scholarly journals Eimeria Species and Haemosporidia of Domestic Chickens and Guinea Fowls Sold at Selected Poultry Markets in Lagos, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Emmanuel T. Idowu ◽  
Oluwayomi O. Adeyemi ◽  
tephen C. Ezenwanne ◽  
Olubunmi A. Otubanjo ◽  
Morakinyo B. Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Lagos State ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Chicken Breeds ◽  
Live Bird

Introduction: Parasitic diseases are a major setback to sustainable poultry production. This study determined the occurrence of Eimeria species and haemosporidia among domestic chickens and helmeted guinea fowls in live-bird markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods: Blood samples and intestinal contents at three distinct segments of the gut were collected from 60 domestic chickens and guinea fowls each. Wet smears of intestinal contents were microscopically examined for oocysts typical of Eimeria species while thin films of blood were Giemsa-stained for the demonstration of protozoa. Results: Results revealed that 19(31.7%) and 21(35%) chickens and guinea fowls w er e positive for Eimeria spp. infection respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in Eimeria spp. infections between the chicken breeds nor between sexes of both birds. Oocysts of Eimeria were mostly recovered from the caeca and small intestines of the guinea fowls and chickens respectively. Domestic chickens were infected with three different haemoprotozoa: Plasmodium spp. (23.3%), Leucocytozoon spp. (6.7%) and Haemoproteus spp. (3.3%); while Plasmodium spp. (15%) and Haemoproteus spp. (3.3%) were the only blood protozoa infecting guinea fowls. The infection rates of haemosporidia between the breeds of chickens and the sexes of both birds did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Conclusion: Eimeria parasites and haemosporidia are prevalent among chickens and guinea fowls sold in Lagos State. To prevent severe economic losses in the future, appropriate control measures should be designed and implemented.

Prevalence and risk factors associated to Eimeria spp. infection in unweaned alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from Southern Peru

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Díaz ◽  
Rosario Panadero ◽  
Rosalía López ◽  
Aida Cordero ◽  
Ana Pérez-Creo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Herd Prevalence ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Eimeria Infection

AbstractA total of 350 faecal samples from unweaned alpacas over 3 months of age were collected from 23 herds in order to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in Southern Peru and to identify the risk factors associated to Eimeria infection in young alpacas. Samples were examined by a flotation technique and the identification of risk factors was assessed by a logistic regression analysis. Sixty four percent of the examined animals shed Eimeria oocysts; herd prevalence was 96%, with an intra-herd prevalence of 60% (range 5.9-100%). Five different Eimeria species were identified, being E. lamae (91%), E. alpacae (87%) and E. punoensis (78%) the most prevalent; E. macusaniensis (35%) and E. ivitaensis (13%) were less common. Mixed-species infections were more frequent (78%) than single infections (22%). E. lamae was the most common monospecific infection and E. lamae/E. alpacae the most frequent association. The geographical area has a significant effect on Eimeria infection rates (74.9% wet Puna vs 37.4% dry Puna) as well as the breeding system (65.1% traditional vs 63.8% modern). In contrast, the sex of the animals (64.6% males vs 64.0% females) showed no influence on the prevalence of infection by Eimeria. The high prevalence found at both individual and herd level and the common presence of highly pathogenic Eimeria species may lead to important economic losses for alpaca breeders and could require the implementation of suitable control measures.

scholarly journals Serological Investigation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in East Shewa and Arsi Zones, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Gari ◽  
Biressaw Serda ◽  
Dejene Negesa ◽  
Fethu Lemma ◽  
Hagos Asgedom
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Disease

Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is an economically important disease of small ruminants with a rapidly expanding geographical distribution. There are fragmented reports to the occurrence and distribution of the disease in Ethiopia. A total of 700 serum samples were collected from goats and sheep to detect the presence of antibody against PPR virus using Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (C-ELISA). An overall PPR seropositivity was reported to be 48.43% in the area. There is no statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the disease between sheep and goats (50.85% and 46.68%), respectively. However, there was statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in the seroprevalence of the disease in young (33.9%) and adult (55.8%) age categories. The seroprevalence in male and female was 42.07% and 50.09%, respectively, where the variation was statistically not significant (P>0.05). High seroprevalence of Peste des petites ruminants in the study area indicated the virus circulation and endemicity of the disease. The disease causes substantial economic losses by affecting the livelihood of the farmers. Therefore, control measures should be put in place to minimize the loss associated with the disease.

