scholarly journals Reliability analysis of buffer stage in mixed signal application

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
S. More ◽  
M. Fulde ◽  
F. Chouard ◽  
D. Schmitt-Landsiedel
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Carrier Injection ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Successive Approximation Adc ◽  
Gain Error ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper discusses reliability analysis of a buffer circuit targeted for an analog to digital converter application. The circuit designed in a 32 nm high-κ metal gate CMOS technology was investigated by circuit simulation and sensitivity analysis. This analysis was conducted for realistic time varying (AC) stress. As aging effects, negative and positive bias temperature instability, conducting and non-conducting hot carrier injection are taken into consideration. The aging contributions of these effects on the different transistors in the buffer circuit and on different buffer performance figures are evaluated. Using these results, the impact of an aged buffer circuit on the performance of a successive approximation ADC circuit is evaluated. The most severely affected performance due to aging is amplifier offset, which leads to time varying gain error in the ADC circuit.

scholarly journals Device reliability challenges for modern semiconductor circuit design – a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Schlünder
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Process Variations ◽  
Carrier Injection ◽  
Design For Reliability ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Product Lifetime ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Product development based on highly integrated semiconductor circuits faces various challenges. To ensure the function of circuits the electrical parameters of every device must be in a specific window. This window is restricted by competing mechanisms like process variations and device degradation (Fig. 1). Degradation mechanisms like Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) or Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) lead to parameter drifts during operation adding on top of the process variations. The safety margin between real lifetime of MOSFETs and product lifetime requirements decreases at advanced technologies. The assignment of tasks to ensure the product lifetime has to be changed for the future. Up to now technology development has the main responsibility to adjust the technology processes to achieve the required lifetime. In future, reliability can no longer be the task of technology development only. Device degradation becomes a collective challenge for semiconductor technologist, reliability experts and circuit designers. Reliability issues have to be considered in design as well to achieve reliable and competitive products. For this work, designers require support by smart software tools with built-in reliability know how. Design for reliability will be one of the key requirements for modern product designs. An overview will be given of the physical device damage mechanisms, the operation conditions within circuits leading to stress and the impact of the corresponding device parameter degradation on the function of the circuit. Based on this understanding various approaches for Design for Reliability (DfR) will be described. The function of aging simulators will be explained and the flow of circuit-simulation will be described. Furthermore, the difference between full custom and semi custom design and therefore, the different required approaches will be discussed.

A Novel Pre-Amplifier for DTH in Folding and Interpolating ADC

2013 ◽  
Vol 321-324 ◽  
pp. 367-371
Author(s):  
Jing Lei Han ◽  
Wen Lian Zhang ◽  
Zhi Biao Shao
Keyword(s):  
Power Dissipation ◽  
Software Defined Radio ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Device Mismatch ◽  
Offset Voltage ◽  
Gain Error ◽  
Input Range

A pre-amplifier for distributed track and hold (DTH) circuit in high speed and high resolution folding and interpolating analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is proposed. This scheme resolves several limitations of conventional differential difference pre-amplifier (DDPA) in low voltage supply, compared to the conventional DDPA, the proposed scheme increases the input range so that all DDPAs of DTH can operate effectively, improves the averaging effect of average network, saves the random offset voltage from device mismatch, decreases the gain error of DTH, reduces the output common-mode (CM) deviation of DTH, and enhances the CM rejection of DTH. Based on SMIC 0.18μm CMOS technology and 1.8V power supply, over the input range, results from spectre shows dummy DDPAs of DTH operate effectively, the offset of output CM voltage of DTH decrease to less than 2mV, gain error decrease to less than 1%, the gain of middle novel pre-amplifier and boundary novel pre-amplifier are both 2.5, bandwidths are all above 1.9GHZ, while power dissipation of each DDPA is 3.22mW. The high CM rejection and low gain error decrease the quantification error effectively, and enhance the performance of ADC. The design meets the requirement of ADC applied to software defined radio (SDR).

scholarly journals Implementation of 32-BIT Pipelined ADC Using 90nm Analog CMOS Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 3073-3080
Author(s):  
Sarita Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Successive Approximation ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sar Adc ◽  
Analog To Digital Converter ◽  
Digital Converter ◽  
Analog To Digital ◽  
Successive Approximation Adc ◽  
Analog Cmos

