Diet effects on methane production by goats and a comparison between measurement methodologies

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BHATTA ◽  
O. ENISHI ◽  
N. TAKUSARI ◽  
K. HIGUCHI ◽  
I. NONAKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Nutritive Composition

SUMMARYA series of studies were carried out to measure the methane (CH4) production by Japanese goats fed 19 different diets (D1–D19) varying in nutritive composition in the open circuit respiration chamber (RC) and to compare them with CH4 estimated by the in vitro gas production test (IVGPT). Adult Japanese goats (>2 years old) with a mean body weight of 26±5·4 kg were used in these experiments. Each diet was fed to four randomly selected goats and feeding was carried out at 1·1 maintenance (M) as per National Research Council (NRC) (1981) for goats. Average CH4 emission by goats in the RC ranged from 0·23 to 0·39 (mean value 31 ml/g dry matter intake (DMI)); when it was expressed as a proportion of gross energy or, with methane conversion rate (MCR), it ranged from 5·0 to 8·2, with an average of 6·6. Incorporation of by-products like sweet potato vine silage (SPVS) (P=0·016), dried pumpkin (P=0·052) and brewers' grain in the diet suppressed (P<0·01) methanogenesis in goats, when compared with that of standard farm diet (D1). The CH4 output measured in the RC was very close to that estimated from the gas collected after 24 h and higher after 48 h of in vitro incubation. Although composition of the diets' acid detergent fibre (ADF) had a significant effect on methane emission, methane output estimated by IVGPT was very close to that measured in the RC demonstrating that this system could be used to estimate the CH4 production potential from diets in preparing a database and also in the planning of mitigation strategies in small ruminants to improve their performance as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of the nutrient content of Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera diets.

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208
Author(s):  
A. N. Fajemisin
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Gross Energy

The ruminants in the tropics are slow growing, arising from low quality feed. The use of indigenous legume trees and Guinea grass is a good strategy for an improved livestock performance. The study determined the chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors and in vitro gas production characteristics of Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera mixed diets. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Moringa oleifera at ratio 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in diets A, B, C, D and E respectively and they were incubated for 48 hr using in vitro gas production technique. The proximate composition, fibre franction, anti-nutrient, mineral contents and in vitro characteristics of the P.maximun M.oleifera mixed diets were determined and all data collected were subjected to one way analysis of variance and where there were significant (P<0.05) differences, means were compared using Duncan multiple range F-test. The results revealed that the observed values were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets with the exception of dry matter and gross energy. Dry matter values (87.00-89.72g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets, while protein content (9.26-26.68g/100g) increased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets. It implied that the diets could be good sources of protein and energy that would meet the requirement of small ruminants for growth and production. Neutral detergent fibre and Acid detergent lignin values decreased with the increased inclusion of Moringa oleifera in the diets. However, the values of acid detergent fibre, hemicelluloses and cellulose ranged from 20.13 to 43.44g/100g, 6.88 to 14.45g/100g and 14.65 - 31.48g/100g respectively. Anti nutrient values were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the treatment. Tannin concentrations in these diets were below the 6.00g/100g toxic level for small ruminants. The concentrations (g/100g) of Ca (0.12.-2.74), P (0.05 – 0.12), K (0.17 -2.78). Na (0.07 - 0.27), Fe (0.07 -0.17) and Zn (0.04 -0.16 ) varied significantly (p<0.05), the observed values were higher in diet E that contained 100% Moringa oleifera leaves than other diets. The high contents of these minerals in Moringa oleifera indicated that the requirements of sheep and goats for these minerals could be met if the plant is fed with grass ad libitum. There were significant (p<0.05) differences among the treatment means of metabolizable energy (ME 3.44-5,58 MJ/kg DM), organic matter digestibility (OMD 30.96-43.65 g/100g), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.05 -0.26 µmol) and methane (2.00 - 6.00 ml). Total gas and methane production increased with incubation period and the highest values of OMD was observed in the 48th hour of incubation. It can be concluded that with the enhanced values of crude protein, gross energy, metabolizable energy, short chain fatty acids and low methane production, the Panicum maximum-Moringa oleifera diets have potential that would meet the nutrient requirements of small ruminants in the tropical regions particularly during the dry season.

