scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of the nutrient content of Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera diets.

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
A. N. Fajemisin
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Gross Energy

The ruminants in the tropics are slow growing, arising from low quality feed. The use of indigenous legume trees and Guinea grass is a good strategy for an improved livestock performance. The study determined the chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors and in vitro gas production characteristics of Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera mixed diets. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Moringa oleifera at ratio 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in diets A, B, C, D and E respectively and they were incubated for 48 hr using in vitro gas production technique. The proximate composition, fibre franction, anti-nutrient, mineral contents and in vitro characteristics of the P.maximun M.oleifera mixed diets were determined and all data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance and where there were significant (P<0.05) differences, means were compared using Duncan multiple range F-test. The results revealed that the observed values were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets with the exception of dry matter and gross energy. Dry matter values (87.00-89.72g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets, while protein content (9.26-26.68g/100g) increased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets. It implied that the diets could be good sources of protein and energy that would meet the requirement of small ruminants for growth and production. Neutral detergent fibre and Acid detergent lignin values decreased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets. However, the values of acid detergent fibre, hemicelluloses and cellulose ranged from 20.13 to 43.44g/100g, 6.88 to 14.45g/100g and 14.65 - 31.48g/100g respectively. Anti nutrient values were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the treatment. Tannin concentrations in these diets were below the 6.00g/100g toxic level for small ruminants. The concentrations (g/100g) of Ca (0.12.-2.74), P (0.05 – 0.12), K (0.17 -2.78). Na (0.07 - 0.27), Fe (0.07 -0.17) and Zn (0.04 -0.16 ) varied significantly (p<0.05), the observed values were higher in diet E that contained 100% Moringa oleifera leaves than other diets. The high contents of these minerals in Moringa oleifera indicated that the requirements of sheep and goats for these minerals could be met if the plant is fed with grass ad libitum. There were significant (p<0.05) differences among the treatment means of metabolizable energy (ME 3.44-5,58 MJ/kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD 30.96-43.65 g/100g), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.05 -0.26 µmol) and methane (2.00 - 6.00 ml). Total gas and methane production increased with incubation period and the highest values of OMD was observed in the 48th hour of incubation. It can be concluded that with the enhanced values of crude protein, gross energy, metabolizable energy, short chain fatty acids and low methane production, the Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera diets have potential that would meet the nutrient requirements of small ruminants in the tropical regions particularly during the dry season.

In Vitro gas production assessement of Panicum maximum incubated with Leucaena leucocephala at varying proportions to predict the nutritional value for ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
O. O. Falola ◽  
O. O. Olufayo
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Tropics

The inclusion of multipurpose trees with grass such as Panicum maximum in the diet of ruminants may enhance productivity. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, in vitro gas production characteristics and parameters of Leucaena leucocephala and Panicum maximum at varying proportions. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Leucaena leucocephala at different ratio: T1 (100% Panicum maximum), T2 (100% Leuceana leucocephala), T3 (50% P. maximum + 50% L. leucocephala), T4 (75% P. maximum + 25% L .leucocephala) and T5 (25% P. maximum + 75% L. leucocephala). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Values obtained for dry matter (34.43 –35.95g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Leuceana leucocephala in the diets. The crude fiber values (14.33 – 30.75g/100g) also followed the same trend while crude protein (CP) content (10.70 – 26.78g/100g) increased the inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the treatment means of organic matter digestibility (OMD 31.93 – 37.07%), Metabolisable energy (ME 3.62 – 4.33 MJ/kgDM), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.04 – 0.16mL) and methane (ME 1.00 – 2.50 mL).The values (2.00 – 4.67 ml/200mgDM) obtained for immediate soluble 'a' was significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The extent of gas production (a+b) ranged from 2.00 – 4.67 mL/200mgDM, T1 (100% Panicum maximum) recorded the lowest while highest was observed in T2 (100% Leucaena leucocephala). The insoluble but degradable fraction 'b'ranged from 2.67 – 5.67ml/200mgDM, while the rate of gas production 'c' ranged from 0.04 – 0.14ml/hr. In conclusion, the enhanced values of crude protein, OMD, SCFA, and ME in the Panicum maximum and Leucaena leucocephala mixture indicate that the diets is able to meet the nutrients requirements of small ruminants in the tropics especially during the dry season.

