seen as essential to the ways in which individuals constitute and define themselves, no such claim can be made with respect to mere abstract holdings of wealth. Although wealth permits the acquisition of property and participation in activities and experiences which might help to constitute and define the self in the future, the very fact that wealth has not been transposed into these things precludes it from being considered as important as actual holdings of property. The protection of property interests ought, therefore, to precede the protection of mere economic interests.

66 Blood MicroRNAomes Revealed Signatures of Lameness Phenotypes in Feedlot Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
Wentao Li ◽  
Eóin O’Hara ◽  
Hui-Zeng Sun ◽  
Karen S Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
Leluo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Lameness is a significant health issue in Canadian feedlots resulting in substantial economic losses. However, the high frequency of misdiagnosis of lameness using traditional methods leads to ineffective treatment, suggesting a new diagnostic method is needed. Growing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as biomarkers for identifying the animals’ physiological status and the diagnosis of certain diseases, but this approach has not been utilized in beef cattle. The objective of this study was to compare blood miRNA profiles between lame and healthy cattle to investigate the relationship between miRNA expression patterns and specific lameness phenotypes. Blood samples were collected from 156 feedlot cattle at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after being diagnosed with either digital dermatitis (DD; n=62), toe tip necrosis syndrome (TTNS; n = 40), or footrot (FR; n = 40) and healthy controls (HC; n = 12) for miRNA libraries construction and sequencing. A total of 314 expressed miRNAs were identified in 89 blood samples collected at week 0 across all groups, with TTN having the largest number of expressed miRNAs (291, P < 0.01) compared to all other groups (HC=276, DD=281, FR=278). Although miRNA profiles did not differ among the lameness types, type-specific miRNAs were identified; 6 in DD, 10 in TTN, 5 in FR and 7 in HC cattle. In addition, 3, 6 and 7 DE miRNAs were detected in DD, TTNS and FR when compared with HC cattle. Most of the DE and group-specific miRNAs are related to inflammation and skin diseases. The DE miRNAs were different between week 0 and all other weeks, indicating miRNA profiles may differ over time and with disease progression and recovery. These findings provide an initial understanding of the relationship between the cattle blood miRNAome and lameness and suggest that miRNA expression holds promise in the discovery of novel biomarkers for identifying lameness.

Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Okechukwu Njoga ◽  
Joseph I. Onunkwo ◽  
Chinwe E. Okoli ◽  
Wilfred I. Ugwuoke ◽  
John A. Nwanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Residues ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Food Animals

scholarly journals Slaughter Conditions and Slaughtering of Pregnant Cows in Southeast Nigeria: Implications to Meat Quality, Food Safety and Security

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Ugochinyere J. Njoga ◽  
Emmanuel O. Njoga ◽  
Obichukwu C. Nwobi ◽  
Festus O. Abonyi ◽  
Henry O. Edeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Quality Food ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Zoonotic Disease Transmission

The increase in the slaughter of pregnant cows (SPCs) for meat (except as may be approved by veterinarians on health grounds to salvage the animal) is unethical. SPCs for meat is also counterproductive, detrimental to food security, and may enhance zoonotic disease transmission. In this context, therefore, this current study examined slaughter conditions and the slaughtering of pregnant cows, and the implications for meat quality, food safety, and food security in Southeast Nigeria. The direct observational method was employed to examine the slaughterhouse activities, from when the cattle arrived at the lairage to the post-slaughter stage. A pre-tested and validated closed-ended-questionnaire was used to elicit information on causes of the SPCs and the method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses. Pregnancy status of cows slaughtered was determined by palpation followed by visual examination of the eviscerated and longitudinal incised uteri. The study lasted for six months during which 851 cows out of 1931 slaughtered cattle were surveyed. Assessment/decision-making protocol of slaughterhouse conditions, welfare conditions of slaughter-cattle, reasons for sale or slaughter of pregnant cows, distribution of pregnant cows slaughtered, method of disposal of eviscerated foetuses, and estimated economic losses of SPCs were delineated. Of the 851 cows examined, 17.4% (148/851) were pregnant while 43.2% (64/148) of the total foetuses recovered were in their third trimester. Major reasons adduced for SPCs by proportion of involved respondents were: ignorance of the animals’ pregnancy status (69.7%, 83/119), high demand for beef (61.3%, 73/119), preference for large-sized cattle (47.9%, 57/119), economic hardship (52.1%, 62/119) and diseases conditions (42.9%. 51/119). The conduct of SPCs for meat would not be profitable. This is because within six months, an estimated loss of about 44,000 kg of beef, equivalent to ₦ 70.1 million or $186,400 would be associated with SPCs and the consequential foetal wastages. If losses were to be replicated nationwide across slaughterhouses, 4.3 tons of beef estimated at ₦ 8.6 billion or $23 million would be wasted. Improving slaughter conditions and the welfare of slaughter-cattle in Nigerian slaughterhouses through advocacy, training of slaughterhouse workers, and strict implementation of laws promoting humane slaughter practices is imperative. Preventing SPCs for meat and inhumane slaughter practices at the slaughterhouse would enhance the welfare needs of slaughter cattle, grow the national herd size, and improve meat safety as well as food security.

