scholarly journals The Landslide Velocity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva P. Pudasaini ◽  
Michael Krautblatter
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Dissipative System ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Applied Forces ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Proper knowledge of velocity is required in accurately determining the enormous destructive energy carried by a landslide. We present the first, simple and physics-based general analytical landslide velocity model that simultaneously incorporates the internal deformation (non-linear advection) and externally applied forces, consisting of the net driving force and the viscous resistant. From the physical point of view, the model stands as a novel class of non-linear advective – dissipative system where classical Voellmy and inviscid Burgers' equation are specifications of this general model. We show that the non-linear advection and external forcing fundamentally regulate the state of motion and deformation, which substantially enhances our understanding of the velocity of a coherently deforming landslide. Since analytical solutions provide the fastest, the most cost-effective and the best rigorous answer to the problem, we construct several new and general exact analytical solutions. These solutions cover the wider spectrum of landslide velocity and directly reduce to the mass point motion. New solutions bridge the existing gap between the negligibly deforming and geometrically massively deforming landslides through their internal deformations. This provides a novel, rapid and consistent method for efficient coupling of different types of mass transports. The mechanism of landslide advection, stretching and approaching to the steady-state has been explained. We reveal the fact that shifting, up-lifting and stretching of the velocity field stem from the forcing and non-linear advection. The intrinsic mechanism of our solution describes the fascinating breaking wave and emergence of landslide folding. This happens collectively as the solution system simultaneously introduces downslope propagation of the domain, velocity up-lift and non-linear advection. We disclose the fact that the domain translation and stretching solely depends on the net driving force, and along with advection, the viscous drag fully controls the shock wave generation, wave breaking, folding, and also the velocity magnitude. This demonstrates that landslide dynamics are architectured by advection and reigned by the system forcing. The analytically obtained velocities are close to observed values in natural events. These solutions constitute a new foundation of landslide velocity in solving technical problems. This provides the practitioners with the key information in instantly and accurately estimating the impact force that is very important in delineating hazard zones and for the mitigation of landslide hazards.

Interfacial Delamination Between Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) and Silicon Matrix

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuan Hsun Lu ◽  
Suk-Kyu Ryu ◽  
Qiu Zhao ◽  
Rui Huang ◽  
Paul S. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Analytical Solutions ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Thermal Cycles ◽  
Through Silicon Vias ◽  
Silicon Matrix ◽  
Interfacial Delamination ◽  
Silicon Vias ◽  
The Impact

Recently, three-dimensional (3-D) integration with through silicon vias (TSVs) has emerged as an effective solution for interconnect structures beyond the 32-nm technology node in microelectronics. Among others, thermo-mechanical reliability is a key concern for the development of TSV structures used in 3-D interconnects. This paper examines the thermal stress-induced delamination between through silicon via (TSV) and the silicon matrix. First, the driving force for TSV delamination was derived for a long crack at the steady state, and then the analytical solutions were validated using finite element analysis (FEA). The analytical solutions and simulation results were found to be in good agreement at the steady state, and together they suggested a fracture mechanism to account for the TSV delamination observed. The analytical solution further provided a basic framework for studying the impact of materials, process and structural design on reliability of the TSV structure. In particular, we found that reducing the thermal mismatch and TSV diameter yield definite advantages in lowering the crack driving force for TSV delamination. Such driving force can also be controlled by introducing an annular metal filling or a dielectric liner between TSV and the Si matrix. Finally, the TSV protrusion phenomenon during thermal cycles was investigated. The interfacial delamination was found to initiate during a cooling process and to develop under a subsequent heating process, causing TSVs to protrude from the silicon matrix after repeated thermal cycles.

scholarly journals Non-Parametric Generalized Additive Models as a Tool for Evaluating Policy Interventions

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Jaime Pinilla ◽  
Miguel Negrín
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Nonlinear Trends ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Parametric

The interrupted time series analysis is a quasi-experimental design used to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. Segmented linear regression models have been the most used models to carry out this analysis. However, they assume a linear trend that may not be appropriate in many situations. In this paper, we show how generalized additive models (GAMs), a non-parametric regression-based method, can be useful to accommodate nonlinear trends. An analysis with simulated data is carried out to assess the performance of both models. Data were simulated from linear and non-linear (quadratic and cubic) functions. The results of this analysis show how GAMs improve on segmented linear regression models when the trend is non-linear, but they also show a good performance when the trend is linear. A real-life application where the impact of the 2012 Spanish cost-sharing reforms on pharmaceutical prescription is also analyzed. Seasonality and an indicator variable for the stockpiling effect are included as explanatory variables. The segmented linear regression model shows good fit of the data. However, the GAM concludes that the hypothesis of linear trend is rejected. The estimated level shift is similar for both models but the cumulative absolute effect on the number of prescriptions is lower in GAM.

