scholarly journals Efficacy of Isometamidiumin Combination with Verapamil, Chlorpromazine ‎or Sodium-ethylenediaminetetra-acetic Acid in Treatment of Experimental ‎Diminazene Aceturate-resistant Strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei ‎Infection in Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
I. C. Chukwudi ◽  
O. C. Omemgboji ◽  
B. M. Anene
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate

This study investigated the efficacy of different chemotherapeutic regimes in the treatment of rats experimentally infected with diminazene aceturate-resistant strain Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Thirty Sprague Dawley male rats used for the study were randomly assigned to six groups of five rats eachas follows: group A-uninfected untreated (negative control), group B-infected and untreated (positive control), groups C-F were infected and treated with 1.0 mg/kg isometamidum chloride, administered intramuscularly on day 11 post-infection. However, rats in groups D, E and F received further treatments with 700 mg/kg sodium-ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, 0.4 mg/kg verapamil and 3 mg/kg chlorpromazine, respectively, administered orally for four days. Clearance of parasite post-treatment (PT), mortality PT, relapse parasitaemia post-clearance, body weight change, rectal temperature, packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (HB) concentration and red blood cell count (RBC) were determined during the experiment. Result showed parasite clearance PT of 100% in groups D and E, 80% in group F and 20% in group C by 24 hours PT. The infection relapsed on day 35 PT in 40% of rats in group C, on day 37 PT in 20% of rats in group F and lastly 20% of rats in groups D and E on day 39 PT. Rats that received drug combination showed marginal improvement in erythrocytic parameters analysed when compared with those treatment with isometamidium alone. Combination therapy showed faster clearance of parasite from the blood and also prolonged relapse post-clearance, thus had a better promising efficacy when compared to using isometamiduim chloride alone.

scholarly journals Ulcer Protective and Ulcer Healing Activities of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Leaves of Rumex Bequaertii De Wild (Polygonaceae) in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Gilbert Ateufack ◽  
Breuil R. Dongmo Feudjio ◽  
William Nana Yousseu ◽  
Albert D. Atsamo ◽  
Albert Kamanyi
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Chronic Ulcer ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

The aqueous and methanolic extracts of Rumex bequaertii leaves were investigated for their ability to prevent and treated ulceration of the gastric mucosa in animal models.For this, adult male rats three to four months old and weighing on average 180 g were used for both tests. The extracts were tested orally at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, on ulcerations experimentally induced by HCl/ethanol and pylorus ligation (acute ulcer) and acetic acid (chronic ulcer).These extracts showed protective and healing properties on ulcer induced models. A dose of 500 mg/kg of the two extracts inhibited ulceration induced by HCl/ethanol by 98.86 and 91.59 % respectively. With pyloric ligation, no significant variation of the volume of gastric juices, pH and gastric acidity was observed compared to the negative control rats. The aqueous extract alone at different doses presented a significant reduction of the ulceration surface resulting from chronic ulcer induced with acetic acid compared to the negative control group that received distilled water. For all three models of gastric ulcer induction used, the mass of mucus significantly increased in the groups that received the extracts. There was no significant variation in plasmatic nitric oxide (NO) concentrationand gastric supernatant of rats treated with both extracts compared to both control groups. These results reveal that the healing process of the extracts is not achieved through the NO pathway. This process could be due to increase in mucus production and thus supports its traditional use of the plant

scholarly journals Anti-trypanosomal effect of Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae) extract on a Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mouse model of sleeping sickness

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2373-2378
Author(s):  
Yan-Bing Ding ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Li-Xia Huang ◽  
Ye-Li Gong ◽  
Fa-Hu Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Infected Mouse ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Parasite Count ◽  
Malva Sylvestris

Purpose: To evaluate the antitrypanosomal activity of Malva sylvestris (MS) extract in a Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected  mouse model of sleeping sickness.Methods: Sleeping sickness was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected blood in mice.  Confirmation of parasitaemia was performed by estimating the parasite count in the plasma on the 12th day after inoculation. All the mice were divided into five groups: control group that received neither infection nor treatment; negative control that was  infected with the parasite but did not receive treatment; MS-treated group that receive MS extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, ip) and standard (STD) group that received levamisole (7.5 mg/kg, ip) for 7 days after the development of parasitaemia. A further parasite count was performed in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after the treatment period. Humoral antibody response,  delayed hypersensitivity reaction, and mobilization of leucocytes were determined after the treatment period in SRBC-sensitized mice.Results: The results indicate that treatment with MS significantly decreased body weight and parasite count in the blood and CSF of mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei-induced sleeping sickness compared with that in the negative control group. There was a significant increase in paw swelling and decrease in secondary antibody in the MS-treated group compared with that in the  negative control group. However, treatment with MS extract also enhanced the mobilization of the total leucocyte count compared with that in the negative control group.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the anti-trypanosomal activity of Malva sylvestris extract via immunomodulation in a  Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mouse model of sleeping sickness.Keywords: Malva sylvestris, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Sleeping sickness, Immunomodulatory activity, Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

scholarly journals ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF HEDYOTIS CORYMBOSA L. IMPROVES MONOSODIUM IODOACETATE-INDUCE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN RAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Anton Bahtiar ◽  
Fitri Arum Sari ◽  
Mega Audina Putri ◽  
Natasha Linsie Corona Datunsolang ◽  
Ade Arsianti
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Monosodium Iodoacetate

