scholarly journals Diversity of Endophytic fungi in liana, Celastrus paniculatus collected from few sites of Jhargram and Paschim Medinipur districts, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Biplab Bagchi ◽  
◽  
Binod Saradar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Mycelial Form ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colonization Frequency ◽  
Celastrus Paniculatus ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

To determine the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi associated with the liana from five different forest localities of Jhargram and West Medinipur districts of West Bengal. On the basis of differentiation of weather and microclimate, I have to select the regions. Between the two regions, the distance is at least 25-30 km, the microclimate and moisture under the canopy will differ, it affects mainly on the presence of endophytes. Leaf, fruit and stem segments were collected randomly in summer, winter and monsoon in 2018. It is impossible to take all leaves and other organs of a plant because plant parts should be collected sustainably so that minimum damage of stock occurs. Surfaces of all samples were sterilised just before putting on pot5ato dextrose agar (PDA) media for the growth of endophytic fungal mycelia and their isolation. Fungi were isolated and identified based on the morphology of its colony, and mycelial form and morphology, sexual and asexual reproductive structures and their characters, spore-form and nature of attachment, cultural conditions etc. were taken in consideration to identify them. Total 1125 samples were used for endophytic growth. The total of 1558 endophytic fungi were isolated from 797 sample segments of Celastrus paniculatus. The dominant endophytic fungi belong to genera Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., Beltrania sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Verticillium sp., Arthrinium sp, Penicillium sp., Podospora sp., Alternarium sp., Acrocylindrium sp. etc. Maximum endophytic isolates were obtained from leaf segments followed by fruit and then stem. In monsoon, colonization frequency shows highest (80.53%) and in summer, it is lowest (61.87%) from the plant samples of all locations. The examples from Chilkigarh shows the highest colonization frequency (90.22%) and from Nayagram, it is the lowest (61.78%). The leaf’s colonization frequency is maximum (84.53%) and the stem is minimum (62.4%). Most of the isolated endophytic fungi were found under the group Deuteromycetes. Endophytic fungi show a wide range of Shannon-Weiner and Simpson’s indices. These indicators point to an equal and throughout distribution of different species. The findings add to our knowledge of the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi, which are expected to have a variety of interactions with their host plants.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Michele Ines Kanko Mbekou ◽  
Darline Dize ◽  
Victorine Lorette Yimgang ◽  
Fred Djague ◽  
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Cananga Odorata

Emerging drug-resistant bacteria creates an urgent need to search for antibiotics drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Endophytes have established a reputation as a source of structurally novel secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we explore the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. The crude ethyl acetate extracts of 56 different endophytic fungi were screened against seven bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial modes of action of the most active extracts (04) were evaluated using E. coli ATCC 25922 and H. influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. Both the DPPH and FRAP assays were used to investigate their antioxidant activity, and their cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Out of the 56 crude extracts tested, about 13% were considered very active, 66% partially active, and 21% nonactive against all tested bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 0.32 μg/mL to 25 μg/mL. The four more potent extracts (MIC <5 μg/mL) (from Aspergillus sp. N454, Aspergillus sp. N13, Curvularia sp. N101, and Aspergillus sp. N18) significantly lysed the bacteria cells, increased outer membrane permeability, reduced salt tolerance, and inhibited bacterial catalase activity. They exhibited a DPPH free radical scavenging activity with I C 50 ranging from 150.71 to 936.08 μg/mL. Three of the four potent extracts were noncytotoxic against the Vero cells line ( C C 50 > 100  μg/mL). Results from this investigation demonstrated that endophytes from Cameroonian medicinal plants might content potent antibacterial metabolites. The bioguided fractionation of these potent extracts is ongoing to isolate and characterise potential active ingredients.

scholarly journals Diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi from Combretum sp. collected in monsoon from three regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Biplab Bagchi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Colonization Frequency ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp

