COVID-19 lockdown effects on gender inequality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Inno ◽  
Alessandra Rotundi ◽  
Arianna Piccialli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
Astronomy And Astrophysics ◽  
Do So

<p>Among European countries, Italy was the first to be heavily hit by the outbreak of COVID-19 and quickly decreed on 9 March 2020 that the entire national territory be locked down to prevent its further spread, establishing an unprecedented situation for its citizens, including researchers. Italy hosts a noumerous (~2000) and lively community of researchers in the fields of Astronomy and Astrophysics, which contains the largest fraction of female researchers (~30%) among the world’s leading countries in astronomy (defined as the ones with IAU members >150). Therefore, the Italian community poses as an ideal testbed to investigate the consequences of the lockdown on research productivity, also by gender.<br />In order to do so, we used the INAF and MIUR websites to compile a complete database of the Italian researchers, considered by gender, and matched it with the first authors of preprints posted on the largest preprint archive of natural science publications, arXiv, for each year from 2017 to 2020.We find that the overall production in the first semester of 2020 (i.e. during the first lockdown) was lower than the average value estimated from the baseline above, but if we break down this difference by the assigned first-author gender, we find that the decrease only concerns the submissions by female researchers, while submissions by male researchers even increased. We argue that this difference in productivity between male and female researchers during the lockdown might be a reflection of the unbalanced distribution of the unpaid workload at home between partners.</p>

COVID-19 lockdown effects on gender inequality: the case of the Italian Astronomy & Astrphysics Community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Inno ◽  
Alessandra Rotundi ◽  
Arianna Piccialli
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
Astronomy And Astrophysics ◽  
Do So

<div> <p>Among European countries, Italy was the first to be heavily hit by the outbreak of COVID-19 and quickly decreed on 9 March 2020 that the entire national territory be locked down to prevent its further spread, establishing an unprecedented situation for its citizens, including researchers. Italy hosts a large (~2000) and lively community of researchers in the fields of Astronomy and Astrophysics, which contains the largest fraction of female researchers (~30%) among the world’s leading countries in astronomy (defined as the ones with IAU members >150). Therefore, the Italian community poses as an ideal testbed to investigate the consequences of the lockdown on research productivity, also by gender. </p> </div><div> <div> <p>In order to do so, we used the INAF and MIUR websites to compile a complete database of the Italian researchers, considered by gender, and matched it with the first authors of preprints posted on the largest preprint archive of natural science publications, arXiv, for each year from 2017 to 2020.</p> <p>The submission rate over the previous three years is about 38.6 ± 8.2 (one standard deviation, <em>σ</em>) papers per month,  with the fraction of papers published by women consistently close to 30%, which well reflects the percentage of women in the community. As expected, the overall production in the first semester of 2020  (i.e. during the first lockdown) was lower than the average value estimated above. But if we break down this difference by the assigned first-author gender, we find that the decrease only concerns the submissions by female researchers, while submissions by male researchers actually increased during the lockdown by up to 10% (or a difference of 3.5<em>σ</em>).  We discuss this difference in productivity between male and female researchers during the lockdown as a possible reflection of the unbalanced distribution of the unpaid workload at home between partners.</p> </div> </div>

Gendered Power

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Ching Lee ◽  
Felicia Pratto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Nonlinear Process ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Power Basis ◽  
The World ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Power Inequality ◽  
Do So

Progress towards gender equality is a slow and nonlinear process. Since 19th century, people in nations around the world have exerted collective efforts to promote gender equality. However, despite improvements in gender equality today in some arenas (e.g., education), large gender gaps exist in other arenas. In the chapter, we examine and analyze research findings and various international indicators using surveys and experimental methods, from the perspective of power basis theory (Pratto, Lee, Tan, & Pitpitan, 2011). This perspective allows us to account for the various degrees of gender inequality in different arenas. In power basis theory, power is the ability to meet one's needs for survival (e.g., consuming resources, belonging to a community). Because each human being has several needs, there are different kinds of power. We argue that whereas women and men are likely to achieve equality in some kinds of power (e.g., knowledge), it is more difficult for women to achieve equality in other kinds of power (e.g., community leaders, force) and for this we offer two explanations: 1) Attaining or exercising particular kinds of power (e.g., violence) violates gender norms; thus it is difficult for women to do so; and 2) The ease with which a person can translate power in one arena to another arena—a phenomenon called power fungibility—is higher for men than for women. We delineate various processes, both from the actor’s and perceiver’s perspectives that result in sustaining power inequality between women and men. Insights from power basis theory may provide potent ways to challenge gender inequality.