scholarly journals 215 Influence of BVDV exposure on AI conception and breeding season pregnancy success in beef herds

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 123-124
Author(s):  
Kaitlin M Epperson ◽  
Jerica J J Rich ◽  
Saulo Menegatti Zoca ◽  
Stephanie D Perkins ◽  
Emmalee J Northrop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Embryonic Loss ◽  
Beef Herds ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Abstract Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) causes reproductive and economic losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of BVDV exposure on reproductive success (AI and breeding season conceptions). Well vaccinated cows (n = 367) and heifers (n = 540) from 9 different herds were synchronized using the 7-d CO Synch + CIDR protocol and were fixed-time AI (FTAI). On d 28 following insemination, blood samples were collected, and pregnancy status was determined by transrectal ultrasonography and the IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test. Non-pregnant animals were resynchronized and FTAI a second time. In six herds bulls were comingled with females beginning 10-15 d after the second AI. Final pregnancy status was determined 33–80 d following the first pregnancy diagnosis. Blood samples were tested for the presence of BVDV antigen using the IDEXX BVDV PI X2 Kit. Positive samples were indicative of animals with an active infection. Herds were determined as having BVDV exposure by the presence of at least one animal having a positive test for active antigen (n = 4 exposed herds, n = 5 non-exposed herds). Statistical analyses were performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Herds that had BVDV exposure during the breeding season had significantly decreased (P < 0.01) first service AI conception rates compared to herds that had no exposure (34 ± 2.3% vs. 54 ± 2.3%). Additionally, breeding season pregnancy rates were decreased (P < 0.01) in herds that had BVDV exposure compared to non-exposed herds (69 ± 3.4% vs. 80 ± 3.6%). There was no significant effect of BVDV exposure on embryonic loss (P = 0.42) or percentage of animals which lost a pregnancy and rebred by the end of the breeding season (P = 0.63). In conclusion, BVDV exposure in well vaccinated herds still had a negative effect on both first service AI conception rate and overall breeding season pregnancy success.

scholarly journals Liability for Negligently Performed Financial Services: An Economic Theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
James D Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Financial Service ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Law

The law governing the recovery of negligently inflicted pure economic losses is complex and confusing. This article focuses on pure economic losses caused by negligently performed financial services, and considers whether a "law and economics" approach provides a superior framework for analysing the desirability of imposing negligence liability than that provided by traditional legal analysis. The article first discusses the law regarding negligently performed financial services and critiques the legal reasoning used to justify restricted liability. The author then introduces the law and economics approach to negligence liability. The special considerations which apply when a loss is purely economic and caused by a carelessly performed financial service are then analysed. Finally, a rule of discovery based on the economic analysis is presented, and its application is discussed with respect to some of the leading cases. The author concludes that the economic approach provides a powerful set of tools capable of explaining the major decisions in this area in terms of economic efficiency and wealth maximisation. It provides a clearer understanding of the factors that determine what the appropriate restrictions are, and is thus more convincing for determining liability than traditional legal analysis. 

scholarly journals TRANSPLANTASI HUKUM MODERN TERHADAP BUDAYA HUKUM KOMUNITAS PENGRAJIN DALAM MELINDUNGI DESAIN TRADISIONAL KERAJINAN PERAK CELUK DI KABUPATEN GIANYAR BALI