Aerial tissues of the woody lianas- Combretum sp. was selected and assessed for study of endophytic fungal diversity from three forest areas of West Medinipur and Jhargram districts of West Bengal. In monsoon study it was observed that out of 225 various tissue segments ,165 segments had been colonized by endophytic fungi Combretum roxburghii and 209 endophytic isolates were isolated from them. Average colonization frequency (CF)was 73.32 percent. Highest CF was in plant of Belpahari (76%) and in petiole (82.66%). Out of isolated fungal genera Pestalotiopsis sp. was highest in number. Diplodia sp., Beltrania sp., Chaetomium sp., Fusarium sp., Arthrinium sp. were also greater in number. Dominance index was highest in Belpahari (0.1547). Simpson’s diversity was maximum in Godapiasal (0.8693) and Shannon-Wiener index was also highest (2.152) in plant of Godapiasal. Highest diversity of endophytic fungi was in plants of Chilkigarh. Isolated endophytic fungi were Lasiodiplodia sp., Diplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Chaetomium sp., Arthrinium sp., Aspergillus sp., Pestalotiopsis sp. etc. Simpson’s diversity and Shannon-Wiener index were maximum in plants of Godapiasal. The study of antimicrobial activity of isolated fungal endophytes indicated that few plugs showed antimicrobial activity against few pathogenic bacteria. Among all isolates tested only seven showed antimicrobial activity. Aspergillus sp. and one unidentified fungi showed the antimicrobial activity against three bacteria i. e., Bacillus cereus, Escherechia coli and Vibrio cholera and maximum inhibition zone was observed against E. coli, diameter of inhibition zone is 1.4 cm. Other fungi showed less antimicrobial activity. Diameter of zone of inhibition varied (0.7 – 1.4) and this variation might be due to the difference of bioactive compound produced or the varied concentrations or amount degree of same compound.

Modernism and American Ballet

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Harris
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter explores the international and interdisciplinary backdrop of Lincoln Kirstein’s efforts to form an American ballet in the early 1930s. The political, economic, and cultural conditions of the Depression reinvigorated the search for an “American” culture. In this context, new openings for a modernist theory of ballet were created as intellectuals and artists from a wide range of disciplines endeavored to define the role of the arts in protecting against the dangerous effects of mass culture. Chapter 1 sheds new light on well-known critical debates in dance history between Kirstein and John Martin over whether ballet, with its European roots, could truly become “American” in contrast to modern dance. Was American dance going to be conceived in nationalist or transnationalist terms? That was the deeper conflict that underlay the ballet vs. modern dance debates of the early 1930s.

scholarly journals COMPARISION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN THE FLOWER BUDS, PEDICELS AND LEAVES OF SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM (L.) MERRIL AND PERRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Rajalekshmy V. S. ◽  
V. Manimekalai
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Major Chemical

Objective: To analyse and compare the major chemical components in the flower buds, pedicels and leaves of Syzygium aromaticum by Gas-Chromatography Mass spectrometry technique. Methods: Healthy and mature flower buds, pedicels and leaves were shade dried and pulverized using a mechanical grinder. The powder was successively extracted with ethanol (40-60o C). The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure in a rotary evaporator. The ethanolic extracts of the plant parts such as leaves, pedicels, and buds were used for GC-MS analysis.Results: The major constituent is eugenol. Pedicels contain 79.75% eugenol, buds contain 74.12% eugenol and leaves contain 51.03% eugenol. In addition to eugenol, other important components are Acetyl eugenol, Caryophyllene, Humulene and Caryophyllene oxide.Conclusion: Eugenol has a wide range of medicinal properties such as antiseptic, anaesthetic, analgesic anti-inflammatory. Commercially pedicel is not used for eugenol extraction. Present study has revealed that it could be used as a promising one in pharmaceutical industry in addition to flower buds.

Comparative Profiling of Four Lignans (Phyllanthin, Hypophyllanthin, Nirtetralin, and Niranthin) in Nine Phyllanthus Species from India Using a Validated Reversed Phase HPLC-PDA Detection Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinal Patel ◽  
Padamnabhi Shanker Nagar ◽  
Kalpana Pal ◽  
Raghuraj Singh ◽  
Tushar Dhanani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase Hplc ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Herbal Formulations

Abstract Background Phyllanthus species exhibit a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities; however, little is known about the compounds present in the extracts that are responsible for such actions. Objective Development and validation of a simple reversed phase HPLC-PDA method for profiling of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin in extracts of Phyllanthus species was carried out. Methods Separation was achieved using an XBridge column® (150 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 µm id) in an isocratic elution mode with mobile phase comprising of a mixture of acetonitrile and water with TFA (0.05%, v/v, pH = 2.15) at ambient temperature with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Results Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin were eluted at mean retention times of 10.47, 11.10, 13.67, and 14.53 min, respectively. LOD and LOQ for all four analytes were 0.75 and 3.00 μg/mL, respectively. RSDr values for intraday and interday precision for phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin were 0.38–1.32 and 0.45–1.77%; 0.22–3.69 and 0.24–3.04%, 0.73–2.37 and 0.09–0.31%, and 1.56–2.77 and 0.12–0.68%, respectively. Conclusions The developed and validated HPLC-PDA method was applied for identification and quantification of phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin, and niranthin in extracts of different plant parts of selected Phyllanthus species. The outcome of the present investigation could be useful for selection of best species to promote its commercial cultivation and suitable extraction solvent for preparation of lignan-enriched fractions. This HPLC-PDA method could be useful for quality control of herbal formulations containing plants from Phyllanthus species.