scholarly journals UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRESTASI BELAJAR IPS GEOGRAFI MATERI MEMAHAMI KONDISI PERKEMBANGAN NEGARA DI DUNIA MELALUI PENERAPAN METODE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PADA SISWA KELAS IX A SMP NEGERI 6 SUKOHARJO SEMESTER I TAHUN PELAJARAN 2017/2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Kusmiyatun
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
The State ◽  
State Development ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The World

Abstrak Bahasa Indonesia Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPS Geografi materi memahami kondisi perkembangan negara di dunia pada siswa kelas IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018 melalui penerapan metode Problem Based Learning (PBL). Penelitian ini menggunakan bentuk penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilaksanakan dalam 2 (dua) siklus, dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo dengan subjek penelitian seluruh siswa kelas IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018  yang berjumlah 25 siswa. Metode penelitian menggunakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, dokumentasi dan tes. Analisis data dilakukan dengan 3 (tiga) tahapan meliputi: reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hipotesis menyatakan diduga melalui penerapan metode Problem Based Learning (PBL) dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPS Geografi materi memahami kondisi perkembangan negara di dunia pada siswa kelas IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Dari data empirik menyatakan melalui penerapan metode Problem Based Learning (PBL) dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPA materi rangka dan panca indera manusia dari kondisi awal nilai rata-rata 73 dengan ketuntasan 52% ke kondisi akhir pada siklus II nilai rata-rata 83 dengan ketuntasan 84% pada siswa kelas IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa melalui penerapan metode Problem Based Learning (PBL) dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar IPS Geografi materi memahami kondisi perkembangan negara di dunia pada siswa kelas IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2017/2018.Kata Kunci: prestasi belajar, IPS Geografi, kondisi perkembangan negara di dunia, Problem Based Learning (PBL)  Abstrak Bahasa Inggris This study aims to improve the learning achievement of IPS Geography material understand the state of development of the world in the students of class IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo first semester Lesson 2017/2018 through the implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL) method. This study uses a classroom action research conducted in 2 (two) cycles, conducted in SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo with the subject of the study of all students of class IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo first semester of the 2017/2018 Lesson Year which amounted to 25 students. Research method using Classroom Action Research. Data collection is done through observation, documentation and test. Data analysis was done with 3 (three) stages including: data reduction, data presentation and conclusion or verification. Hypothesis states allegedly through the application of Problem Based Learning method (PBL) can improve learning achievement IPS Geography material understand the state of development of the world in the world class IX A Junior High School 6 Sukoharjo first semester Lesson 2017/2018. From the empirical data states through the application of Problem Based Learning (PBL) method can improve learning achievement of science of the frame material and the five senses of human condition of the initial average value 73 with 52% completeness to the final condition in cycle II average value 83 with 84 % in grade IX students A Junior High School 6 Sukoharjo first semester Lesson 2017/2018. So it can be concluded that through the application of Problem Based Learning (PBL) method can improve the learning achievement of IPS Geography of material understand the state of state development in the world in the students of class IX A SMP Negeri 6 Sukoharjo Semester I Lesson 2017/2018. Keywords: learning achievements, geography IPS, state development conditions in the world, Problem Based Learning (PBL)

scholarly journals Human Rights and Violence Against Women: Campo Algodonero Case

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandara Oliveira de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
The Past ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

Abstract: The present article seeks to analyze human rights from a gender perspective. To do so, it goes back to the past to explain the development of the society of rights and women's rights. The analysis starts from the premise that human rights are social products and therefore will reflect and represent the values and interests of the society that produced them, in this case, capitalist society. One of the values of this society is patriarchy and the idea of the superiority of men as a social actor in relation to women. This value is represented in human rights that nevertheless have universality as one of its characteristics: the idea that all people are subjects of such rights independently of any identities. Therefore, the legal text in which human rights were coined affirms an equality that does not exist in practice, since women are violated and their rights are violated every day, in addition to the gender inequality present throughout the world. As an example and materialization of this reality, the Campo Algodonero Case, introduced to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, appears as the first case of the Court to mention femicide, showing the vulnerability of women’s life and integrity.

IMPLEMENTASI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERDASARKAN MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPS SISWA KELAS IV SDN 169 PEKANBARU

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Erlisnawati ' ◽  
Hendri Marhadi
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Social Studies ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Implementation Problem