scholarly journals Dose–Response Effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol Combined with Low- and High-Concentrate Feed Proportions in the Dairy Cow Ration on Fermentation Parameters in a Rumen Simulation Technique

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1784
Author(s):  
Matthias Schilde ◽  
Dirk von Soosten ◽  
Liane Hüther ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Dose Dependent

Methane (CH4) from ruminal feed degradation is a major pollutant from ruminant livestock, which calls for mitigation strategies. The purpose of the present 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was to investigate the dose–response relationships between four doses of the CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and potential synergistic effects with low (LC) or high (HC) concentrate feed proportions (CFP) on CH4 reduction as both mitigation approaches differ in their mode of action (direct 3-NOP vs. indirect CFP effects). Diet substrates and 3-NOP were incubated in a rumen simulation technique to measure the concentration and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), fermentation gases as well as substrate disappearance. Negative side effects on fermentation regarding total VFA and gas production as well as nutrient degradability were observed for neither CFP nor 3-NOP. CH4 production decreased from 10% up to 97% in a dose-dependent manner with increasing 3-NOP inclusion rate (dose: p < 0.001) but irrespective of CFP (CFP × dose: p = 0.094). Hydrogen gas accumulated correspondingly with increased 3-NOP dose (dose: p < 0.001). In vitro pH (p = 0.019) and redox potential (p = 0.066) varied by CFP, whereas the latter fluctuated with 3-NOP dose (p = 0.01). Acetate and iso-butyrate (mol %) decreased with 3-NOP dose, whereas iso-valerate increased (dose: p < 0.001). Propionate and valerate varied inconsistently due to 3-NOP supplementation. The feed additive 3-NOP was proven to be a dose-dependent yet effective CH4 inhibitor under conditions in vitro. The observed lack of additivity of increased CFP on the CH4 inhibition potential of 3-NOP needs to be verified in future research testing further diet types both in vitro and in vivo.

PSI-9 Digestibility and metabolizable energy content of supplemented diets based on native shrubs and buffelgrass for small ruminants in northeastern Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Víctor Manuel Perrusquía Tejeida ◽  
Nydia Corina Vásquez Aguilar ◽  
Humberto González Rodríguez ◽  
Hugo Bernal Barragán ◽  
Fernando Sánchez Dávila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Northeastern Mexico ◽  
Native Shrubs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing 10% of sorghum grain (SG), soybean meal (SBM) or dried citrus pulp (DCP) upon dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and metabolizable energy content (ME) of diets based on dried leaves of two shrub species (Acacia farnesiana and Acacia rigidula) and one grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) browsed by small ruminants. Twelve experimental diets were elaborated using three forage sources: C. ciliaris, A. farnesiana and A. rigidula and evaluated either alone (0% supplementation) or supplemented with 10% of SG (9.0% CP, 22.3% NDF), SBM (42.8% CP, 16.3% NDF) or DCP (4.9% CP, 19.1% NDF). In vitro DMD (Daisy incubator, ANKOM) at 48 h, and in vitro gas production (GP, in calibrated 100 mL glass syringes) at 24 h, were determined by incubating samples in an inoculum prepared by using rumen liquor of two rumen fistulated sheep and artificial saliva in a 1:4 ratio. OMD and ME content were calculated from the gas production, crude protein, ash, and ether extract content. Data were evaluated according to a 3 x 4 factorial experiment. There were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) forage source x supplement interaction effects. Leaves of A. farnesiana had higher (P &lt; 0.05) DMD (64%), GP (26 mL), ME (1910 kcal ME/kg DM), and OMD (53%) than other forages (mean 47% DMD, 17 mL GP, 1232 kcal ME/kg DM, and 39% DMO). Supplements increased (P &lt; 0.05) DMD (average +8%), but only DCP increased (P &lt; 0.05) the GP (+23%) of evaluated forages. Leaves of A. farnesiana had higher DMD (P &lt; 0.05; 64%). There were no effects (P &gt;0.05) of the 10% added supplements in ME content or DMO. In conclusion, leaves of A. farnesiana and DCP are valuable sources of nutrients and energy for small ruminants in northeastern Mexico.