scholarly journals Nutritional contents of processed Delonix regia seeds incubated in vitro with Pennisetum purpureum

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
O. O. Olufayo ◽  
O. O. Falola
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Delonix Regia ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

The effect of processing on proximate, mineral, anti-nutritional compositions, gasproduction characteristics, methane production, predicted metabolizable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids production of Delonix regia seeds incubated with Pennisetum purpureum were determined. Five treatments (T1: mixture of soaked Delonix regia seed and Pennisetum purpureum; T2: mixture of raw Delonix regia seed and Pennisetum purpureum; T3: mixture of roasted Delonix regia seed and Pennisetum purpureum; T4: mixture of boiled Delonix regia seed and Pennisetum purpureum and T5:100% Pennisetum purpureum which serves as control) were designed. In vitro gas production techniques for 24 hours were used to determine the nutritive value of processed 50% Delonix regia seed and 50% Pennisetum purpureum. The crude protein ranged from 13.38 to 15.71g/100g DM among the treatments while crude fibre was between 20.10 and 21.40g/100g DM, ether extract ranged from 1.90 to 3.12g/100g DM and ash 7.77 to 12.34g/100g DM. Calcium ranged from (2.34 - 3.61%), magnesium ranged (2.90 – 3.48%), sodium (2.05 – 2.91%) and phosphorus (0.88 – 1.12%). It was observed generally that T2 recorded the highest among the treatments while the values obtained for the heat treated seeds were lower than the raw. Oxalates ranged between (0.23% - 0.32%), phytates (0.29 – 0.43%), tannin (0.03 – 0.08%) and saponnin (0.36 – 0.49%). Methane (ml/200mg DM) production indicated T3 (50% roasted Delonix regia seed and 50% Pennisetum purpureum) was highest. The potential gas production 'a+b' ranged from 12.33 to 28.33mL/200mg DM). The highest potential gas production 'a+b' value of 28.33mL/200mg DM was obtained in T1 compared to other dietary treatment. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) ranged between 70.23 – 91.02% while the rate of fermentation was between 0.51 and 1.18ml/hr. The rate of fermentation was directly proportional to dry matter digestibility (DMD); the soaked recorded the highest value. Processing enhanced the nutritional contents of Delonix regia seeds. The result obtained showed that there were significant differences (p<0.05) among the treatments. In conclusion, soaking the seeds of Delonix regia had beter nutritional contents and has the potential for dry season feeding.  

scholarly journals Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf on the efficiency to increase protein supply to ruminants

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
RA Karim ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
M Moniruzzaman ◽  
MB Sarker ◽  
AKMA Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
External Control ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ruminant Animals

Moringa oleifera leaf was investigated for nutritional quality, presence of tannins and its activity using polyethyelene glycol (PEG) and in vitro study of protein degradation in the rumen. The antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), Monensin was used as an external control to compare with the degradation of Moringa leaves. The different forms of tannin content in Moringa leaves were very negligible. Total phenol, total tannin, condensed tannin and hydrolysable tannin contents of Moringa leaves were 3.92±0.42, 1.19±0.14, 0.57±0.06 and 0.07±0.02 mg/g, respectively. The in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD%) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of Moringa leaves were 54.39 ml, 77.44% and 11.14 MJ/kgDM, respectively. There were no significant differences in gas production, in vitro OMD% and ME content in the presence of tannin binding agent PEG. These results indicated that the different forms of tannin present in Moringa leaves are not active tannins, therefore, feeding Moringa leaves are safe for the ruminant animals. The kinetic study of in vitro gas production with Moringa leaves and Monensin showed almost similar results and there was no significant difference among them but higher values were found in the control indicated that Moringa leaves have the ability to inhibit the breakdown of protein in the rumen as of Monensin. On the contrary, soluble protein concentration was increased 182% with the addition of Moringa leaves compared to control and the values were almost close (213%) with Monensin during the 12h incubation period. The pellet protein concentration was also increased (119%) with Moringa leaves and Monensin (115%) compared to control although there was no significant difference between them. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present findings that feeding Moringa leaves appeared to be an alternative source of protein and are safe for ruminant animals. Moringa leaves have been shown to alter favorably ruminal protein fermentation characteristics thus spare protein by a decreased breakdown/deamination of protein/amino acids that functions as of Monensin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v44i1.23142              Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 44 (1): 46-51

scholarly journals Chemical composition, secondary metabolites, in vitro gas production characteristics and acceptability study of some forage for ruminant feeding in South-Western Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
K. O. Yusuf ◽  
O. A. Isah ◽  
O. M. Arigbede ◽  
A. O. Oni ◽  
C. F. I. Onwuka
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Tridax Procumbens