The problem in this research was social studies student achievement in fourth grade (IV) SDN 169 Pekanbaru still low with average value 63.88 (with KKM 75). The purpose of this research was to improve the student achievement of the fourth grade (IV) SDN 169 Pekanbaru with the implementation of Problem Based Learning model. This research was classroom action research with two cycles in first semester 2015. Before implementation Problem Based Learning average 63.88, after implementation of Problem Based Learning, UH I was 71.25 that improve 11.54% from before exam with average 61.62. UH II was 80.38 that improve 25.83%. Teacher’s activities with the implementation of Problem Based Learning at first meeting of first cycle was 70% (good category), and second meeting was 80% (good category) that improve 10 point. At second cycle, teacher’s activitiesat first meeting was 90% (very good category) that improve 10 point from second meeting of first cycle. Second meeting of second cycle was 95% (very good category) which improve 5 point. Students activities at first meeting of first cycle was 65% (good category), and second meeting 75% (good category) that improve 10 point. At second cycle, student activities at first meeting was 80% (good category) that improve 5 point from second meeting of first cycle. Second meeting of second cycle was 85% (very good category) which improve 5 point. Implementation of Problem Based Learning model can improvedsocial studies student achievement of fourth grade (IV) SDN 169 Pekanbaru.Keywords: problems based learning, sosial studies student’s achievement

ПСИХОДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ОСВОЕНИЯ СТУДЕНТАМИ-ГУМАНИТАРИЯМИ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫХ ДИСЦИПЛИН// Academy Journal No.5(17), 2019/ Chief Editor Susan Belih /OEAPS Inc.(Open European Academy of Public Sciences). Tallinn, Estonia. 09.05.2019: OEAPS Inc., 2019. - pp. 37-44.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Раиса Николаевна Афонина ◽  
Татьяна Степановна Малолеткина
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Chief Editor ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
European Academy ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
The World ◽  
Humanities Students ◽  
Figurative Thinking

В статье рассматриваются психодидактические аспекты освоения студентами-гуманитариями содержания естественнонаучных дисциплин. Специфика обучения естественнонаучным дисциплинам студентов-гуманитариев определяется наличием у данной группы обучающихся особенностей восприятия и переработки информации. Для гуманитариев в большей мере характерно превалирование ассоциативного, образного мышления, эмоционального восприятия информации, отторжение формализованных, доказательных способов рассуждений, доминирование реального восприятия окружающего мира над абстрактным, идеализированным. Современные педагогические методики в основном ориентированы на левополушарное восприятие, именно поэтому правополушарные учащиеся оказываются в невыгодном положении. The article deals with psychodidactic aspects of mastering the content of natural sciences by humanities students. The specificity of teaching the natural science disciplines of humanities students is determined by the presence of features of perception and processing of information in this group of students. For the humanities, the prevalence of associative, figurative thinking, emotional perception of information, the rejection of formalized, evidence-based ways of reasoning, the dominance of the real perception of the world over the abstract, idealized, are more characteristic. Modern pedagogical methods are mainly focused on left hemisphere perception, which is why right hemispheric students find themselves at a disadvantage.

Disposisi Matematis Dan Kemandirian Belajar Mahasiswa Pada Perkuliahan Daring Berbantuan Google Classroom Masa Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Rizki Nurhana Friantini ◽  
Rahmat Winata
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Online Lectures ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Very High

This study aims to analyze the mathematical disposition and self-regulated learning of online lectures with the help of Google Classroom. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. This study's subjects were 34 students of the first semester of the Mathematics Education Study Program consisting of 11 male students and 23 female students determined by the saturated sampling method. From the research results, it can be concluded that students' mathematical disposition through learning assisted by Google Classroom has high criteria. The mathematical disposition of male and female students through learning assisted by Google Classroom has high criteria. Still, the level of mathematical disposition of male students is slightly higher than female students. Meanwhile, student self-regulated learning with the help of Google Classroom obtains very high criteria. For male and female students, both have very high learning independence criteria in carrying out learning with the help of Google Classroom.Keywords: Mathematical Disposition, Self-regulated learning, Google Classroom, Online Lectures, Gender

POTRET PERILAKU RELIGIUS MAHASISWA UIN SAYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

Al-Risalah ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-148
Author(s):  
Ay Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Religious Behavior ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Environment Variable ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gender Factor ◽  
Level 2

