scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Dolikashvili
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Corporate Funding

Tourism is a global economic, social and cultural phenomenon of the modern world. Tourism meets human needs for cultural, physical, cognitive and spiritual development. Its key objectives are determined by specific social and cultural functions. In terms of the financial backing, tourism is divided into two types: Commercial (based on personal or corporate funding); Social (based on state or charity funding). Commercial tourism is focused on making a profit by travel companies, vital to their further expansion and development. In the process of profit maximization, companies try to find the optimal ratio between costs and tourism product prices. The tourism services, they offer, are mainly focused on high and middle income individuals, who can afford to fully cover their travel expenses. Social tourism is subsidized from the opportunities allocated to meet the social needs essential to creating travel opportunities for students, young people, retirees and veterans. This category of people, as the least able-bodied segment of the population, is provided with the appropriate opportunities by the state and nongovernmental organizations, or charitable foundations. This position is reinforced by the Manila Declaration on World Tourism, which states that “social tourism is a goal that society should pursue in the interests of those citizens who are least privileged in exercising their right to leisure”. The concept and types of social tourism are different in different countries. In some countries, civil servants, the military and other categories enjoy the opportunity to travel at the expense of the budget, while in others it is subsidized, for example, by trade union funds. Companies that arrange such tours receive subsidies from the state, which allows them not to raise prices during the holidays. The paper discusses the positive experience of developed countries in implementing social tourism development programs, the classification of target population groups in social tourism, development prospects in this field of tourism and positive factors.

scholarly journals Non-medical Interventions to Reduce the Burden of Psychosocial and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scope Review

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajjad Azmand ◽  
Hassan Joulaei ◽  
Maryam Fatemi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Context: COVID-19, like the other pandemics, apart from its impacts on peoples' health, has had diverse huge impacts on psycho-socio-economic aspects of societies globally. Hence, applying appropriate interventions to reduce the indirect burden of this pandemic is as important as patients’ care. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to review the main interventions against the economic and psychosocial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This scope review was conducted to determine what measures have been taken by governments against different non-medical (economic and psychosocial) consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors reviewed the relevant articles published from December 2019 to December 2020 through three databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The interventions in three areas of economic, social, or psychological were exerted, and in the review of the articles, the country and the target population were considered. Finally, the results were categorized and presented descriptively. Results: Regarding the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in psychosocial and economic aspects of societies, governments, especially in developed countries, have established measures to reduce the burdens of these consequences. Apart from interventions related to the general population, at-risk and vulnerable groups and also those with low socio-economic status are specific target populations for interventions. Conclusions: The future of the COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain and unpredictable. Governments and their decisions will play a vital role in determining the trend of the pandemic. Therefore, it is the responsibility of governments, especially in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), to support vulnerable people and protect them against the devastating socio-economic and psychological effects of this pandemic using all their capacity.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE STATE OF CYBER SECURITY IN THE LEADING COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Yurii I. Khlaponin ◽  
Svitlana V. Kondakova ◽  
Yevheniia Ye. Shabala ◽  
Liliia P. Yurchuk ◽  
Pavlo S. Demianchuk
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
The World

The article is devoted to the study of trends in cybercrime, which is a threat to the country's information security. The place and role of cybersecurity in the system of national security are determined. The state of the system of protection against cyber attacks in the developed countries of the world, such as France, Japan, China, South Korea and the United Kingdom, was analyzed. The main shortcomings and perspectives of protection of cyberspace are revealed. The use of modern information technologies in state structures, as well as in society in general, proposes solving information security problems as one of the main ones. The economy, logistics and security of the country increasingly depend on the technical infrastructure and its security. To improve the effectiveness of the fight against cybercrime, developed countries have long started the appropriate work needed to create their own cyber security strategy. Incidents in the field of cybersecurity affect the lives of consumers information and many other services and cyber attacks aimed at various objects of infrastructure of electronic communications systems or technological processes management. Modern world trends in the development of cybercrime and the strengthening of cyber attacks indicate an increase in the value of combating it for the further development of society, which in turn predetermines the assignment of certain groups of social relations of the cybersphere to the competence of legal regulation. The current situation with cybercrime requires constant improvement of methods the fight against cybercrime, the development of information systems and methods aimed at ensuring the cyber security of the country. Necessary tasks are the development of a national strategy on cybersecurity, which will include tactical and strategic priorities and tasks in this area for state bodies. So, the issue of cyberspace security, the fight against cybercrime is relevant both at the international level and at the level of the individual country, and therefore needs further consideration.

scholarly journals THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL REGULATION IN INCREASING EFFICIENCY IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Nurlan Hajizade Nurlan Hajizade
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Technical Regulation ◽  
Definition Of

One of the important vectors of economic development in the modern world is the minimization of the negative consequences of human economic and other activities. Therefore, highly developed countries impose mandatory and voluntary requirements on the development of products and implement a series of measures. Necessary regulatory activities of the state in this direction include the definition of mandatory requirements, their proper implementation and the application of sanctions. All these processes are carried out through technical regulation. It is important to apply technical regulation in every sector of the economy. This importance plays a special role in the energy sector, which is closely linked to all sectors of the economy, and differs even more. In this regard, the role and importance of technical regulation in increasing the efficiency of the energy sector in the research work is highlighted.

