ENHANCING PERFORMANCE OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS BY APPLYING ORGANOCLAY AS SECONDARY FILLER

2020 ◽  
pp. 000-000 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
L. A. E. M. Reuvekamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

ABSTRACT Silica-reinforced natural rubber (NR) tire tread compounds are investigated using organoclay (OC) as secondary filler. By varying mixer temperature settings at a silica/OC ratio of 45/10 phr, dump temperatures are reached of approximately 120, 140, 150, and 160 °C. The increased dump temperature leads to a better silanization reaction resulting in lower mixing torque, Mooney viscosity, and Payne effect. The optimum mixing dump temperature was found to be around 150 °C. By varying the loadings of OC in the silica-filled NR compounds from 0 to 36 wt% relative to total filler amount, the increased OC loadings decreased the Payne effect and compound viscosities, significantly shortened scorch and cure times, and raised the tan delta at −20 and 0 °C as indications for ice traction and wet skid resistance of tire treads made therefrom. The optimum loading of OC of 18 wt% relative to total filler content shows better Payne effect, cure rate index, tan delta at −20 and 60 °C indicative for rolling resistance, and DIN abrasion resistance index. The results indicate that the use of this hybrid filler may provide tires with better wet traction and lower rolling resistance and wear resistance compared with the pure silica-filled system.

IMPROVEMENT OF SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS BY JOINT HYBRIDIZATION WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF SECONDARY FILLERS AND POLYMERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
L. A. E. M. Reuvekamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Positive Effects

ABSTRACT To improve the properties of silica-reinforced truck tire tread compounds, especially abrasion resistance, the effect of vinyl contents in butadiene rubber (BR) or solution styrene–butadiene rubber (SSBR) as secondary polymers in silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds at a ratio of 80/20 phr is investigated in the first part of this study. By increasing the levels of vinyl contents in BR in combination with NR, a better Payne effect, 300% modulus, reinforcement index, and tan delta at −20 and 0 ° C are obtained, whereas the tensile strength, elongation at break, and DIN abrasion resistance index decrease with increasing vinyl contents. Higher vinyl contents in SSBR result in improvements in Payne effect, 300% modulus, tan delta at −20 and 0 °C but only a small improvement in DIN abrasion resistance index. Combinations of secondary fillers and polymers in silica-filled NR are covered in the second part of present study. Silica/carbon black–filled NR/BR and NR/SSBR, respectively, and silica/organoclay–filled NR/BR and NR/SSBR show positive effects on scorch time and optimum cure time, with only slight changes in Payne effect, tensile properties, tan delta at −20 and 0 ° C and DIN abrasion resistance as compared with compounds with carbon black N134. The use of organoclay results in an enhanced Payne effect and tan delta at 60 °C, indicative of reduced filler–filler networking and consequently a lower rolling resistance of tire tread compounds as compared with the compound without organoclay. The specific combination of a small amount of organoclay replacing the same amount of silica, together with some of the NR replaced by high-vinyl BR, promises a substantial overall boost in wet and ice traction, abrasion, and wear resistance as compared with straight NR/silica tire treads. This new observation helps to overcome one of the main shortcomings of NR/silica compounds: their generally low wear resistance.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Alkylphenol Disulfide Polymer Accelerators and the Vulcanization of Isobutylene Based Elastomers

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan Rodgers ◽  
Scott Solis ◽  
Nitin Tambe ◽  
Bharat B. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Rubber Tire ◽  
Carbon Double Bond ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Vulcanization of isobutylene/isoprene copolymer (butyl rubber) using sulfur and organic accelerators is facilitated by the presence of the carbon-carbon double bond in the copolymer isoprenyl unit. The low number of unsaturated monomer units, usually in the order of 2%, has traditionally necessitated use of ultra-fast accelerators such as tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) or zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZMDC). Use of such accelerators can result in formation of nitrosamines which may be undesirable. There are a number of alternatives to thiuram and dithiocarbamate cure systems such as use of xanthates and phosphate based accelerators. Alkylphenol disulfide based accelerators also enable attainment of favorable properties when used in butyl and halobutyl compounds. Use of alkylphenol disulfide accelerators in butyl rubber compounds can allow improvement in reversion resistance, adhesion to natural rubber tire casing compounds, and aged property retention. In bromobutyl compounds containing alkylphenol disulfide accelerators in binary (two accelerators) or tertiary (three accelerators) cure systems, adjustment in cure rate to meet specific requirements and aged property retention is possible. This, fifth in a series of studies on the vulcanization of isobutylene elastomers, explores the use of alkylphenol disulfide cure systems for vulcanization of both butyl and bromobutyl rubbers and is intended to provide a starting point for further development work.