This study describes the religious behavior of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta students. The variables used are internal and external environment as independent variable and religious behavior as dependent variable. The internal environment variable consists of gender factor, (male and female). The external environmental variables comprise the faculty environment, the present resident and the place to grow. The present resident consist of dormitories, boarding houses and parents' homes and the place to grow consist of urban and rural environment. Religious behavior variables consist of habluminallah behavior and habluminannas behavior. Habluminallah's behavior measured by (1) knowledge of faith and worship, (2) attitudes toward faith and worship, and (3) practice of faith and worship. The habluminannas variable measured by (1) Islamic behavior for them self, like honest, discipline and good work / studyethics, trust and concern on legality, (2) Islamic behavior with others, like generous, cooperation, caring, respect to the people's rights and tolerance and (3) Islamic behavior for the natural surroundings, like love of nature and nature conservation efforts. The methodology used was (1) Statistical descriptive, (2) MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) and (3) Independent sample t-test. The results showed the religious behavior UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta students has a very good category. This is indicated by the mean values for the behavior of haluminallah and habluminannas of 158.85 and 178.76,  espectively. The average value of habluminallah behaviour in the range of values "145-180" with the category of "very good" and habluminannas behavior in the range value "165-205" with the category "very good. Habluminallah and habluminannas behavior are different for each faculty. This is indicated by the significance level of Pillai Trace, Wilk Lambda, Hotelling Trace, Roy's Largest Root of 0.00 (<0.05). Habluminallah and habluminannas behavior are the same for respondents who live in dormitories, boarding houses, and parents' homes. This is indicated by the value of F test and significance at Wilk's Lambda respectively for 2.055 and 0.085 (>0.05). Habluminallah and habluminannas behaviors are similar for urban and rural respondents. This is known from the sig level. (2-tailed) for habluminallah and habluminannas behavior of 0.317 and 0.245 (> 0.05), respectively. Habluminallah and habluminannas behaviors are similar for male and female. This is known from the sig level. (2-tailed) for habluminallah and habluminannas behavior of 0.950 and 0.307 (> 0.05),respectively. The results of this study are expected to be used to develop university policies that can enhance the Islamic values of UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

THE LAPBOOK AS A DIDACTIC TOOL TO IMPLEMENT INTEGRATED TRAINING IN NATURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yordanka Peycheva ◽  
Snezhana Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
School Level ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
The World

The formation of comprehensive and in-depth notions of objects and phenomena in the world can be achieved when the mastery of knowledge and skills is carried out in a system realized in the context of integration of different scientific directions. One of the main issues in modern education is related to the contradiction - on one hand between the need to form the skills necessary for the orientation and adaptation of the personality in the dynamics of the globalizing world and on the other - the education which is largely based on unilateral acquiring of knowledge and skills within the different subject areas. This influences the development of a worldview and the formation of an adequate attitude towards the problems under consideration and the world as a whole. The knowledge and skills acquired today are often “locked” in the respective direction. The cross-curricular unity in the curriculum is of a recommended nature, but even if it is realized, it does not fully meet the need for a comprehensive and multifaceted consideration of global issues, as a result of which the student not only understands, reflects, but also applies the lessons learned in the process of creating a product - ideal or material. Combining the intellectual nature of the cognitive process with the practice activity are conditions in which the students are highly active and achieve better learning outcomes. Therefore, it is expedient for the different directions to correspond more closely to each other and to carry out effective cross-curricular integration. The concept of applying an integrative approach in the current paper is based on the idea of creating pedagogical conditions for reconciling the goals and expected outcomes of technology and entrepreneurship and natural sciences studied at the initial stage of the primary education. Integration can take place on two levels - knowledge and skills. We believe that the lapbook as an innovative didactic tool contains the necessary potential for effective realization of the educational goals in both directions in terms of achieving the expected results. In the course of its elaboration, new information is acquired in the field of engineering and technology, specific skills underlying the curricula of technology and entrepreneurship programs are developed. At the same time, a number of subjects from the learning content, which are considered from the natural science point of view, are enriched and perceived in a technological way, after which they find place in an attractive book - a lapbook, made by the students themselves. Its utilitarian value is multiplied by the personal contribution to its creation - not only as an object but also as content. The main topics that are of interest to the students are exploring and preserving nature, jobs, modern technical achievements, holidays and customs. As a result of the adequate integration of competences, tailored to curricula, a number of skills are formed, such as: skills for searching on their own, systematization and presentation of information, and application of the lessons learned in a new situation.

Modern Office Technology Competencies Expected of Office Technology and Management (OTM) Graduate Workers in Delta State.

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Ozoem Martha ◽  
Chibuike Victoria C. ◽  
Ugwunwoti Emeka P.
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Technology Competencies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World ◽  
Alpha Reliability ◽  
Communication Competencies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Descriptive Survey

This study was carried out to determine the modern office technology competencies expected of office technology and management (OTM) graduate workers by supervisors in Delta State. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses tested at 0.05 level of significance. The respondents consisted of 142 supervisors, made up of 74 heads of department and directors of government establishments, and 68 managers and directors of private establishments in the study area. Descriptive survey research design was used to conduct the study and 28 – items questionnaire were used to collect data from respondents. The instrument was validated by three experts and had a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.77. Means with standard deviations were used to answer the research questions, while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses. The extent of supervisor‟s expectations of information processing competencies did not differ significantly based on the mean ratings of male and female supervisors of OTM graduates in government and private establishments. The findings also revealed that supervisors expect much information processing and communication competencies from the OTM graduate workers. Based on the findings and the implications, it was recommended among others that, curriculum planners, business and OTM education lecturers should ensure that the competencies required for modern office technologies are entrenched and taught in the institutions to prepare the OTM graduates for the world of work.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document