scholarly journals Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Datura Species—A Review

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Sharma ◽  
Inderpreet Dhaliwal ◽  
Kusum Rana ◽  
Anil Kumar Delta ◽  
Prashant Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Tropane Alkaloids ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Datura, a genus of medicinal herb from the Solanaceae family, is credited with toxic as well as medicinal properties. The different plant parts of Datura sp., mainly D. stramonium L., commonly known as Datura or Jimson Weed, exhibit potent analgesic, antiviral, anti-diarrheal, and anti-inflammatory activities, owing to the wide range of bioactive constituents. With these pharmacological activities, D. stramonium is potentially used to treat numerous human diseases, including ulcers, inflammation, wounds, rheumatism, gout, bruises and swellings, sciatica, fever, toothache, asthma, and bronchitis. The primary phytochemicals investigation on plant extract of Datura showed alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds. It also contains toxic tropane alkaloids, including atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscamine. Although some studies on D. stramonium have reported potential pharmacological effects, information about the toxicity remains almost uncertain. Moreover, the frequent abuse of D. stramonium for recreational purposes has led to toxic syndromes. Therefore, it becomes necessary to be aware of the toxic aspects and the potential risks accompanying its use. The present review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition and pharmacological and toxicological aspects of the plant Datura.

scholarly journals Fungal Endophytes of Vitis vinifera—Plant Growth Promotion Factors

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Markéta Kulišová ◽  
Maria Vrublevskaya ◽  
Petra Lovecká ◽  
Blanka Vrchotová ◽  
Milena Stránská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Promising Source

Endophytes are microorganisms that live asymptomatically inside plant tissues. They are beneficial to their host in many aspects, especially as a defense against foreign phytopathogens through the production of a variety of metabolites. These substances can serve as sources of new natural products for medicinal, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This article is focused on endophytic fungi from Vitis vinifera. The purpose of the research was their isolation and identification during the Vitis vinifera growing season. Subsequently, the isolates were tested for the production of biotechnologically interesting metabolites (siderophores, antioxidants, and antifungal compounds). In total, 24 endophytic fungi were isolated, the most represented genus was Cladosporium sp. The results of the test for antioxidant and antifungal properties, as well as siderophore production, have shown that the population of Vitis vinifera endophytic microscopic fungi could serve as a promising source of metabolites with a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals Contemporary Water Management Issues in Thailand in Comparative Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 218-228
Author(s):  
Alin Chintraruck
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Management Issues

Water management is a complex and multifarious issue that joins together a wide range of different problems and approaches. Since water is essential to human life, governments must make efforts to ensure that everyone receives the water necessary but, at the same time, they have to wrestle with the fact that water is a scarce resource that must be priced for consumption under conditions of constantly increasing demand from cities, industry, agriculture and tourism. Examination of three case studies, Australia, Singapore and Japan, indicates that contemporary water management issue may be considered in a number of categories and analysis has taken place on four such categories. These are global climate change, disaster mitigation, political and legal modernization and allocation of water resources. The case studies inform the discussion of water management practices and prospects for Thailand and it is shown that the country is progressing towards the examples represented by the more developed and advanced countries insofar as it is ever possible to import a water management solution into the very specific geographical, hydrological, social, political and cultural conditions in effect in a specific location.

scholarly journals SOIL pH AND MOISTURE EFFECTS ON VEGETABLE AMARANTH PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 647e-647
Author(s):  
Bharat P. Singh ◽  
Wayne F. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Moisture Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Grown ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The effect of soil moisture and pH levels on the vegetative growth of amaranth were studied in the greenhouse during 1990-91. Three soil pH levels: 4.5, 5.3, and 6.4 and four soil water levels: 3, 6, 12 and 18% (w/w) comprised the treatments of the two studies. The plants grown in pH 6.4 were significantly taller and had greater leaf area than plants grown in pH 5.3 or 4.7 soil. There was a significant decrease in all above ground plant parts with each increase in soil acidity. The top fresh weight of plants grown in 5.6 and 4.7 pH soil were 27% and 73% lower, respectively, than plant grown in 6.4 pH soil. Plant grown in 3% soil water had significantly lower leaf, stem and root fresh weights than other soil water levels. There was no significant difference in the performance of plants grown in 6, 12 or 18% soil water, suggesting that amaranth plant is adapted to a wide range of soil moisture conditions.

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