Assessment of Informal Economy of Small Villages of the Republic of Khakasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-100
Author(s):  
Людмила Субракова ◽  
Ludmila Subrakova
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Employment Service ◽  
The Republic

The informal economy is becoming more and more noticeable fact in the modern world. The study of the informal economy in developing and developed countries, in urban and rural areas, has broadened the understanding of this multifaceted phenomenon. But the informal economy of small villages remains unexplored. Small villages of the Republic of Khakassia were threatened with extinction due to low incomes, unemployment and lack of social infrastructure. Therefore, since 2013 the state programs for the preservation and development of small villages were started in the region, providing for the repair of roads and houses, the creation of improvement facilities, assistance to consumer cooperation. The economic activity of the inhabitants of small villages remains largely informal, but its volume was not estimated either by statistical observation or monitoring of the employment service. The purpose of this article is to assess the informal economy of small villages of the Republic of Khakassia as a potential for their development. To this end, the author proposes an estimation method based on official statistics and the state employment service using the balance method, modeling employment, determining the volume of the informal economy on the basis of gross value added. The realization of this potential is impossible without the support of households and entrepreneurship of small villages by the state and municipal authorities of the Republic of Khakassia. The article concluded that the growth rate of the informal economy of small villages in Khakassia converged with the regional economy growth rates, and the volume is comparable to the revenues of the municipal budget of one district. It is noted that the Republican program of preservation and development of small villages, aimed at maintaining their social sphere, had a positive impact on economic development, including the informal economy.

scholarly journals The state of global public debt and new approaches towards debt management

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-57
Author(s):  
Svetlana Eduardovna Tsvirko
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Debt Restructuring ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Debt Market

This article is devoted to the state of public global public debt and new approaches towards its regulation in both developed and developing countries. The subject of this research is public debt in different groups of countries. Analysis of the situation with global public debt and the peculiarities of its regulation is necessary to learn positive foreign experience for its possible application in Russia. The following factors of significant increase of public debt are outlined: severe reduction of economic activity and decline in government revenue; increase of public spending, including related to anti-crisis measures; growing primary deficit, and this, the need to increase borrowings. The countries with low and middle income additionally face significant capital outflows from their financial markets, devaluation of national currencies, and difficulties with debt refinancing. Analysis is conducted on the structure and dynamics of public debt that developed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The author describes the risks associated with public debt. It is noted that many developed countries were able to adjust their financial operations in response to the growing need for borrowed funds: change the existing mechanisms for entering the debt market; amend the practice of conducting auctions government securities auctions. Developing countries need debt restructuring. The conclusion is made that the debt relief process requires new approaches towards debt management, including new methods of risk mitigation, enhanced control aimed at countering “credit bubbles”; clear regulation of debt restructuring observed by all creditors.

scholarly journals The Status and the Prospects of Development of Tax Policy of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (520) ◽  
pp. 348-354
Author(s):  
A. V. Nechyporenko ◽  
◽  
I. V. Panchenko ◽  
L. O. Moroz ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
State Tax ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Negative Factors

The article is concerned with analyzing the status of tax policy of Ukraine and determining the directions of its improvement in the conditions of dynamic changes of the modern world. The main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of «tax policy» are considered, and on the basis of this it is specified that tax policy is a set of economic, legal and organizational measures in the field of taxation that are used by the State authorities to establish tax conditions aimed at ensuring tax revenues and fees to centralized funds of the State’s monetary resources and achieving economic growth. The dynamics of revenues of the consolidated, the State, and the local budgets of Ukraine for 2018–2020 is considered in the context of tax and non-tax sources of formation and it is determined that the tax revenues have a decisive role, because they make up more than 80% of the revenue part of budgets of different levels. The key negative factors that determine the low competitive positions of the Ukrainian tax policy compared to the economically developed countries of the world are provided, the focus is placed on problematic issues in the country’s tax system. Tax policy provides for relevant institutions through which it is implemented and adapted to the conditions of reforms. The main purpose of the institutional mechanism is to balance the tax policy of the country. The article defines that among the institutions implementing tax policy in Ukraine, the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine and the State Tax Service of Ukraine with its territorial units ought to be distinguished. The directions and measures that should be taken to ensure the development and modernization of the tax policy of Ukraine are substantiated.

