scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination and Menstrual Issues - A Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-308
Author(s):  
Sheela. J
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Female Participant ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Abdominal Bloating ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The present study was aimed to assess the menstrual issues post COVID 19 vaccination. The objectives of the study was to assess the menstrual issues post COVID 19 vaccination & to find the association between menstrual issues and socio demographic variables. The study was conducted among 100 female participants who were vaccinated against COVID 19, using purposive sampling method. The present study showed that 88% had taken Covishield and 12 % had taken Covaxin. Majority that is 68% of the female participants belonged to the age group of 18-26 years, 63 % were Hindus and 65% belonged to nuclear family. In terms of the educational status 55% were graduates and 49% were studying. Majority that is 67% had their first menstrual period at the age of 13-15 years and 91% had no menstrual problem before Covid 19 vaccination. Distribution of 88 female participants according to Covishield vaccine and the menstrual issues revealed that 14% had missed periods, 10 % had bleeding or spotting in between periods, 13 % had menstrual bleeding lasting long, 58 % had menstrual cramps, 18% had heavy periods, 24% had breast tenderness, 39% had abdominal bloating, 27% had extreme tiredness, 11% had constipation and 47% had mood swings. Distribution of 12 female participants according to Covaxin vaccine and the menstrual issues revealed that 33% had missed periods, 25% had bleeding or spotting in between periods, 08% had menstrual bleeding lasting long, 50% had menstrual cramps, 17% had heavy periods, 33% had breast tenderness, 33% had abdominal bloating, 67% had extreme tiredness, 25% had constipation and 58% had mood swings. Distribution of female participants aged <20 years who were vaccinated with Covishield/Covaxin revealed that none of the participants in this age group reported any menstrual issues except one person who had extreme tiredness after Covaxin. Chi-Square test or proportion test no possible for both Covishield and Covaxin in age group<20 as observed frequencies do not match requirements of the test. Distribution of female participants aged 20 -29 years who were vaccinated with Covishield/ Covaxin revealed that for Covishield the proportion test for menstrual cramps revealed Z=0.426 (not significant, ‘p’>0.05), abdominal bloating Z=7.249 (significant, ‘p’< 0.01) and mood swing Z= 2.558 (significant, ‘p’<0.01) For Covaxin Chi square or proportion test not possible in age group 20 - 29 years as observed frequencies do not match requirements of the test. Distribution of female participants aged 30-39 years who were vaccinated with Covishield/Covaxin revealed that for Covishield the proportion test for breast tenderness revealed Z=0.343 (not significant, ‘p’>0.05). Chi square test & proportion test for missed bleeding, periods lasting long, and cramps is not possible as the observed frequencies do not match requirements of the test. For Covaxin Chi square or proportion test not possible in age group 30 - 39 years as observed frequencies do not match requirements of the test. Distribution of female participants aged 40-49 years who were vaccinated with Covishield, majority had menstrual issues and those who were vaccinated with Covaxin 50% had no menstrual issues. Chi -Square test or proportion test no possible for both Covishield and Covaxin in age group 40-49 years as observed frequencies do not match requirements of the test. Only one female participant aged 50 years and above was vaccinated with Covishield and she had menstrual issues before vaccination too. Therefore statistical analysis possible in this case. A quantitative non- experimental survey approach was chosen for the study. Menstrual issues post COVID 19 vaccination was assessed using a structured questionnaire. Keywords: COVID 19, vaccination, Covishield, Covaxin, menstrual issues.

scholarly journals Prevalence of oral habits in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Pedro Diniz Rebouças Rebouças ◽  
Levy Sombra de Oliveira ◽  
Henrique Matos Costa Lima ◽  
Lorena Walesca Macedo Rodrigues ◽  
Regina Glaucia Lucena Aguiar Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
First Year ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Absolute Frequency ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Oral Habits ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Objective: this quantitative descriptive study aimed to evaluate the presence of deleterious oral habits and associated factors in children attending the Amadeu Barros Leal day care in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Material and Methods: the sample consisted of 75 children (51% of girls) aged 0 to 5 years. Data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire to the parents or guardians and analyzed statistically with Fisher’s exact or Chi-square test, considering a 95% confidence interval. The results were expressed as absolute frequency and percentage. Results: 89% of the children participating in the study were breastfed, and 43.5% of them were breastfed at least until the first year of age. As much as 19% of the children slept with their mouths open and 39% used a pacifier, 56.7% of which used it constantly during the day and at night. About 91% of children used a feeding bottle, and most of bottles (79%) did not have an orthodontic nipple. In addition, 60% of children aged 24-36 months had the deleterious habit of grinding their teeth. Conclusion: in the present study, we investigated children from 0 to 5 years old and observed that this age group is predisposed to deleterious oral habits. In this way, more studies that trace a safe epidemiological profile aiming to reduce these harmful habits are extremely necessary.