After seeing the technological evolution, we have understood about the A/D converter that it is the meeting point of the analog to digital domains. As technology is being continuously scaled down, the transistor sizes have decreased drastically resulting in reduced area and power consumption in the digital domain. The successive approximation ADC is best suitable for low power applications with moderate speed and simple design. Here, the implementation of 32-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter with the help of successive approximation register based Sub-ADC. The SAR ADC architectures are popular for achieving high energy efficiency and low power applications. But they suffer from resolution and speed limitation. To overcome the speed limitations of SAR ADC, we proposed the implementation of 90nm using CMOS technology of a low power, high speed pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The capacitive digital-to-analog converter (DAC), two stage CMOS comparator with output inverter of proposed ADC are lower than those of a conventional ADC. To achieve low power and to minimize the size of the input sampling capacitance in order to ease durability.

scholarly journals Collective or Individual? What Types of Tourism Reduce Economic Inequality in Peripheral Regions?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4898
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tucki ◽  
Korneliusz Pylak
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Tourism Impacts ◽  
Economic Distress ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Local Agriculture ◽  
Northeastern Poland ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Regional inequalities are a major concern for governments and policymakers. There is no doubt that tourism impacts the reduction of inequalities, but this impact is not entirely clear. We consider this ambiguity to be related to both the level of study and type of accommodation. In the present study, we examine the inequality level measured by the Gini coefficient in 108 municipalities of the peripheral region of northeastern Poland from 2009 to 2018. We employ a directional spillover index to measure the impact of two accommodation types on tax incomes per capita. The empirical results indicate that collective accommodation-based tourism only reduced inequality during the financial crisis, while individual accommodation-based tourism started to reduce inequality from 2014, when Russian sanctions hit local agriculture and businesses. These results indicate that the role of accommodation types is time-varying and evident in measuring economic distress during and after shocks.

scholarly journals Modeling regional impacts and resilience to water service disruptions in urban economies

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832199870
Author(s):  
Sheree A Pagsuyoin ◽  
Joost R Santos
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
National Capital Region ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
The Impact

Water is a critical natural resource that sustains the productivity of many economic sectors, whether directly or indirectly. Climate change alongside rapid growth and development are a threat to water sustainability and regional productivity. In this paper, we develop an extension to the economic input-output model to assess the impact of water supply disruptions to regional economies. The model utilizes the inoperability variable, which measures the extent to which an infrastructure system or economic sector is unable to deliver its intended output. While the inoperability concept has been utilized in previous applications, this paper offers extensions that capture the time-varying nature of inoperability as the sectors recover from a disruptive event, such as drought. The model extension is capable of inserting inoperability adjustments within the drought timeline to capture time-varying likelihoods and severities, as well as the dependencies of various economic sectors on water. The model was applied to case studies of severe drought in two regions: (1) the state of Massachusetts (MA) and (2) the US National Capital Region (NCR). These regions were selected to contrast drought resilience between a mixed urban–rural region (MA) and a highly urban region (NCR). These regions also have comparable overall gross domestic products despite significant differences in the distribution and share of the economic sectors comprising each region. The results of the case studies indicate that in both regions, the utility and real estate sectors suffer the largest economic loss; nonetheless, results also identify region-specific sectors that incur significant losses. For the NCR, three sectors in the top 10 ranking of highest economic losses are government-related, whereas in the MA, four sectors in the top 10 are manufacturing sectors. Furthermore, the accommodation sector has also been included in the NCR case intuitively because of the high concentration of museums and famous landmarks. In contrast, the Wholesale Trade sector was among the sectors with the highest economic losses in the MA case study because of its large geographic size conducive for warehouses used as nodes for large-scale supply chain networks. Future modeling extensions could potentially include analysis of water demand and supply management strategies that can enhance regional resilience against droughts. Other regional case studies can also be pursued in future efforts to analyze various categories of drought severity beyond the case studies featured in this paper.

scholarly journals The Impact of Participation in PPP Projects on Total Factor Productivity of Listed Companies in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7603
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Liu ◽  
Guangxi Cao
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Financing Constraints ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
China’S Economy