An analysis of youth unemployment and entrepreneurship in the world today

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-309
Author(s):  
V.V. Smirnov ◽  
A.N. Zakharova ◽  
G.S. Dulina
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Subject. We consider the unemployment and entrepreneurship among young people. Objectives. The aim of the study is to identify causes of youth unemployment and entrepreneurship in the modern world pattern. Methods. The study rests on a holistic approach, using the methods of statistical analysis and cluster analysis. Results. We specify the essence of youth unemployment, reveal the growth of unemployment in low- and middle-income countries, which is a driver of youth entrepreneurship. The problem of unemployment in low- and middle-income countries is addressed by shifting priorities from reducing the unemployment to increasing the employment. The high level of unemployment among young people prevails in developed countries with a high share in GDP and industrial output. First of all, this is due to the need to obtain a high level of education and qualifications for high-tech sectors of economy. Limited educational opportunities in low- and middle-income countries are not an obstacle to self-employment and entrepreneurship. The findings clarify the ontology of youth unemployment and entrepreneurship in the modern world, creating new competencies in relation to the public policy aimed at unemployment reduction. Conclusions. The specifics of youth unemployment and entrepreneurship in the modern world is associated with consistently high indicators of poverty level of the working youth, which depends on gender characteristics. High unemployment is observed among young people, both men and women, however, the employment among male youth is significantly higher.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE CONDITIONS OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Oleksiy PLOTNIKOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Period

The world is actively rethinking the role of the state. Traditionally, we can cite the example of the United States, where the market system is supported, but government intervention is a significant regulatory factor. In the developed countries of Western Europe, the state plays a major role in the distribution of income through social financing programs. Of interest is the experience of Japan and other Asian countries, where the economic system is actually governed by the state. In modern conditions, the methods of state regulation are becoming important. This is determined both by the environment of a developed market economy and the processes occurring in a transition economy. Methods of state influence on the economy can be divided into administrative and economic. The role of the state in the conditions of Ukraine should be adequate to the modern world experience: from unification of economic mechanisms to increase of sociality of the state. Optimization of its role should correspond to the national interests of Ukraine. Thus, the state can and should play a more tangible role in the socioeconomic sphere, stimulating primarily the development of the national economy. Ukraine is not able to move economically or politically in a short period of time to a model with a significant role of the state following the example of the Scandinavian countries, so these are guidelines for the gradual strengthening of its role. Such a guideline for optimizing the role of the state in the social sphere of modern Ukraine is the provision of the Constitution of Ukraine on the social type of the country. According to the experience of developed countries, there can be no effective socially oriented market economy without an active regulatory role of the state.

On the issue of the revitalization and modernization of the engineering in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
A. E. Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Products

Currently, one of the important tasks of the economic policy of Russia is the formation of a hightech image of the national economy, capable of effective functioning in the changing global geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions. In this context, the issue of revitalization of mechanical engineering, which plays a key role in the development of the country’s economy, is of particular relevance. This sector is a link between scientific and technological progress and the level of provision of domestic producers with domestic machines and equipment, allowing them to produce competitive products and to a lesser extent depend on the state of the external environment. The example of the developed countries of the world shows that the development of advanced engineering technology significantly increases the efficiency of the national economy, helps to accelerate its growth. At the same time, in Russia, in order to unleash the scientific and technical potential and activate engineering, it is necessary to initiate modernization processes in it. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of the study is to analyze the state of Russian engineering from the position of its role in the country’s economy. It is shown that at present a significant barrier to the development of this sector is the predominance of imported equipment, due to technical and operational characteristics, often superior to domestic counterparts.

April 20 to 26, 2020 – World Immunization Week

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Oksana Rybachok
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Third World

Infectious diseases in the modern world continue to claim millions of human lives despite the achievements of medicine. While in developed countries the main cause of death is cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular system, it is the infectious processes that occupy leading positions in the structure of mortality in the third world countries. About 1.7 million children die from infections that could have been avoided by vaccination according to the World Health Organization. In contrast to the countries of Western Europe, where preventive vaccinations for the population are carried out for a fee, preventive vaccination in the Russian Federation is funded by the state. Immunoprophylaxis includes not only prevention of 12 major infections included in the calendar of preventive vaccinations (diphtheria, polio, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, rubella, mumps, hepatitis B, pneumococcal infections and haemophilus influenzae, influenza), but also vaccination against 17 additional infections in case of epidemiological indications.

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