scholarly journals Cows fed hydroponic fodder and conventional diet: effects on milk quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Agius ◽  
Grazia Pastorelli ◽  
Everaldo Attard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
The One

Abstract. The technology of green fodder production is especially important in arid and semiarid regions. Hydroponics improves on average the amount of crops in the same space, as traditional soil-based farming and can reduce water consumption compared to traditional farming methods. Limited research has been carried out on the use of hydroponic fodder and milk quality. A comparative study of traditional (Malta farm) and hydroponic fodder (Gozo farm) was conducted in Malta with 20 cows of the Holstein–Friesian breed from two farms. Individual and bulk-tank milk samples were collected once a week for a period of 1 month in order to evaluate physical (pH, conductivity, density, freezing point) and chemical (fat, protein, ash, lactose, solid nonfat) parameters as well as mineral (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ba) content. Milk proximate and physical data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and an ANOVA procedure with farm and time as effects for minerals. The results indicated differences in fat content and pH, showing higher values (P<0.05) in milk samples of cows fed with the hydroponic rather than the traditional fodder; a significant time effect (P<0.001) was found in all qualitative analyses except for lactose and salts. Minerals were in the range as reported elsewhere; Cu and Pb content was significantly higher (P<0.001) in the Gozo farm than the one in Malta, whereas Zn content showed higher values in Malta (P<0.001) than Gozo. Although the proximate results were similar for both farms, except for the higher fat content for the Gozo farm, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that milk quality for the Gozo farm was superior to that of the Malta farm. However, further studies are needed to determine the effects of different hydroponic fodder using a large herd size.

scholarly journals How Do Movement Patterns in Weightlifting (Clean) Change When Using Lighter or Heavier Barbell Loads?—A Comparison of Two Principal Component Analysis-Based Approaches to Studying Technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Werner ◽  
Nicolai Szelenczy ◽  
Felix Wachholz ◽  
Peter Federolf
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Load Effects ◽  
The One ◽  
Coordination Patterns ◽  
Initial Elevation

This study compared whole body kinematics of the clean movement when lifting three different loads, implementing two data analysis approaches based on principal component analysis (PCA). Nine weightlifters were equipped with 39 markers and their motion captured with 8 Vicon cameras at 100 Hz. Lifts of 60, 85, and 95% of the one repetition maximum were analyzed. The first PCA (PCAtrial) analyzed variance among time-normed waveforms compiled from subjects and trials; the second PCA (PCAposture) analyzed postural positions compiled over time, subjects and trials. Load effects were identified through repeated measures ANOVAs with Bonferroni-corrected post-hocs and through Cousineau-Morey confidence intervals. PCAtrial scores differed in the first (p &lt; 0.016, ηp2 = 0.694) and fifth (p &lt; 0.006, ηp2 = 0.768) principal component, suggesting that increased barbell load produced higher initial elevation, lower squat position, wider feet position after squatting, and less inclined arms. PCAposture revealed significant timing differences in all components. We conclude, first, barbell load affects specific aspects of the movement pattern of the clean; second, the PCAtrial approach is better suited for detecting deviations from a mean motion trajectory and its results are easier to interpret; the PCAposture approach reveals coordination patterns and facilitates comparisons of postural speeds and accelerations.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the freezing point of milk from Polish Holstein-Friesian cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Otwinowska-Mindur ◽  
Ewa Ptak ◽  
Agnieszka Grzesiak
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate the influence of lactation number, month of milk sampling, lactation stage and herd size on the freezing point of milk of Polish Holstein‑Friesian cows. Data comprised 4,719,787 milk samples from the first seven lactations of 752,770 Polish Holstein- Friesian cows. Milk freezing point (MFP), milk yield, and fat and protein content were analyzed. The mean MFP of milk samples (-0.5326°C) as well as more than 92% of all milk samples did not exceed the quality limit for the freezing point of cows′ raw milk, which, following Polish standards, was taken to be -0.52°C. The freezing point of milk samples, milk yield, fat and protein content were highly significantly affected by all examined factors: month of sampling, successive lactations, stage of lactation, and herd size. MFP was lowest in milk samples taken from January to March, and highest in samples from November to December. MFP increased with lactation number. Mean MFP decreased with time within lactation, except the first stage (5-35 days in milk). Generally, MFP was highest in small herds (up to 9 cows) and lowest in large herds (more than 150 cows).