In Vitro gas production assessement of Panicum maximum incubated with Leucaena leucocephala at varying proportions to predict the nutritional value for ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
O. O. Falola ◽  
O. O. Olufayo
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Tropics

The inclusion of multipurpose trees with grass such as Panicum maximum in the diet of ruminants may enhance productivity. Thus, the study was carried out to determine the proximate composition, in vitro gas production characteristics and parameters of Leucaena leucocephala and Panicum maximum at varying proportions. Five diets were formulated such that Panicum maximum was substituted with Leucaena leucocephala at different ratio: T1 (100% Panicum maximum), T2 (100% Leuceana leucocephala), T3 (50% P. maximum + 50% L. leucocephala), T4 (75% P. maximum + 25% L .leucocephala) and T5 (25% P. maximum + 75% L. leucocephala). Data were subjected to analysis of variance. Values obtained for dry matter (34.43 –35.95g/100g) decreased with the increased inclusion of Leuceana leucocephala in the diets. The crude fiber values (14.33 – 30.75g/100g) also followed the same trend while crude protein (CP) content (10.70 – 26.78g/100g) increased the inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in the treatment means of organic matter digestibility (OMD 31.93 – 37.07%), Metabolisable energy (ME 3.62 – 4.33 MJ/kgDM), short chain fatty acids (SCFA 0.04 – 0.16mL) and methane (ME 1.00 – 2.50 mL).The values (2.00 – 4.67 ml/200mgDM) obtained for immediate soluble 'a' was significantly (P < 0.05) different among the treatments. The extent of gas production (a+b) ranged from 2.00 – 4.67 mL/200mgDM, T1 (100% Panicum maximum) recorded the lowest while highest was observed in T2 (100% Leucaena leucocephala). The insoluble but degradable fraction 'b'ranged from 2.67 – 5.67ml/200mgDM, while the rate of gas production 'c' ranged from 0.04 – 0.14ml/hr. In conclusion, the enhanced values of crude protein, OMD, SCFA, and ME in the Panicum maximum and Leucaena leucocephala mixture indicate that the diets is able to meet the nutrients requirements of small ruminants in the tropics especially during the dry season.

Comparison of inocula from sheep and cattle for thein vitrogas production technique under tropical conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 151-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.C.S. Bueno ◽  
A.L. Abdalla ◽  
S.L.S. Cabral Filho ◽  
D.M.S.S. Vitti ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Microbial Mass

The use of small ruminants, such as sheep, in metabolism studies is more convenient as handling problems are reduced and their maintenance costs are lower, in comparison with cattle. However in vivo digestibility estimates obtained at maintenance are known to differ between these two species. With the increased use ofin vitrogas production techniques, to evaluate ruminant feedingstuffs, it is of great importance to identify whether the species from which the rumen fluid inoculum is obtained has a significant influence on the results obtained.Rumen fluid samples were obtained from a non-lactating Holstein cow (C) and six wether sheep (S) offered the same diet (80 % tropical grass and 20 % dairy concentrate) and prepared so as to have similar dry matter (DM) contents and therefore potentially the microbial mass. Nine substrates (two tropical grasses 1-2, tropical alfalfa 3, barley straw 4, and five temperate grasses 5-9) were examined.

scholarly journals The degradability characteristics of fifty-four roughages and roughage neutral-detergent fibres as described by in vitro gas production and their relationship to voluntary feed intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Blümmel ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Test ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Gas Volume