Studies were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of eight selected forages (Tridax procumbens, Merremia aegyptia, Aspilia africana, Tithonia diversifolia, Alchornea cordifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Synedrella nodiflora, and Newbouldia laevis) consumed by ruminants in South-Western Nigeria. Chemical composition and qualitative analysis of saponins, phenol and steroids of the plants were determined. In vitro gas production (IVGP) was carried out for 72 hours on the plants. Metabolizable energy (ME), Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were predicted and methane (CH4) was measured. Five of the plants were subjected to acceptability study using cafeteria method. The result of the chemical composition revealed that M. aegyptia had the highest value of CP (22.09 %) while Tridax procumbens had the lowest (10.50 %). A. africana had the highest content of Calcium, Phosphorus and Zinc with values of 3.10 %, 0.93 % and 39 ppm respectively. The analysis of secondary metabolites showed that A. africana, T. diversifolia and S. nodiflora were high in saponin while A. cordifolia, A. laxiflora, T. diversifolia and A. africana were implicated for condensed Tannin. N. laevis recorded a high level of steroids. Results showed significant variations in the values of IVGP, ME, OMD, SCFA and CH4 obtained for the plants. The order of preference of the plants by the calves were M. aegyptia>A. cordifolia > N. laevis > A. axiflora> T. diversifolia. The study revealed that the forages are rich in crude protein as well as micro and macro minerals. They are also rich in highly fermentable carbohydrates which affirm them as ruminant feed resource.

scholarly journals In vitro gas production and dry matter degradability of cassava top and maize stover mixture ensiled with Albizia saman pods

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
L. O. Saliu ◽  
T. O. Ososanya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Albizia Saman ◽  
Gas Volume

In vitro gas production is an indication of microbial degradability of feed samples. Thus varying levels of mixture of cassava top (CT) and maize stover (MS) ensiled with Albizia saman pods (ASP) were examined. The feedstuff were dried and milled for gas determination in a completely randomized design. Samples were incubated using in vitro gas production technique. Gas production was measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 h post incubation to estimate total gas volume (TGV), methane (CH4), metabolisable energy (ME; MJ/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD; %) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA; ìmol/200 mg DM). dry matter (DM, %) increased significantly (p<0.05) as inclusion of Albizia saman pods increases across the treatments. The crude protein (CP, %) contents were similar across the treatments. The total gas volume (TGV mL) produced by the diets were similar across the treatments. The values ranged from 4.81 to 5.26 for ME, 35.16 to 36.32 for OMD, 0.13 to 0.21 for SCFA and 5.33 to 7.33 for CH4 production with no significant difference. The result showed that in vitro fermentation of the mixture of cassava top and maize stover ensiled with Albizia saman pods at 0:40:60% increased the dry matter degradability by 15%, enhanced metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acids.

scholarly journals Potentials of Ensiled Panicum Maximum with Different Crop Residues as Ruminant Feed During Dry Season

2019 ◽  
pp. 423-437
Author(s):  
Binuomote R. T. ◽  
Adeyi T. K. ◽  
Ojoawo O. T.
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Guinea Grass

The experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of ensiled guinea grass with different additives using in-vitro gas production method. The silage were in 5 treatments T1: 90% of guinea grass + 10% yellow maize residue, T2: 90% of guinea grass + 10% white maize residue, T3: 90% of guinea grass + 10% guinea corn residue, T4: 90% of guinea grass + 10% soy bean residue, T5: 100% of guinea grass.. The silage quality, physical properties, chemical composition, the in vitro gas production after 24hours of incubation were investigated. Methane (CH4) gas produced was measured. Metabolizable energy (ME), Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were estimated from the in vitro gas production parameters. The colour of the silage varied among the silage treatments and were closer to the colours of the fresh forage. All the silage had pleasant smell and the temperature had no significant difference among the silage treatments. The pH ranged from 4.23 � 5.60 which has significant difference among the silage treatments. The chemical composition of the silage were as follows: Dry matter (DM) 23.73 to 29.50%, Crude protein (CP), 6.93 to 11.05%; Crude fibre (CF), 27.84 to 31.20%; and ash, 15.01 to 17.50%. Hemicellulose ranges from 23.29 to 26.05%, Cellulose ranges from 21.07 to 30.50%. The mineral composition value of the ensiled ranges are as follow: CA, 0.19 to 0.23%; P, 0.17 to 0.19%; NA, 0.08 to 0.11%; k, 0.34 to 0.45%; MG, 0,10 to 0.13%. Potential gas production varied from 13.00 ml/200mg DM to 18.67 ml/200mg DM. The high (P<0.05) potential gas value of 18.67 ml/200mg DM was obtained for silage T4. The highest value of ME (5.41MJ/kg DM); OMD (46.10%) and SCFA (0.51-mol) were obtained in silage T3 which contain 90% guinea grass with 10%guineacorn residue. Result indicates that silage from 90% guinea grass with 10% white maize residue have the best nutritive value.