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to explore the effects of the 70% ethanolic extract of pearl grass on the immune system of the osteoarthritismodel rat, characterized by the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes, and the histology of the joint. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative diseasecharacterized by chronic inflammation in the joints. Based on the daily practice of herbal medicine in some community in Indonesia, pearl grassusually used for anti-inflammation but not a lot of data to support it.Methods: We used 36 male rats Sprague-Dawley strain divided into 6 groups. Normal group was given 0.5% of CMC, the negative control group was given0.025 ml of sodium iodoacetate in 0.9% saline, the positive groups control group was given a suspension of glucosamine-chondroitin 135 mg/200 g bb,three were given pearls grass extract in various dose 5.625 mg, 11.25 mg, and 22.5 mg, respectively. 28 days after sodium iodoacetate induction, the extractswere given orally once daily for 21 days. Measurement of inflammation of knee joint and the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes were counted on day14th, 28th, and 49th after sodium iodoacetate induction. After treatment, all rats were sacrified and all knee joints were collected to subject for histology.Results: The results showed that the extract of pearl grass in all doses was able to decrease the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes significantlyand prevent proteoglycan degradation. The results showed that the extract of pearl grass with a given dose variations have antiinflammation effectand been able to protect proteoglycan significantly.Conclusion: Doses 3 (22.5 mg/200 g BW) is the best result. These results indicate that pearl grass can be further investigated as a treatment for osteoarthritis.Keyword: Osteoarthritis, Sodium iodoacetate, Pearl grass, Hedyotis corymbosa L. Lamk., Immune system. 

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of the chemotherapeutic efficacies of two salts of diminazene aceturate in Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1961-1967
Author(s):  
Ukamaka U. Eze ◽  
Ifeanyi G. Eke ◽  
Ikenna O. Ezeh ◽  
Terry A. Nzeakor ◽  
Callistus Owube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Experimental Canine

Purpose: To compare the anti-trypanosomal efficacies of 4,4-(diazoaminedibenzamidinetrihydrate) diacetate (4,4-DDBT) and 4,4-(diazoamino) benzamidine (4,4-DB) in experimental canine trypanosomosis. Methods: The efficacies of 4,4-DDBT and 4,4-DB were evaluated in 4 groups of dogs (n = 3) designated A-D. Group A was normal control without infection or drug treatment, group B did not receive any drug treatment but was infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, while groups C and D were infected with T. b. brucei and treated with 4,4-DDBT(3.5 mg/kg) and 4,4-DB (3.5 mg/kg), respectively. Results: The incubation period of the infection was 6 - 9 days post-infection. Treatment of the dogs with 4,4-DDBT led to zero parasitaemia 48 h post-treatment, while there was only a decrease in parasitemia to log 6 in 4,4-DB-treated dogs. Resurgence of parasite into the blood stream occurred in 4,4-DDBTtreated dogs 6 days after initial parasite clearance. Blood analyses post-treatment revealed elevated leucocytes and lymphocytes in 4,4-DB-treated dogs (p < 0.05). Packed cell volume was also observed to be higher in 4,4-DDBT-treated group when compared to 4,4-DB group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that 4,4-DDBT is more efficacious in the clinical management of canine trypanosomosis caused by T. b. brucei. However, it does not prevent relapse of infection. Based on these findings, therefore, 4,4-DDBT should be the diminazene salt of choice when indicated in the clinical management of T. b. brucei infection in dogs.

Effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and diminazene aceturate administration on the blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature of Wistar albino rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Olushola Emmanuel Adeleye ◽  
Jude Makinde Ale ◽  
Emmanuella Olubanke Amope Sogebi ◽  
Ladoke A. Durotoye ◽  
Adenike Iyabo Adeleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Brucei ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitor ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract Background: This study was carried out to determine the blood pressure changes in experimentally Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar albino rats and diminazene aceturate-treated rats. Methods: Twenty-four rats were purchased and divided into four groups consisting of six rats each. Control group (CON) received 0.5 mL of distilled water, i.m., infected but not treated group (INF) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL i.m., infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (INFDIM) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL, 3.5 mg/kg, i.m.) and non-infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (DIM) received 3.5 mg/kg, i.m. and served as negative control. The blood pressures were measured using a CODA 2® non-invasive blood pressure monitor (Kent Scientific, USA). The results were compiled and statistical analysis was done with significance set at p≥0.05. Results: The values of the blood pressure readings of the Trypanosoma-infected INF (137.0±2.0 mmHg) and diminazene-treated rats INFDIM (125.0±7.5 mmHg) when compared to the control group (168.0±3.0 mmHg) were significantly lower (p≤0.05) at the end of day 7. The heart rate was also significantly reduced in the INF (403.5±1.5 beats/min) and DIM (445.0±24 beats/min) groups of rats when compared with the control group (613.0±2.0 beats/min) at the end of day 8. Conclusion: The findings indicate the significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rates during Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and with diminazene aceturate administration. Hence, caution should be exercised when treating trypanosome-infected patients with diminazene aceturate.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS AND MECHANISM OF PHYSICIAN HERBS FROM KALI PUTIH BATUR BANJARNEGARA CENTRAL JAVA AGAINST DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Kintoko Kintoko ◽  
Hardi Astuti Witasari ◽  
Djati Wulan Kusumo ◽  
Halid Kapri ◽  
Tya Muldiyana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Cox 2

Objectives: Complications in the kidneys (nephropathy) are one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) most common microvascular and estimated to reach 30–40% of all sufferers of DM. Until now there is no cure drug that can prevent diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the handling of this issue should be done seriously, one of them through an exploration of drug discovery and drug material. Ristoja in 2015 in the ethnic Javanese Banyumasan successfully explores the types of plants, herb, and traditional medicine culture. One is conducted by the Kaliputih Traditional Medicine, Batur, Banjarnegara, Central Java. Based on the results of the interview, traditional medicine has herb for disease therapy kidney failure which consists of 11 species of plants.Methods: The herbs were extracted by infundation method. Sprague Dawley albino male rats were divided into 3 groups (normal, positive, and negative) and 3 sample test groups with 3 different doses (18, 36, and 54 mL/kg body weight [BW]) previously induced streptozotocin. Observations were carried on the levels blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) kidney immunohistochemically and histology analysis.Results: Statistical results showed a significant increase of BUN levels in all dose variation groups after being given herbs, compared to the negative control group. The result of the examination of biochemical parameters of creatinine levels statistic showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in the dose 18 and 36 mL/kg BW compare with the negative group. The result of the study on histopathology kidney organs there are are damages to each test in each organ that is necrosis. The result of NF-κB, COX-2, and TGF-β expression no significant decrease compared with the negative controls.Conclusion: The herbs are not capable of nephropathy diabetic and need more research to know that activity as nephroprotective.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Anti Inflammation Effect of Snack Bars from Black Glutinous Rice and Pumpkin Powder

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Akhmad Mustofa ◽  
Nanik Suhartatik ◽  
Ega Sulistiyo Ningrum
Keyword(s):  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Natural Medicine ◽  
Glutinous Rice ◽  
Pumpkin Powder

The study was design to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of snack bars that made of black glutinous rice and pumpkin powder and study on the male Sprague Dawley rats. Twenty-five male rats in between the age of 2 and 3 months were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups, which were positive control, negative control, group with sylimarin treatment, snack bars A and snack bars B. Carbon tetrachloride was used to induce hepatic damage. The results showed that group with CCl4 treatment has 3.04 ± 0.16 μmol/L MDA while group with Sylimarin, snack bars A, snack bars B were 0.49 ± 0.05; 0.54 ± 0.05; and 1.15 ± 0.16 μmol/L MDA, respectively. The snack bars had the capacity to decline the damage in liver as much as Sylimarin (standardized natural medicine for hepatotoxicity). The SGPT (Serum Glutamin Pyruvic Transaminase) of the two treatment was 22.24 ± 0.80 U/I for Sylimarin and 22.33 ± 1.03 U/I for snack bars while SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase) was 40.78 ± 0.77 U/I for Sylimarin and 40.88 ± 1.25 U/I for snack bars A. Snack bars B has a significantly different value on final SGOT and SGPT.