Fifty-four roughages of known voluntary dry-matter intakes (DMI; range 7·8−35·2 g/kg live weight per d) were examined in vitro in a gas production test. Samples (200 mg) of roughage and roughage neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) respectively were incubated in a mixed suspension of rumen contents for 96 h and the gas volumes recorded after 4,6,8,12,24,30,36,48,54,60 and 96 h. The kinetics of gas production were derived from the volume recordings described by the exponential equation Y=A+B(l—e-ct) where A is the intercept and ideally reflects the fermentation of the soluble and readily available fraction of the feed, B describes the fermentation of the insoluble (but with time fermentable) fraction and c the fractional rate at which B is fermented per h; A+B describes total fermentation. In vitro true dry matter (TD) and NDF degradabilities (NDF-D) after 24 h incubation were also determined. Of the variation in DMI, 75% was accounted for by the in vitro gas production parameters A, B and c in stepwise multiple regressions; 82% of the variation in DMI was explained by the parameters (ANDF+BNDF) and cNDF as obtained from the incubation of roughage NDF. The rate constants (c) were less important than parameters related to the extent of gas production, accounting for only 6·5 (whole roughage) and 4·1% (NDF) of the variation in DMI. There was no statistical advantage in the use of the exponential model describing extent and rate of fermentation over some of the simple gas volume measurements: 75% of the variation in DMI was accounted for by in vitro gas production of whole roughage after 8 h of incubation. On average gas production from NDF measured from 24–96 h accounted for 81% of the variation in DMI. A combination of gas volume measurements after a short period of incubation (4–8 h) with a concomitant determination of NDF-D after many hours (≥24 h) can render NDF preparations and long incubation times redundant. A method is suggested to obtain two results for DMI prediction in one single incubation. Of the variation in DMI 80% was accounted for by the incubation of 500 mg whole roughage when incubation was terminated after 24 h and the residual undegraded substrate quantified.

Enhancement of Maize By-Products Through Solid State Fermentation: Improved Feed Resource for Ruminant Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484
Author(s):  
O. Bamigboye Funmilayo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
By Products

In Nigeria, maize by-products are abundantly available but not in use as feedstuff in livestock production due to preponderance high fibre composition. Treatment of maize by-products to enhance its utility in ruminant production was therefore investigated in the present study. Rumen liquor, urea and both were used to treat maize cob and maize straw. Chemical composition and in-vitro gas production analysis were carried out using standard procedures. Results showed that crude protein ranged from 2.7 (corn straw) to 13.1 % (rumen liquor and urea treated corn-cob), ash: 4.5–9 % in rumen liquor and urea treated corn-cob and rumen liquor treated corn-cob respectively. Insoluble but degradable fraction (b) ranged between 5.5 ml (untreated corn straw) and 37.0 ml (corn-cob + rumen liquor + urea). The rate of potential gas production of treated and untreated maize by-products ranged from 6.0 - 39.0 ml in untreated corn straw and corn-cob + rumen liquor + urea respectively. Metabolisable energy, organic matter digestibility and short chain fatty acid ranged from; 3.2 - 8.2 MJ/kg, 22.7 - 55.7 % and 0.2744 - 0.8720 μmol respectively. In conclusion, the use of rumen liquor or/and urea to treat maize by-products improved and bettered the nutritive composition. However, the use of both rumen liquor and urea was ranked best considering the parameters examined.

scholarly journals Influence of Albizia lebbeck Saponin and Its Fractions on In Vitro Gas Production Kinetics, Rumen Methanogenesis, and Rumen Fermentation Characteristics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Sirohi ◽  
Navneet Goel ◽  
Nasib Singh
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Albizia Lebbeck ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fiber Diet