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Simona Bustani
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Currently, traditional design violations often occur that impact on economic losses. This remained the case even though Indonesia has a law design. One problem is the lack of effective implementation of the law in protecting traditional designs Celuk Silver. Therefore, how the impact of the law against legal culture transplant community craftsmen silver in Celuk Gianyar Bali in protecting traditional design in the era of globalization? How efforts to improve the legal culture community silversmith in Celuk Gianyar Bali in protecting traditional design motif in the era of globalization? For that type of normative legal research used socio-legal approach, the nature of descriptive research. Analyzed qualitatively. Law transplanted modern laws that have an impact on culture clash the laws of society that is sketched on the level of public knowledge silversmith about a law design only 20 %, while the related understanding silversmith about the content of the regulation 10%, while revenues silversmith against a law design only 8 %, and community artisans who did not know about a law design is 45 %, the remaining 17 % abstained. Therefore, efforts need to be done is to from a team to the youth Bali socializing, exploring, involving institutional organizations associated Balinese silversmiths in Bali to collect data and to receive input on drafting regulations that support protection of traditional craft design motif. However, the role of local government and communities had not been sufficient to achieve maximum results. Therefore, maximum effort is needed in doing the role of the central government in providing facilities and infrastructure for data collection by involving community organizations and local government silversmith preparing the legislation relating to the protection of traditional design motif silver Celuk Bali representing regional assets.

scholarly journals Physiological status of high and low metabolism Hevea clones in the difference stage of tapping panel dryness

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
RADITE TISTAMA ◽  
PUTRI ARISMA SIREGAR MAWADDAH ◽  
LUBIS ADE-FIPRIANI ◽  
JUNAIDI JUNAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Bark Tissue ◽  
Inorganic Content ◽  
Thiol Content ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tapping Panel Dryness ◽  
Physiological Characters

Tistama R, Mawaddah PAS, Ade-Fipriani L, Junaidi. 2019. Physiological status of high and low metabolism Hevea clones in the difference stage of tapping panel dryness. Biodiversitas 20: 267-273. Tapping panel dryness (TPD) caused productivity of rubber trees drop sharply. However, the increase of TPD stage has not been completely elucidated, especially in physiological aspects. TPD incident was higher occurred in high metabolism than low metabolism clones. The incident has been classified based on visual observation. This research aimed to explore the physiological characters to identifying the physiological changes of each TPD stage in the two metabolism types of rubber clones, IRR 42 (low metabolism) and IRR 118 (high metabolism). The physiological parameters such as thiol, Pi content and peroxidase activity were specifically in each clone and the tissue types (bark or laticifer). The physiological pattern of IRR 42 was a difference with that of IRR 118 for the increase of the TPD stages. Phosphate inorganic content in the latex and bark were a decline in the TPD affected trees, whereas the sucrose content was relatively constant. The pattern of changes of thiol content in IRR 42 was reverse with IRR 118, both in the latex or bark tissue. Peroxidases activity in the latex and bark negatively correlated with the TPD stage. The decline of Pi and peroxidase activity can be used to identify the TPD incident in rubber trees.

scholarly journals La posible falta de diligencia de la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores y/o Banco de España en relacióncon los instrumentos de capital híbridos (participaciones preferentes)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca González Morajudo
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The State ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Subordinated Debt ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Financial Oversight

El presente ensayo no tiene otro objetivo que analizar la posible responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado, proclamada constitucionalmente en el artículo 106.2 de la Constitución y desarrollada en los arts. 139 y siguientes de la Ley 30/1992, de 26 de noviembre y en el Real Decreto 429/1993, de 26 de marzo, en relación con el que se considera funcionamiento deficiente de la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores y/o Banco de España en el ejercicio de sus funciones, concretamente, en lo concerniente a su obligada supervisión financiera de las entidades bancarias y en particular respecto de aquéllas que, en los últimos años, comercializaron participaciones preferentes y/o obligaciones subordinadas entre clientes minoristas. De tal modo se pretende la exposición del problema acaecido en relación con la venta indiscriminada de los productos bancarios aludidos y que desembocaron en evidentes pérdidas económicas al cerrarse el mercado secundario, así como la evidente presencia de un nexo causal entre la omisión y dejación de funciones de protección de los inversionistas o inversores que la ley señala a los órganos aludidos y los perjuicios aludidos.This essay has no other purpose than to analyze the possible liability of the State, artículo 106.2 constitutionally proclaimed in the Constitution and developed in the arts. 139 and following of the Law 30/1992, of November 26 and Royal Decree 429/1993, of March 26, in connection with which it is considered poor functioning of the National Stock Exchange and / or bank Spain in the exercise of its functions, specifically in regard to their required financial oversight of banks and in particular for those who, in recent years, traded preferred securities and / or subordinated debt from retail customers. Thus exposure is to the problem that occurred in relation to the indiscriminate sale of banking products alluded to and that led to obvious economic losses to close the secondary market, and the obvious presence of a causal link between the failure and dereliction of duties protection of investors or investors who draws law alluded organs and damages mentioned.

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