scholarly journals Somatic Cells in Bulk Samples and Purchase Prices of Cow Milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-892
Author(s):  
Jindřich Kvapilík ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Petr Roubal ◽  
Jan Říha ◽  
Petr Urban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

There were calculated the somatic cell count (SCC) 209 (36 – 468) 103ml–1, the total count of microorganisms (TCM) 25 103ml–1 (from 5 to 377), fat 3.84 % (from 3.23 to 4.46) and protein content 3.39 % (from 3.04 to 3.75) and milk freezing point (MFP) –0.525 °C (from –0.534 to –0.395) of the 522 monthly bulk milk samples from 11 experimental stables during the period from 2012 to 2015. Residues of inhibitory substances were not detected in any sample. Milk sale reached 7,999 liters (l) with fluctuating between 6,150 and 10,532 l per cow. This can be deduced from the regression coefficients that due to increase in the SCC by 100 103ml–1 the TCM increased by 2.9 to 4.2 103ml–1, the fat content decreased by 0.09 to 0.13 % and protein about 0.01 to 0.05 %. Influence of SCC, TCM and the fat and protein content calculated from monthly samples for individual stables can be estimated at –0.12 CZC, fluctuations between the stables at +0.46 to –0.84 CZC per l of milk. The increase in milk price by 0.17 CZC in the range of –0.92 to +0.92 CZC per l of milk corresponds to averages of indicators calculated from 522 samples.

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
The One ◽  
Armed Services ◽  
Principal Axis Factor

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”

The influence of different types of milking units on milk quality and safety

2019 ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
A. Vovkohon ◽  
V. Nadtochiy ◽  
G. Kalinina ◽  
O. Hrebelnyk ◽  
N. Fedoruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
Conductivity Increase

The article highlights comparative research results of milk quality indices obtained from the milking in specialized milking halls with such milking units as «Parallel», «Carousel» or in stalls with the milking unit «Molokoprovid». The fat and protein mass fraction, dry matter and fat-free dry matter, density, titratable and active acidity, heat resistance and freezing point have been determined according to the accepted techniques. The electrical conductivity of milk has been determined by using the analytical device MD-20 MAS-D-TEC. The total amount of milk bacteria has been determined by reductase reduction test and by seeding method in Petri dish. The milk quality has been investigated by the fermentation and rennet fermentation tests. The higher indices of the fat mass fraction, the protein mass fraction and the dry substance concentration of milk, obtained in specialized milking halls, have been established. This is not statistically significant. Milk, obtained from the milking unit «Molokoprovid», has higher index of titratable acidity, lower thermal stability in comparison with milk, obtained from specialized milking halls with milking units «Parallel» and «Carousel». It has been determined that there is the bacteria insemination increase in milk received from milking cows in stalls in comparison with milk, obtained from milking in specialized halls. Milk, obtained from the milking unit «Carousel», indicates the subclinical form of mastitis in cows or «Carousel» operation violationif there is in 1,8 mS/cm conductivity increase above average index 4,6 mS/cm. Key words: technology, quality and safety of milk, milking, milking unit, milking hall, bacterial insemination.