scholarly journals Occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Heidari ◽  
Z. Sadeghi-Dehkordi ◽  
R. Moayedi ◽  
J. Gharekhani
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Hamedan Province ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Information on the occurrence, diversity and economic losses due to Eimeria infection on cattle farms is lacking in Western Iran. The principal aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Western Iran. In a cross-sectional study performed from June 2010 to April 2013, 400 faecal samples were collected randomly from animals without clinical signs from different cattle farms of Hamedan province and examined for Eimeria species infection using parasitology methods. The overall infection rate of Eimeria species was 8.25%. Nine species of Eimeria were identified including: E. bovis (23.7%), E. zuernii (19.2%), E. canadensis (12.6%), E. ellipsodalis (11.4%), E. alabamensis (10.4%), E. pellita (9.1%), E. auburnensis (6.8%), E. cylindrica (4.6%) and E. bukidnonensis (2.3%). There were statistically significant differences with respect to Eimeria infection and age group (P &lt; 0.0001, OR = 6), although no statistically significant relationships were found for sex (P = 0.35) or faecal consistency (P = 0.587). In conclusion, this study is the first to report the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province. Infection with pathogenic Eimeria spp. was asymptomatic in all animals; this is the reason for the transmission of infection by carriers in this region. Therefore, integrated strategies should be utilised to prevent and control Eimeria spp. infection on cattle farms. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Occurrence of poultry coccidiosis in different management systems in Thrissur, Kerala

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
Karthika R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Backyard Poultry ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry ◽  
Poultry Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is one of the most prevalent and economically important parasitic diseases caused by the infection with Eimeria species contributing to major economic losses of poultry industry worldwide. In this study, occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken reared under different management systems was studied. A total of 300 faecal samples from chicken were collected from six organised poultry farms and six backyard poultry units in and around Thrissur, Kerala. Out of this, 167 faecal samples were from organised farms and 133 from backyard poultry units. All the samples were artificially sporulated and examined for studying the oocysts morphology and morphometry. Out of 167 samples from organised farms 52 were found to be positive for Eimeria spp. while 61 out of 133 samples from backyard poultry were positive. The overall occurrence of Eimeria spp. in chicken from 12 different areas in and around Thrissur was 37.66 per cent (113/300). The species of Eimeria identified on morphological examination were E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. maxima. The occurrence rate of E. tenella was found to be significantly higher (46.01 %) compared to E. necatrix (39.82 %) and E. maxima (14.15 %). The rate of occurrence of Eimeria spp. infection was significantly higher in backyard poultry (45.86 %) compared to that in organised farms (31.13 %).

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors associated with Eimeria species infection in cattle of different geographical regions of Indonesia

2021 ◽  
pp. 2339-2345
Author(s):  
Fitrine Ekawasti ◽  
Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo ◽  
Lintang Winantya Firdausy ◽  
April Hari Wardhana ◽  
Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Intensively Managed