scholarly journals Does agricultural intensification cause tipping points in ecosystem services?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. L. Watson ◽  
Adrian C. Newton ◽  
Lucy E. Ridding ◽  
Paul M. Evans ◽  
Steven Brand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Policy Option ◽  
List Type ◽  
Tipping Points ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Study Interval ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Agricultural intensification is being widely pursued as a policy option to improve food security and human development. Yet, there is a need to understand the impact of agricultural intensification on the provision of multiple ecosystem services, and to evaluate the possible occurrence of tipping points. Objectives To quantify and assess the long-term spatial dynamics of ecosystem service (ES) provision in a landscape undergoing agricultural intensification at four time points 1930, 1950, 1980 and 2015. Determine if thresholds or tipping points in ES provision may have occurred and if there are any detectable impacts on economic development and employment. Methods We used the InVEST suite of software models together with a time series of historical land cover maps and an Input–Output model to evaluate these dynamics over an 85-year period in the county of Dorset, southern England. Results Results indicated that trends in ES were often non-linear, highlighting the potential for abrupt changes in ES provision to occur in response to slight changes in underlying drivers. Despite the fluctuations in provision of different ES, overall economic activity increased almost linearly during the study interval, in line with the increase in agricultural productivity. Conclusions Such non-linear thresholds in ES will need to be avoided in the future by approaches aiming to deliver sustainable agricultural intensification. A number of positive feedback mechanisms are identified that suggest these thresholds could be considered as tipping points. However, further research into these feedbacks is required to fully determine the occurrence of tipping points in agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Influence of the Spatial Pressure Distribution of Breaking Wave Loading on the Dynamic Response of Wolf Rock Lighthouse

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Darshana T. Dassanayake ◽  
Alessandro Antonini ◽  
Athanasios Pappas ◽  
Alison Raby ◽  
James Mark William Brownjohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Distinct Element ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Wave Loading ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Impact Area ◽  
The Impact

The survivability analysis of offshore rock lighthouses requires several assumptions of the pressure distribution due to the breaking wave loading (Raby et al. (2019), Antonini et al. (2019). Due to the peculiar bathymetries and topographies of rock pinnacles, there is no dedicated formula to properly quantify the loads induced by the breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses. Wienke’s formula (Wienke and Oumeraci (2005) was used in this study to estimate the loads, even though it was not derived for breaking waves on offshore rock lighthouses, but rather for the breaking wave loading on offshore monopiles. However, a thorough sensitivity analysis of the effects of the assumed pressure distribution has never been performed. In this paper, by means of the Wolf Rock lighthouse distinct element model, we quantified the influence of the pressure distributions on the dynamic response of the lighthouse structure. Different pressure distributions were tested, while keeping the initial wave impact area and pressure integrated force unchanged, in order to quantify the effect of different pressure distribution patterns. The pressure distributions considered in this paper showed subtle differences in the overall dynamic structure responses; however, pressure distribution #3, based on published experimental data such as Tanimoto et al. (1986) and Zhou et al. (1991) gave the largest displacements. This scenario has a triangular pressure distribution with a peak at the centroid of the impact area, which then linearly decreases to zero at the top and bottom boundaries of the impact area. The azimuthal horizontal distribution was adopted from Wienke and Oumeraci’s work (2005). The main findings of this study will be of interest not only for the assessment of rock lighthouses but also for all the cylindrical structures built on rock pinnacles or rocky coastlines (with steep foreshore slopes) and exposed to harsh breaking wave loading.