Immunodetection of Ostertagia ostertagi in Cattle Milk Samples in Wasit Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (28) ◽  
pp. 637-648
Author(s):  
Abbas Hassan Khlaty Al-Sray
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Production Factor ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Ostertagia Ostertagi ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Management Group ◽  
Breed Group ◽  
Age Factor

The aim of present study was to detect the seroprevalence of Ostertagia ostertagi specific antibodies in cattle milk samples in Wasit province, by using the indirect ELISA test for first time in Iraq. For this purpose, an overall 368 dairies cow was submitted for study and the results were revealed that 51 (13.86 %) of tested cows were positive, and the mean optic density ratios (ODRs) of ELISA test values in seropositive cattle were 0.58. Also, this study aimed to investigate an association of seropositive results with some epidemiological risk factors. Hence, the positive results, according to these factors, were as follow: in milk production factor, 6.32 % for ³18 liters/day group, 14.29 % for ³10-18 liters/day group, and 25 % for < 10 liters/day group; in age factor, 13.41% for ³3-6 years group, and 14.75% for >6 years group; in breed factor, 18.27% for local breed group, 12.17% for cross-breed group, and 12% for pure breed group; in farm management factor, 21.35% for bad management group, and 5.68% for good management group; and in herd size factor, 11.59% for <25 (cow/herd) group, and 17.78% for ³ 25 (cow/herd) group. Statistically, the significant differences (P£ 0.05) were observed among related groups of milk production, breed, husbandry management, and herd size factors; while it’s not reported among groups of age factor.

scholarly journals The Effect of Fat Content and Fatty Acids Composition on Color and Textural Properties of Butter

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4565
Author(s):  
Sergiu Pădureţ
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Color Parameter ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Texture Parameters ◽  
The Impact

The textural properties of butter are influenced by its fat content and implicitly by the fatty acids composition. The impact of butter’s chemical composition variation was studied in accordance with texture and color properties. From 37 fatty acids examined, only 18 were quantified in the analyzed butter fat samples, and approximately 69.120% were saturated, 25.482% were monounsaturated, and 5.301% were polyunsaturated. The butter samples’ viscosity ranged between 0.24 and 2.12 N, while the adhesiveness ranged between 0.286 to 18.19 N·mm. The principal component analysis (PCA) separated the butter samples based on texture parameters, fatty acids concentration, and fat content, which were in contrast with water content. Of the measured color parameters, the yellowness b* color parameter is a relevant indicator that differentiated the analyzed sample into seven statistical groups; the ANOVA statistics highlighted this difference at a level of p < 0.001.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

Cryoscopy of Milk: Effect of Variations in the Method

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Henningson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Sample Temperature ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Temperature Rate

Abstract Bath level, sample temperature, rate of stirring, degree of supercooling, sample size, sample isolation, and refreezing of the sample were the variables in the thermistor cryoscopic method for the determination of the freezing point value of milk chosen for study. Freezing point values were determined for two samples of milk and two secondary salt standards utilizing eight combinations of the seven variables in two test patterns. The freezing point value of the salt standards ranged from –0.413 to –0.433°C and from –0.431 to –0.642°C. The freezing point values of the milk samples ranged from –0.502 to –0.544°C and from –0.518 to –0.550°C. Statistical analysis of the data showed that sample isolation was a poor procedure and that other variables produced changes in the freezing point value ranging from 0.001 to 0.011°C. It is recommended that specific directions be instituted for the thermistor cryoscopic method, 15.040–15.041, and that the method be subjected to a collaborative study.

Fat content and fatty acids profile of colostrum and milk of primitive Konik horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant.) during six months of lactation

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Pikul ◽  
Jacek Wójtowski ◽  
Romualda Danków ◽  
Beata Kuczyńska ◽  
Jacek Łojek
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Equus Caballus ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile

The effect of the stage of lactation, the number of foals and age of the mare on changes in the fat content and fatty acid composition of colostrum and milk of primitive Konik horses was investigated. Colostrum and milk samples from 12 lactating mares were collected at the beginning of lactation, on the days 1 and 2 after foaling and then, starting from the first month of lactation, at 4-week intervals up to the sixth month of lactation. Significant differences were observed in fat content as well as the composition of some analysed fatty acids between colostrum and milk of mares of the Konik breed. The number of foalings and the age of mares did not have a statistically significant effect on the fat content in milk and had only a slight effect on the fatty acid composition. Milk produced by mares of the Konik breed is characterized by a considerable content of polyene fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms, a low ratio of n-6 fatty acids to n-3 fatty acids as well as low, highly advantageous values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices.

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