Background and Aim: Eimeria spp. are gastrointestinal protozoans that affect animal productivity, thereby causing symptoms that range from bloody diarrhea to death. These symptoms cause economic losses to farmers. The distribution of Eimeria spp. in cattle has, therefore, been reported to have spread widely, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Indonesia is a tropical country at high risk of Eimeria infections. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors related to the levels of eimeriosis in beef cattle originating from different geographic areas in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Here, 817 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle in Indonesia, including 282 calves, 535 adults, 530 males, and 287 females. In addition, 156 semi-intensively and 661 intensively managed cattle were randomly collected. Then, fecal samples were analyzed by parasitology examinations. Results: Screening examination using the sugar flotation modification method showed that Eimeria spp. were prevalent in Indonesia, as 65.4% of the bacterial strain was detected. The prevalence of identified Eimeria spp. in Indonesia was highest in North Maluku (Maluku Island) (94.1%), whereas the lowest levels were observed in West Java (24.0%) (Java Island). The prevalence was also found to be higher in males (79.3%) than females (51.9%). Similarly, levels in semi-intensively managed cattle (66.7%) were higher than those subjected to intensive management (65.9%). However, its prevalence in calf and adult cattle was similar. Conclusion: Bovine eimeriosis spp. were detected at high prevalence in Indonesia, and high-level risks were observed in infected males, including those under the semi-intensive management. In addition, although the results from oocyst examinations were based on qualitative analysis, the endemicity levels of Eimeria spp. among farms in Indonesia should be considered because Eimeria spp. were distributed in most parts of Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, we provide the first information about the prevalence of bovine eimeriosis from different geographical locations in Indonesia, which have differing climates associated with the level of the existing risk factors. Hence, farmers are advised to pay more attention to strict biosecurity techniques on their farms, thereby favoring the early control of bovine eimeriosis.

scholarly journals Coccidiosis Disease in Cattle in Indonesia and Development of Diagnostic Techniques

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Fitrine Ekawasti ◽  
April H Wardhana
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cattle Farms

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan of the order Coccidia, the family Eimeriidae of the genus Eimeria which breeds rapidly in the digestive tract and is the most difficult disease to be controlled on cattle farms. Eimeria spp. in cattle can cause high economic losses and increase susceptibility against infectious diseases. Therefore, coccidiosis in cattle needs attention from the government. This paper reviews a number of diagnostic methods that can be used in the detection of Eimeria spp. in cattle based on the goals and objectives of the examination. The coccidiosis cases often do not show any clinical symptoms but can cause sudden death in livestock. The diagnostic method that still used at present is based on its morphology that should not be used in identifying Eimeria species because the morphological characteristics Eimeria spp. have similar shape and size structures between species (resembling morphology). An appropriate diagnostic method for Eimeria is needed in the context of controlling coccidiosis strategically.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants in the Central Part of Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Shwe Yee Win ◽  
Myintzu Win ◽  
Ei Phyu Thwin ◽  
Lat Lat Htun ◽  
Myint Myint Hmoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
And Control

Gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants remains one of the major economic losses caused by reduced productivity. A total of 380 faecal samples were taken from 280 sheeps in Magway and Pwintbyu Townships and 100 goats in Natmauk Township, Myanmar. Faecal flotation and sedimentation methods were carried out to detect the presence of parasitic infections. Faecal egg and oocyst counts were carried out using the McMaster technique. The overall occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants was 98.4% (374/380). The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep (99.3%) was higher than that in goats (96%). The highest occurrence was found in Eimeria spp. (96%), followed by Trichostrongyle (77.1%), Trichuris spp. (35%), and Moniezia expansa (14%). The mixed infection rate was 84.8% (317/374), while a single infection was 15.2% (57/374). The mean eggs per gram (EPG) and oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces were ranged from 50 to 600 and 50 to 29,800, respectively. Among the 4 nucleotide sequences isolated, one sequence was 94.10-94.47% similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, reported from Laos, and three sequences showed 96.64-99.46% identity with Haemonchus contortus from Laos, China, India, and Mongolia. As gastrointestinal parasite infection in small ruminants was relatively high in the study area, the development of appropriate treatment and control measures should be provided to reduce production losses.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Parasites of Free-Range Chickens – A Worldwide Issue

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
João LOZANO ◽  
Adriana ANA ◽  
Antonio Palomero SALINERO ◽  
Estevam Guilherme LUX HOPPE ◽  
Lídia GOMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Research Studies