The impact of total sleep deprivation upon supine and head up tilt hemodynamics using non-linear analysis in firefighters

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 102989
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kujawski ◽  
Katarzyna Buszko ◽  
Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska ◽  
Joanna Słomko ◽  
Djordje G. Jakovljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Head Up Tilt ◽  
The Impact

Selection of models to describe the temperature-dependent development of Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its application to predict the species voltinism under future climate conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Hevellyn Talissa dos Santos ◽  
Cesar Augusto Marchioro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Development ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The small tomato borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée, 1854) is a multivoltine pest of tomato and other cultivated solanaceous plants. The knowledge on how N. elegantalis respond to temperature may help in the development of pest management strategies, and in the understanding of the effects of climate change on its voltinism. In this context, this study aimed to select models to describe the temperature-dependent development rate of N. elegantalis and apply the best models to evaluate the impacts of climate change on pest voltinism. Voltinism was estimated with the best fit non-linear model and the degree-day approach using future climate change scenarios representing intermediary and high greenhouse gas emission rates. Two out of the six models assessed showed a good fit to the observed data and accurately estimated the thermal thresholds of N. elegantalis. The degree-day and the non-linear model estimated more generations in the warmer regions and fewer generations in the colder areas, but differences of up to 41% between models were recorded mainly in the warmer regions. In general, both models predicted an increase in the voltinism of N. elegantalis in most of the study area, and this increase was more pronounced in the scenarios with high emission of greenhouse gases. The mathematical model (74.8%) and the location (9.8%) were the factors that mostly contributed to the observed variation in pest voltinism. Our findings highlight the impact of climate change on the voltinism of N. elegantalis and indicate that an increase in its population growth is expected in most regions of the study area.

scholarly journals The Innovation-Driven Impact on Economic Structure Transition. The Case of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
Hailun Zhang ◽  
Sheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Structure Transition ◽  
Tertiary Industry ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plsr Model

AbstractThe research measures the driving force of innovation in economic structure transition. In order to change the pattern of economic development, China is implementing a strategy of innovation-driven development. China’s capacity of innovation has been increasing, especially since 2012, and China’s innovations have taken a leap-forward development. Nowadays, innovation has become a main driving force in China’s economic development and hi-tech industries particularly make a great contribution. Although China’s tertiary industry has been dominant and its share in three industrial sectors has been exceeding 50% since 2015, a problem still exists in China’s economy that the proportions of primary and secondary industries are relatively higher compared with developed countries. In this paper we use PLSR model to measure the impact of innovation on China’s economic structure transition. It is found that innovation can expand the tertiary industry through shrinking the proportions of primary and secondary industries, transforming China’s economic structure into a more advanced pattern. Additionally, China is also devoting itself to the “Belt and Road Initiative”, which should be combined with China’s domestic innovation-driven development and realize sustainable development of economy worldwide.

Driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqi Feng ◽  
Tianshu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the driving forces and structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea. This paper gives the answers for the following questions: How do China’s final demands trigger the growth of its imports from Korea? And what’s the impact of China’s final demands on the import in different industries? Design/methodology/approach Based on the Multi-Regional Input-Output model and World Input-Output Table database, this paper constructs the non-competitive imports input-output (IO) table of China to Korea. According to this table, we can calculate the induced imports coefficient and comprehensive induced import coefficients of China’s four final demands for imports from Korea in the 56 industries in China. Findings Among the four driving forces, the strongest one is changes in inventories and valuables. The impact of final consumption expenditure and fixed capital formation is much lower than that of changes in inventories and valuables, but they have a broader impact for the 56 industries. This paper finds out the China’s import induction of the final demands to Korea peaked in 2005 and 2010 and decreased greatly in 2014, so the position of China as market provider for Korea will no longer rise substantially, contrarily it will be in a steady state. Originality/value First, this paper constructs the non-competitive IO table to analyze the market provider issues between two countries and provides practical ways and methods for studies on the issues of imports and market provider. Second, this paper investigates the different roles of four final demands on driving force of China as market provider for Korea and the structural changes of China as a market provider for Korea among 56 industries from 2000 to 2014.

Relation Between Flow Velocity and Impact Pressure in a Green Water Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusalika Ariyarathne ◽  
Kuang-An Chang ◽  
Richard Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Void Fraction ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Impact Pressure ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Wave Condition ◽  
Wall Impingement ◽  
Impact Coefficient ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Kinetic Energy

Impact pressure due to plunging breaking waves impinging on a simplified model structure was investigated in the laboratory based on two breaking wave conditions: the wall impingement wave condition and the deck impingement wave condition. Pressure, void fraction, and velocities were measured at various locations on the deck surface. Impact pressure was correlated with the mean kinetic energy calculated based on the measured mean velocities and void fraction to obtain the impact coefficient. For the wall impingement wave condition, the relationship between impact pressure and mean kinetic energy is linear with the impact coefficient close to unity. For the deck impingement wave condition, the above relationship does not show good correlation, whereas the impact coefficient was found to be a function of the rate of pressure rise.

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