scholarly journals Preserving Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1957
Author(s):  
Margarita Novoa-Garrido ◽  
Carlos Navarro Marcos ◽  
María Dolores Carro Travieso ◽  
Eduarda Molina Alcaide ◽  
Mogens Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Saccharina Latissima ◽  
Porphyra Umbilicalis ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Kinetics Of

The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.

Condensed tannins extracted from Quebracho affect the fermentation profile, nutritional quality and in vitro gas production of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
D. T. Q. Carvalho ◽  
A. R. F. Lucena ◽  
T. V. C. Nascimento ◽  
L. M. L. Moura ◽  
P. D. R. Marcelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Profile

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, in vitro gas production and nutritional quality of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages containing levels of condensed tannin (CT; 0, 4, 8 and 12% on dry matter (DM) basis), at five opening times (0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). A completely randomized design in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement was adopted, with four replications, totalling 80 experimental silos. The pH and NH3-N analyses were performed at all opening times of the silos. The other analyses were performed only with silages opened at 56 days of storage. There was an interaction effect between CT levels and silo opening times for pH and NH3-N. Tannin levels in pornunça silages after 56 days ensiling increased the pH and DM and reduced crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). There was a quadratic effect for NH3-N, acetic acid, butyric acid, gas losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), hemicellulose and acid detergent fibre. Inclusion of 4 and 8% CT in pornunça silage promotes a rapid decline in pH, being within the acceptable limit for adequate fermentation at 3 days of ensiling. Silages with 4% CT establish the pH at 28 days of opening the silos, with reduced NH3-N. Silages with 4% CT present higher concentrations of acetic and butyric acids and greater DMR. Inclusion of CT in pornunça silage after 56 days ensiling increases DM and reduces CP and NDF, directly affecting the in vitro degradability and reducing gas production.

Diet effects on methane production by goats and a comparison between measurement methodologies

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BHATTA ◽  
O. ENISHI ◽  
N. TAKUSARI ◽  
K. HIGUCHI ◽  
I. NONAKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Nutritive Composition

SUMMARYA series of studies were carried out to measure the methane (CH4) production by Japanese goats fed 19 different diets (D1–D19) varying in nutritive composition in the open circuit respiration chamber (RC) and to compare them with CH4 estimated by the in vitro gas production test (IVGPT). Adult Japanese goats (>2 years old) with a mean body weight of 26±5·4 kg were used in these experiments. Each diet was fed to four randomly selected goats and feeding was carried out at 1·1 maintenance (M) as per National Research Council (NRC) (1981) for goats. Average CH4 emission by goats in the RC ranged from 0·23 to 0·39 (mean value 31 ml/g dry matter intake (DMI)); when it was expressed as a proportion of gross energy or, with methane conversion rate (MCR), it ranged from 5·0 to 8·2, with an average of 6·6. Incorporation of by-products like sweet potato vine silage (SPVS) (P=0·016), dried pumpkin (P=0·052) and brewers' grain in the diet suppressed (P<0·01) methanogenesis in goats, when compared with that of standard farm diet (D1). The CH4 output measured in the RC was very close to that estimated from the gas collected after 24 h and higher after 48 h of in vitro incubation. Although composition of the diets' acid detergent fibre (ADF) had a significant effect on methane emission, methane output estimated by IVGPT was very close to that measured in the RC demonstrating that this system could be used to estimate the CH4 production potential from diets in preparing a database and also in the planning of mitigation strategies in small ruminants to improve their performance as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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