Gastrointestinal parasites with direct and/or indirect life cycles, namely Eimeria spp., Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Capillaria spp., are responsible for the most frequent and heavy economic losses in aviculture. The current review aimed to collect information about gastrointestinal parasites affecting poultry, as well as, research studies regarding parasitic diseases in free-range chicken production. From the references used in this review, 20% highlight research studies correlating prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-range chickens and factors such as the production system, age and animal density, hygienic conditions and weather.Coccidiosis is responsible for the major economic losses in poultry farms. Diseases have different clinical signs and result in variable impacts on animals. Control programs include mainly vaccination, anti-coccidia and anthelminthic drugs, as well as, house cleaning and disinfection. This review concluded that coccidia and helminths are a global threat to free-range poultry production. More research in this area is necessary in order to understand the major factors influencing the prevalence of parasitic diseases in this type of poultry production. Also the search for new control strategies must be a priority, mainly using natural antiparasitic compounds and biological control approaches.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Financial Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis in Oda-Bultum District, West Hararge, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Kebede Ayele Terefe
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Significant Difference

A study was conducted from November 2010 to February 2011 to determine the prevalence and estimate the economic loss of bovine fasciolosis in OdaBultum district based on the carpological examination and abattoir survey. Out of total of 384 fecal samples taken from cattle and examined, 182 (47.39%) were found positive for fasciolosis ,prevalence on months basis revealed higher prevalence rate (48.78%) in January and the lower (43.47%) was observed in November. No statistically significant variation (p>0.05) was observed in the monthly occurrence of the disease. Among the three localities (Godahora, Odaroba and Odabiyyo) from which fecal samples were taken higher infection rate (48.75%) was recorded in Odabiyyo while the lowest (46.27%) was noted at Odaroba. Statistical analysis of the result revealed no significant differences in prevalence among the three localities. Prevalence among the age groups showed 48.32% and 46.75% in young and adult age groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference in prevalence was seen between the two age group (p>0.05). Prevalence on the basis of sexes indicated 50% in male and 45.53 in females but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). A four month post mortem examination of 197 cattle slaughtered at baddessa town municipal abattoir revealed the overall prevalence of 47.68%. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant variation in monthly prevalence during the study period (p>0.05). Analysis of economic losses associated with liver condemnation in the study abattoir indicated a total of 13,498 ETB has been estimated to be lost each year in the abattoir as a result of fasciolosis. The current study has indicated that disease is of considerable economic significance therefore, calls for implementation of an appropriate control measures.

Developing, testing and application of rodent population dynamics and capture models based on an adjusted Leslie matrix-based population approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1450024
Author(s):  
Liyong Fu ◽  
Shouzheng Tang ◽  
Yingan Liu ◽  
Ram P. Sharma ◽  
Huiru Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Leslie Matrix ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Optimal Harvesting ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Population Dynamics Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Population Sizes

Small rodents in general and the multimammate rat Apodemus agrarius in particular, damage crops and cause major economic losses in China. Therefore, accurate predictions of the population size of A. agrarius and an efficient control strategy are urgently needed. We developed a population dynamics model by applying a Leslie matrix method, and a capture model based on optimal harvesting theory for A. agrarius. Our models were parametrized using demographic estimates from a capture–mark–recapture (CMR) study conducted on the Qinshui Forest Farm in Northwestern China. The population dynamics model incorporated 12 equally balanced age groups and included immigration and emigration parameters. The model was evaluated by assessing the predictions for four years based on the known starting population in 2004 from the 2004–2007 CMR data. The capture model incorporated two functional age categories (juvenile and adult) and used density-dependent and density-independent factors. The models were used to assess the effect of rodent control measures between 2004 and 2023 on population dynamics and the resulting numbers of rats. Three control measures affecting survival rates were considered. We found that the predicted population dynamics of A. agrarius between 2004 and 2007 compared favorably with the observed population dynamics. The models predicted that the population sizes of A. agrarius in the period between 2004 and 2023 under the control measure applied in August 2004 were very similar to the optimal population sizes, and no significant difference was found between the two population sizes. We recommend using the population dynamics and capture models based on CMR-estimated demographic schedules for rodent, provided these data are available. The models that we have developed have the potential to play an important role in predicting the effects of rodent management and in evaluating different control strategies.

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