A study to assess the knowledge regarding the prevention of home accidents among the mothers of under-five children in a selected community, Mangalore

2021 ◽  
pp. 408-412
Author(s):  
Annmariya T.A ◽  
Arya K ◽  
Binni Varughese ◽  
Diniya M.T ◽  
Festimol Pinhero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Home Accidents

World Health Organization (WHO) defines accident as an unexpected and an unintended event causing physical and mental injures. Children being less aware of danger are more vulnerable to accidents are one of the five leading causes of death in developing countries yearly. Accidents are main cause of death among children aged between 1-5 years old. As children are explorative in nature a number of accidents occur in this age group. Aims of the study: To assess the knowledge of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents and to find association between the knowledge score of mothers and selected demographic variables. Methodology: A descriptive study approach was adopted and structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of mothers. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the 50 samples from the selected community at Mangalore. The results and Conclusion: Majority (36%) of the mothers belonged to the age group 25-31 years. Half (50%) of the samples are belonged to Muslim community, 60% of the samples were from nuclear family, most (36%) of the samples were having one under five child. Majority 34% had pre-university and 30% had secondary school education. Majority (84 %) of the respondents had moderately adequate knowledge, only few (4 %) had inadequate knowledge and only 12% had adequate knowledge on prevention of home accidents. The maximum score of knowledge score was about 19, range 16, mean 10.54, standard deviation ± 4.20 and the mean percentage was 13. The computed chi-square value chi-square value computed between the level of knowledge and selected demographic variables i.e. age (22=1.093) Religion (22=2.155), Type of family (22=2.614), number of children below 5 years of age (22=.398) educational status (23=1.840) of the mothers and whether the child met with any type of accidents (21=.368) not significant at 0.05 level of significance. Thus, it can be interpreted that there is no significant association between knowledge of mothers of under five children and selected variables. Knowledge of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents was moderately adequate. Under five home accidents are common in India and it is necessary to take adequate precautions to prevent it. Educating mothers is the best way to prevent under five accidents at home.

scholarly journals Study of socio-demographic factors causing interruption of anti-tuberculosis treatment in DOTS centre in Warangal district of Telangana State

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 4107
Author(s):  
Tagaram Ramchandra ◽  
N. Pragathi Kumar ◽  
Niharika Lakkoju
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tribal Area ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Tribal Areas

Background: Tuberculosis has existed for millennia and remains a major global health problem. It causes ill-health in millions of people each year and in 2015 it was one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Understanding the specific reasons for unsuccessful outcomes is important to improve the treatment system. This present study was carried out to find out the effects of socio-demographic factors on TB defaulters under DOTS centre in Warangal District, Telangana state.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried among 103 defaulters of TB patients in 3 TB units (TU) Warangal (urban), Ragunathapally (rural) and Eturunagaram (tribal) out of 7 TB units in Warangal district, attached to District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) from January 2016 to June 2016 by interview technique utilising a pretested and structured questionnaire to collect the data. Statistical analysis: Percentages, proportions and chi-square test were applied whenever necessary.Results: In present study, males (35%) were more than females (7.8%) and 42.8% were in the age group of 40-55 years, followed by 28.1% were 26-39 years age group. Majority of defaulters were in nuclear family (77.7%) followed by joint family (21.3%). Cost of travel as a reason for default of treatment was seen more in tribal area (16.5%) than rural (12.6%) and urban (4.8%) TUs. The TB patients residing in tribal areas are more prone to default, an important reason being the distance needed to travel to the closest health facility, availability and the need to travel by public transport.Conclusions: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which has a devastating impact on the economic wellbeing of individual and their families. Most of the defaulters were illiterates residing in tribal area. Cost of travel as a reason for default of treatment was seen more in tribal TU 17(16.5%) than urban and rural TUs.

scholarly journals Comparative study on levonorgestrel intrauterine system and oral progestogen in women with heavy menstrual bleeding in terms of efficacy, user satisfaction and quality of life using MMAS score