scholarly journals The Effect of Single and Triple Testicular Biopsy Using Biopty Gun on Spermatogenesis in Pubertal Rats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569
Author(s):  
Tomislav Šušnjar ◽  
Ivana Kuzmić Prusac ◽  
Ivan Švagelj ◽  
Anđela Jurišić ◽  
Tomislav Šušnjar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Testicular Biopsy ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Left Testis ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: The aim of this study was to compare consequences in single and triple testicular biopsy by biopty gun in pubertal rats using histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Methods: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley male rats were used as the experimental model. The rats were randomly divided into three study groups. The rats from the first group (n = 12) received a single-biopsy of upper pole of the left testis, while the rats from the second group (n = 10) received triple-biopsy of upper and lower poles and lateral surface of left testis. The third group (n = 10) was a control group. On the eightieth day after the biopsy in all rats bilateral orchiectomy and funiculectomy were performed to obtain testicular tissue and sperm for analysis. The consequences of the puncture were observed by pathohistology, immunohistochemistry and semen analysis. Results: The results of the study showed lower percentage of sperm count (14.5 mill/mL vs. 16 mill/mL, p = 0.130), sperm motility (24.6% vs. 32.7%, p > 0.05), abnormal sperm (30% vs. 27%, p > 0.05), atrophic tubules (21% vs. 6%, p < 0.001), volume (1.7 mL vs. 2.28 mL, p < 0.01) and apoptotic index (1.56 vs. 1.19, p = 0.650) in the testes with a triple-biopsy compared to the testes with a single-biopsy. Semen analysis showed a borderline significant difference between the group with triple-biopsy where sperm count was lower than it in the control group (14.5 mill/mL vs. 17.5 mill/mL, p = 0.05). A single-biopsy has little effect on the testis, especially on overall fertility. A triple-biopsy showed higher degree of the testicular damage but without a significant impact on overall fertility. Semen analysis showed that single- and triple-biopsies did not have a significant effect on sperm count, motility and morphology. Conclusion: Biopty gun procedure is a cheap, simple and reliable method for testicular biopsy in rats without a significant effect on sperm count, motility and morphology.

scholarly journals Comparison of Bax and Caspase-3 Protein Expression in Liver Cells following UVB Irradiation for 7 days and Treatment of Pimpinella alpina Molk during 7 and 15 days

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Eni Widayati ◽  
Taufiqurrachman Nasihun ◽  
Azizah Hikma Savitri ◽  
Nurina Tyagita
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Uvb Irradiation ◽  
The Difference

Objective: The effect of Pimpinela alpina Molk (PaM) on decrease in Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in liver cells apoptosis have been proven. However, the difference result between 7 and 15 days treatment duration of PaM need to be confirmed. This study aimed to confirm that treatment of PaM during 15 days is more effective decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in liver cells following UVB irradiation. Methods: In the post test only control group design, 35 Sprague Dawley male rats, 300 gram body weight were divided into two arms, consisting of three groups respectively. First arm comprise Neg-7, PaM7-100, and PaM7-150. Second arm comprise Neg-15, PaM15-100, and PaM15-150. Nor-G was added as normal control neither exposed to UVB nor PaM treatment. In negative group was only radiated to UVB and PaM groups were exposed to UVB and treatment with 100, and 150 mg PaM per oral for 7 and 15 days respectively. At day 8 (first arm) and 16 (second arm), liver organ was taken and Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression assessed by Immunohistochemical staining method. Result: Post Hoc LSD analysis indicated that Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression in PaM15-100 and PaM15-150 was significant lower compared to that of Nor-G, PaM7-100, and PaM7-150, p < 0.05. Conclusion: Ttreatment of PaM with doses 100 and 150 mg for 15 days was better in decreasing Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression of liver cells following UVB irradiation. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(2) 2020 p.296-303

Ranitidine as an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor in acute methanol toxicity in rats

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal A El-Bakary ◽  
Sahar A El-Dakrory ◽  
Sohayla M Attalla ◽  
Nawal A Hasanein ◽  
Hala A Malek
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Methanol Poisoning ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Methanol poisoning is a hazardous intoxication characterized by visual impairment and formic acidemia. The therapy for methanol poisoning is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitors to prevent formate accumulation. Ranitidine has been considered to be an inhibitor of both gastric alcohol and hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. This study aimed at testing ranitidine as an antidote for methanol acute toxicity and comparing it with ethanol and 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP). This study was conducted on 48 Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into 6 groups, with 8 rats in each group (one negative control group [C1], two positive control groups [C2, C3] and three test groups [1, 2 and 3]). C2, C3 and all test groups were exposed to nitrous oxide by inhalation, then, C3 group was given methanol (3 g/kg orally). The three test groups 1, 2 and 3 were given ethanol (0.5 g/kg orally), 4-MP (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and ranitidine (30 mg/kg intraperitoneally), respectively, 4 hours after giving methanol. Rats were sacrificed and heparinized, cardiac blood samples were collected for blood pH and bicarbonate. Non-heparinized blood samples were collected for formate levels by high performance liquid chromatography. Eye balls were enucleated for histological examination of the retina. Ranitidine corrected metabolic acidosis (p = .025), decreased formate levels (p = .014) and improved the histological findings in the retina induced by acute methanol toxicity.

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