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of crude seed powder (CSP) and gross saponins extract (GSE) of seeds of Albizia lebbeck on antimicrobial activity by taking two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi) bacteria, and two fungi species (Aspergillus niger and Candida butyric) were taken at 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg levels using agar well diffusion method. Zone of inhibition was increased with increasing of concentration of CSP and saponins which indicates that Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli), Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus), and A. niger were significantly susceptible to inhibition. Another experiment was conducted to study the effect of GSE and saponins fraction A and B of A. lebbeck supplementation at 6% on DM basis on methane production and other rumen fermentation parameters using in vitro gas production test, by taking three different type diets, that is, high fiber diet (D1, 60R : 40C), medium fiber diet (D2, 50R : 50C), and low fiber diet (D3, 40R : 60C). Significant (P≤0.05) increase was seen in IVDMD, methane production; however ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased as compared to control. The methane production was reduced in a range between 12 and 49% by saponin supplemented diets except in case of GSE in D2. Sap A showed the highest methane reduction per 200 mg of truly digested substrate (TDS) than other treatment groups. Results in relation with quantification of methanogens and protozoa by qPCR indicated the decreasing trend with saponins of A. lebbek in comparison with control except total methanogen quantified using mcr-A based primer.

In vitro gas production of leaves from fodder trees and shrubs from mid-hills of Nepal using cow, sheep and goat rumen liquor

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. DEGEN ◽  
M. KAM ◽  
S. B. PANDEY ◽  
C. R. UPRETI ◽  
S. EL-MECCAWI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Fodder Trees ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Nutritional Studies

SUMMARYIn vitro gas production (GP) of substrate incubated with cow rumen liquor is commonly used to evaluate feed nutritional quality; GP is correlated with organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content. The hypothesis tested was that GP differs among liquors of ruminant species and is dependent on the natural dietary intake of the donors. Measurements were of 24 h GP of seven browse species using rumen liquor from a large (cow) and small (sheep) grazer and from a small intermediate feeder (goat). Mean GP for browse with goat liquor (7±2·4 ml per 200 mg substrate) was significantly (P=0·019) higher than that with cow liquor (5±1·9 ml), and GP with sheep liquor (6±1·1 ml) was intermediate, not significantly different from the cow liquor (P=0·197) and the goat liquor (P=0·061). There was a significant correlation in the ranking of the browses between goat and sheep (P=0·013) liquor using a Mantel test with 9999 permutations, which indicated a similar ranking of browses when using rumen liquor of either of these small ruminants. There were trends between both cow and sheep (P=0·096) and cow and goat (P=0·092) liquors. It was concluded that the dietary habits of ruminant species donors may affect in vitro nutritional studies when using rumen liquor.

Prediction of the metabolizable energy value of whole-crop wheat from laboratory-based measurements

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Adesogan ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
D.I. Givens
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractThe accuracy with which several laboratory-based measurements predict the metabolizable energy (ME) value of whole-crop wheat (WCW) was determined. Twenty-six WCW forages differing in variety (cv. Slepjner, Hussar and Cadenza), maturity at harvest (milk, cheese and dough stages) and treatment applied (urea-treated, untreated or acid-based additive treated) were harvested in 2 years and conserved anaerobically in 200·1 barrels. The forages were then scanned using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and analysed for chemical composition,in vitrorumen fluid-pepsin digestibility,in vitroneutral detergent-cellulase plus gamannase digestibility,in vitrofermentation gas production and in situ rumen degradability. ME was calculated using measured energy losses in faeces and urine and predicted energy losses as methane. The relationships between ME and the laboratory-based measurements were determined by regression. Gross energy was consistently the best predictor of ME (R2= 0.53 and 0.86 in years 1 and 2 respectively). However the autocorrelation involved, militates against the prediction of ME from gross energy. None of the chemical constituents or biological techniques gave a good, robust prediction of ME. However, an NIRS calibration developed using the WCW samples was highly correlated (R2 = 0.68) with ME. This work therefore suggests that traditional laboratory-based, food evaluation techniques are unsuitable for predicting the ME content of WCW but that NIRS holds promise.

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