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 3073
Author(s):  
Krishna Dahiya ◽  
Supriya Mahipal ◽  
Archit Dahiya ◽  
Isha Nandal ◽  
Priyanka Narang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Group I ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: To compare the efficacy, safety and user satisfaction of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) with oral progestogen in medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB).Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 80 women with HMB in age group of 35-55 years. Patients were divided into two groups of 40 each and followed for six months. In Group I, LNG-IUS was inserted in post menstrual period and in Group II, patients received oral norethisterone 5 mg twice a day during 5th-25th day of cycle for 6 months. Patients were evaluated about amount and duration of blood loss by pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) along with haemoglobin estimation on each follow up visit. MMAS (Menorrhagia Multi-Attribute Scale) score comparison between two groups was done to measure the improvement in quality of life. The results were analysed by using Chi-square test and Student t-test.Results: Percentage reduction in PBAC score after six cycles of treatment was 89.3% in LNG IUS group as compared to 68% in norethisterone group. LNG-IUS was found to be more efficient in correcting anemia, lowering duration of bleeding and improving MMAS score as compared to norethisterone.Conclusions: Present study showed that LNG IUS was superior to oral progestogen in decreasing quantity and duration of bleeding and improving overall quality of life over time. 

Skull and Face Injuries and Associated Factors in Pedestrian Victims of Traffic Accidents: A Single Trauma Center Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Josimara A. de Araújo Varela ◽  
Tatiana F.T. Palitot ◽  
Smyrna L.X. de Souza ◽  
Alidianne F.C. Cavalcanti ◽  
Alessandro L. Cavalcanti
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The City

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the presence of lesions in the skull and face and the associated factors in pedestrian victims of traffic accidents. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study carried out through the analysis of medical records of pedestrian victims of traffic accidents in an emergency service in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil, during the year of 2016. Information was collected regarding gender, age group, day of the week, time of the accident, type of vehicle involved, presence of trauma to the skull and face, and outcomes. The Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 1,884 medical records were evaluated, out of which 7.1% (n = 133) involved pedestrians. Men were the most frequent victims (68.4%), and victims of age 60 years old or over (30.5%) predominated. Almost one-third of the cases were recorded during the weekends (30.5%), and the most prevalent time was at night (52.7%). Regarding the type of vehicle involved, motorcycles predominated (47.4%). Head trauma was present in 37.6% of victims, while facial injuries corresponded to 8.2%. In 12% of cases, the victims died. The variables of gender, age group, occurrence on weekends, and trauma to the face showed a statistically significant association with the occurrence of traffic accidents (Chi-square test; p<0.05). Conclusion: Among pedestrian victims of traffic accidents, there is a predominance of men aged 65 years or over. Accidents are frequent at night, and motorcycles are the main vehicles involved. The presence of trauma to the skull and face regions is high.

scholarly journals Rheumatologist perspective of the Brazilian consensus for detection of auto antibodies in HEp-2 CELLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadora Carvalho Medeiros Francescantonio ◽  
Leandro Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Luiz Carvalho Francescantonio ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Coelho Andrade ◽  
Wilson de Melo Cruvinel
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Dichotomous Data ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Relevant Pattern ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Abstract Objective To evaluate the perception of rheumatologists regarding the recommendations of the Brazilian Consensus for detection of Autoantibodies (BCA) on HEp-2 Cells by Indirect Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and how BCA recommendations help in clinical practice. Methodology A structured questionnaire regarding the BCA recommendations for detection and interpretations of autoantibodies in HEp-2 cells was applied to randomly selected rheumatologists. The results were tabulated using the Microsoft® Excel program, expressed as a simple percentage and the dichotomous data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and the Epi Info® program. Results Four hundred fuorteen rheumatologists participated in the study: 70% of them considered their knowledge of the HEp-2 IFA test satisfactory or excellent, and 43% said they knew the BCA recommendations in general, without distinguishing the edition of the BCA to which they refer. The Revista Brasileira de Rheumatologia/Advances in Rheumatology was the means of dissemination most consulted by specialists (50%). According to the rheumatologists’ opinion, the most relevant pattern was the homogeneous nuclear (78%) and 65% stated they were satisfied with the BCA recommendations at a level of satisfaction greater than or equal to 80%. There was no significant difference in the perception of rheumatologists from the several Brazilian geographic regions. Conclusion Brazilian rheumatologists are aware of the BCA guidelines and most are satisfied with the content published, considering that the BCA recommendations assist positively in the clinical practice. Most rheumatologists recognize the patterns associated with rheumatic autoimmune diseases and have used BCA recommendations to interpret the results of the HEp-2 IFA test.

scholarly journals Secondary School Students’ Perception of the Acquisition of Social Science Skill

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
José María Álvarez Martínez-Iglesias ◽  
Pedro Miralles Martínez ◽  
Jesús Molina Saorín ◽  
Francisco Javier Trigueros Cano
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Quantitative Methodology ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Linearity Test ◽  
Ordinal Test