The key to transforming China’s economy from high-speed growth to high-quality development is to improve total factor productivity (TFP). Based on the panel data of China’s listed companies participating in PPP (Public–Private Partnerships) projects from 2010 to 2019, this paper constructs the time-varying DID method to test the impact of participation in PPP projects on the company’s TFP empirically, explore the mechanism of the effect of participation in PPP projects on the company’s TFP, and then conduct heterogeneous analysis from four perspectives: region, industry, ownership form, and operation mode. The empirical results show that participation in PPP projects can significantly promote the growth of the company’s TFP, which mainly comes from the promotion of the innovation level of listed companies and the alleviation of financing constraints by participating in PPP projects. In addition, participation in PPP projects has a significant impact on TFP of listed companies in the eastern region, listed companies in the secondary and tertiary industries, state-owned listed companies, and listed companies participating in PPP projects under the BOT mode.

Has tourism driven house prices in Germany? Time-varying evidence since 1870

2021 ◽  
pp. 135481662110088
Author(s):  
Sefa Awaworyi Churchill ◽  
John Inekwe ◽  
Kris Ivanovski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
House Prices ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Series Modelling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tourism Flows ◽  
Non Parametric

Using a historical data set and recent advances in non-parametric time series modelling, we investigate the nexus between tourism flows and house prices in Germany over nearly 150 years. We use time-varying non-parametric techniques given that historical data tend to exhibit abrupt changes and other forms of non-linearities. Our findings show evidence of a time-varying effect of tourism flows on house prices, although with mixed effects. The pre-World War II time-varying estimates of tourism show both positive and negative effects on house prices. While changes in tourism flows contribute to increasing housing prices over the post-1950 period, this is short-lived, and the effect declines until the mid-1990s. However, we find a positive and significant relationship after 2000, where the impact of tourism on house prices becomes more pronounced in recent years.

CMOS-MEMS Based Current Mirror MOSFET Embedded Pressure Sensor for Healthcare and Biomedical Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Rathore ◽  
Brishbhan Singh Panwar
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Circuit Simulation ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Current Mirror ◽  
Sensing Element ◽  
Pressure Sensing ◽  
Cmos Mems

This paper reports on the design and optimization of current mirror MOSFET embedded pressure sensor. A current mirror circuit with an output current of 1 mA integrated with a pressure sensing n-channel MOSFET has been designed using standard 5 µm CMOS technology. The channel region of the pressure sensing MOSFET forms the flexible diaphragm as well as the strain sensing element. The piezoresistive effect in MOSFET has been exploited for the calculation of strain induced carrier mobility variation. The output transistor of the current mirror forms the active pressure sensing MOSFET which produces a change in its drain current as a result of altered channel mobility under externally applied pressure. COMSOL Multiphysics is utilized for the simulation of pressure sensing structure and Tspice is employed to evaluate the characteristics of the current mirror pressure sensing circuit. Simulation results show that the pressure sensor has a sensitivity of 10.01 mV/MPa. The sensing structure has been optimized through simulation for enhancing the sensor sensitivity to 276.65 mV/MPa. These CMOS-MEMS based pressure sensors integrated with signal processing circuitry on the same chip can be used for healthcare and biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Does the Opening of High-Speed Railway Lines Reduce the Carbon Intensity of China’s Resource-Based Cities?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4648
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Tang ◽  
Ziao Mei ◽  
Jialing Zou
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
National Average ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Speed Railway ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Endogenous Selection ◽  
Mode Of Development ◽  
The Impact

The carbon intensity of China’s resource-based cities (RBCs) is much higher than the national average due to their relatively intensive mode of development. Low carbon transformation of RBCs is an important way to achieve the goal of reaching the carbon emissions peak in 2030. Based on the panel data from 116 RBCs in China from 2003 to 2018, this study takes the opening of high-speed railway (HSR) lines as a quasi-experiment, using a time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model to empirically evaluate the impact of an HSR line on reducing the carbon intensity of RBCs. The results show that the opening of an HSR line can reduce the carbon intensity of RBCs, and this was still true after considering the possibility of problems with endogenous selection bias and after applying the relevant robustness tests. The opening of an HSR line is found to have a significant reducing effect on the carbon intensity of different types of RBC, and the decline in the carbon intensity of coal-based cities is found to be the greatest. Promoting migration of RBCs with HSR lines is found to be an effective intermediary way of reducing their carbon intensity.

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