Study on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with Molasses Black/Carbon Black Hybrid Filler System

2016 ◽  
Vol 718 ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanunya Saowapark ◽  
Ekrachan Chaichana ◽  
Adisak Jaturapiree
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Particle ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Large Particle Size ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Infrared Spectrophotometer

Molasses is an inexpensive byproduct made during the extraction of sugars from sugarcane. Viscous molasses was converted to powder form under heating process. Molasses black (MB), mainly consisting of carbon, was finally obtained. As a result of elemental analyzer, it is evident that MB containing 56.13 % of carbon. Additionally, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) result confirmed that function groups of MB were comparable with carbon black (CB). Nevertheless, the large particle size and low specific surface area of MB was less effective for reinforcement. Therefore, in this research, a feasibility study was carried out on the utilization of MB together with carbon black as hybrid filler in natural rubber (NR). Reinforcement of NR with MB/CB hybrid filler at various ratios was studied. The total hybrid filler content was 30 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). The mechanical properties were determined. The results revealed that the NR vulcanizates containing hybrid filler exhibited the better reinforcement than that filled with single MB filler.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

scholarly journals Assessment of Graphene Oxide and Nanoclay Based Hybrid Filler in Chlorobutyl-Natural Rubber Blend for Advanced Gas Barrier Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1098
Author(s):  
Jibin Keloth Paduvilan ◽  
Prajitha Velayudhan ◽  
Ashin Amanulla ◽  
Hanna Joseph Maria ◽  
Allisson Saiter-Fourcin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chlorobutyl Rubber ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Nanomaterials have engaged response from the scientific world in recent decades due to their exceptional physical and chemical properties counter to their bulk. They have been widely used in a polymer matrix to improve mechanical, thermal, barrier, electronic and chemical properties. In rubber nanocomposites, nanofillers dispersion and the interfacial adhesion between polymer and fillers influences the composites factual properties. In the present work, a comparison of the hybrid effects of carbon black with two different nanofillers (graphene oxide and nanoclay) was studied. The 70/30 composition of chlorobutyl rubber/natural rubber elastomer blend was taken as per the blend composition optimized from our previous studies. The hybrid effects of graphene oxide and nanoclay in dispersing the nanofillers were studied mainly by analyzing nanocomposite barrier properties. The results confirm that the combined effect of carbon black with graphene oxide and nanoclay could create hybrid effects in decreasing the gas permeability. The prepared nanocomposites which partially replace the expensive chlorobutyl rubber can be used for tyre inner liner application. Additionally, the reduction in the amount of carbon black in the nanocomposite can be an added advantage of considering the environmental and economic factors.

Effect of carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles as hybrid filler on properties of natural rubber nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (13) ◽  
pp. 47281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apinya Krainoi ◽  
Claudia Kummerlöwe ◽  
Norbert Vennemann ◽  
Yeampon Nakaramontri ◽  
Skulrat Pichaiyut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites

scholarly journals Hybrid Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Containing Wood Flour for Paper Applications – A Comparative Handsheet Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Klaus Dölle ◽  
Kilian F. Baumgartner ◽  
Neil F. Goodman ◽  
Alexander Klitsiotisoris
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Carbonate Mineral ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Flour Blends ◽  
Ground Calcium Carbonate

The main objective of this paper handsheet study is to investigate if a hybrid filler material containing wood flour and precipitated calcium carbonate can replace and/or supplement commercially available ground calcium carbonate and precipitated calcium carbonate mineral filler material for papermaking. The handsheet study contains 25 different furnish mixtures. Four different types of wood flour were used to manufacture the hybrid filler material, including two wood flour blends with a strengthening agent. All handsheet were manufactured with an 80% harwood and 20% softwood mix. The filler content varied between 10, 15 and 20%. The study showed that the hybrid filler material achieved a retention of up to 92.68% as well as a higher caliper of up to 208 μm compared to commercial ground and precipitated calcium carbonate of 120.4 μm and 145.6 μm respectively. Tensile and tear strength did not show an improvement. Elongation and tensile energy absorption did improve of up to 30% with the strength additive containing hybrid filler material. Opacity was improved of up to 10% with the hybrid filler material. Brightness and color values were lower due to the natural brow color of the wood flower material.

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