The aim of this study is to find out the relevance of the competences worked on in the area of social science, specifically in the subjects of geography and history, through the perceptions of pupils in the 4th year of compulsory secondary education (ESO). In order to carry out the survey, a purposive sampling was carried out in which more than 1400 4th year ESO students (in Spain) participated. In addition, using a Likert-type scale of our own creation called Evaluation of the Perception of Social Science Competences (EPECOCISO) and following a design of quantitative methodology, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out with the analysis software SPSS through the descriptive process, which allowed us to select the three factors that make up the study. Subsequently, correlations were established between factors through Pearson’s test, and between the different variables that make up each one of them with the socio-demographic variables (distinguishing between ordinal and nominal variables) through the chi-square test of independence and Cramer’s V test (nominal), as well as the linearity test, Goodman’s gamma test, and the Kruskal (ordinal) test. Finally, one of the most important conclusions of this study is that the difficulties encountered by students in the acquisition of competences is conditioned by the development of the assessment processes that are carried out.

Children’s perception towards parents on learning Mathematics in Sindhuli district

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Yam Prasad Pandeya
Keyword(s):  
Parent Involvement ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Mathematical Achievement ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Learning Mathematics ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Parental factors play vital role in academic attainment of their offspring. Motivation and counseling stimulate someone to take a desired course of action. This paper attempts to explore the perception of children towards their patents in support, involvement, counseling, and motivation on learning mathematics. This study employed survey research design of the quantitative approach. The total population of the study was90 students (15 students from each six schools) enrolled in Grade ix of Sindhuli district in 2019. The data were collected through self-structured questionnaire using three points-Likert scale items. Mean and standard deviation of each item were calculated and Chi-square test at 5% level of significance was used to test the hypothesis. The finding of this study shows that the parents of Sindhuli district are very conscious about the study of their children whatever their educational level. This study suggests that parent involvement is an inseparable component to promote mathematical achievement of their offspring.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of HIV among Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centers Clients, Elgenina Town, West Darfur, Sudan.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Ahmed, M. Hussein ◽  
Ahmed Mokhtar Osman Mohammed ◽  
Dawria, Adam
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Unsafe Sex ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Voluntary Counseling And Testing ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Nonprobability Sample ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

This study was conducted in two (VCTs) at Elgenina town, the capital of West Darfur State in Sudan in period from November 2010 to February 2011, the study included all people attending VCTs in Elgeniena town for voluntary checking one hundred and fifty clients who visited the (VCT) centers and volunteered were included in this study, nonprobability sample, 150 volunteers was taken and covered all ages, One ml of blood was taken from each of the study sample and tested by rapid Immune Chromatographic (ICT) for HIV, a structured questionnaire was designed and the interviewed after a written consent to participate in the study was signed, data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical programmer and for possible association between study variables, the Chi square test was used, the study showed that 35 volunteers (23.33%) were positives, of whom 54.3% 19 were males. People having more than one sex partner were high 63.6% with statistically significant factor of getting infection (P.value = 0.00). Also, practicing unsafe sex were 5.2% another major risky (P.value = 0.00). Among the HIV positive cases 34.3% were drug users, compared to 20.9% from the HIV negatives (p. value = 0.10). There is no relation between education level and infection with HIV (p .value = 0.154). Forty two percent of the participants were single, 30% married, 10% divorced, 7.3% widows and 10.7% were separate

scholarly journals Digital Marketing Communication and Car Buying: A Study of Potential Deterrents

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha Dahiya ◽  
Aparna Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Occupational Category ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Digital Channels ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The present study aims to identify the potential deterrents of digital marketing communication while buying a car. Data was collected from 801 respondents from Delhi using area wise proportionate sampling. 75% of the respondents used at least one digital channel of communication while buying a car. There were 25% of the respondents who didn’t use digital channels of communication while buying a car and relied exclusively upon traditional channels of communication. The study analyzed the respondents believing only in traditional channels of communication while buying a car to know the deterrents impeding the usage of digital channels of communication. The study also aimed to identify the distinct customers segments using traditional channels of communication while buying a car. Data was analyzed with the help of chi-square test and cluster analysis. ‘Technicality’ of the medium followed by ‘lack of knowledge and time’ were identified as the major deterrents of digital marketing communication. Two customer segments were identified in the study that made use of only traditional channels of communication while buying a car. First segment comprised of respondents ‘above 40 years of age’ belonging to ‘business’ category. Second segment was composed of respondents in ‘service’ occupational category belonging to ‘26 to 30 years age’ group.

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