scholarly journals A enhanced algorithm for floorplan design using evolutionary technique

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Dhiraj Dhiraj ◽  
Seema Verma ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Himanshu Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Design Automation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Iterative Approach ◽  
Modified Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Evolutionary Technique ◽  
Floor Planning

Floor planning is an important problem in very large scale integrated-circuit (VLSI) design automation domain as it evaluates the performance, size, yield and reliability of ICs. Due to rapid increase in number of components on a chip, floor planning has gained its importance further in determining the quality of the design achieved. In this paper we have devised an approach for placement of modules in a given area with bounding constraints in terms of minimum placement area imposed. We have used Modified Genetic Algorithm (MGA) technique for determining and obtaining an optimal placement using an iterative approach.

The state of large-scale integrated circuit design automation

Cybernetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-861
Author(s):  
V. M. Glushkov ◽  
V. P. Derkach ◽  
G. F. Kiyashko
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Design ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Design Automation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Integrated Circuit Design

The Integration on Electrical Control Systems Based on Optimized Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 2604-2608
Author(s):  
Ai Rong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Hardware Architecture ◽  
Logic Device ◽  
Integrated Circuit Design ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Hardware Description ◽  
Description Languages ◽  
Scale Integration

Very large scale integration (VLSI) applications have improved control implementation performance. Indeed, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) solution can exploit efficiently specificities of the control algorithms that fixed hardware architecture cannot do. For example, parallel calculation cannot be included in a software solution based on sequential processing. In addition, ASIC can reduce wire and electromagnetic field interference by a fully system on a chip (SoC) integration. However, there are still two main drawbacks to an integrated circuit solution: design complexity and reuse difficulty. This is true even with programmable logic device (PLD) solutions. Conception aid developer (CAD) combined with hardware description languages (HDL) and VLSI design methodology have accelerated conception and reuse. Nevertheless, the main problem of integrated circuit design is to define the hardware architecture; this is particularly true for heterogeneous algorithm structures such as electrical controls.

scholarly journals Obstacle aware delay optimized rectilinear steiner minimum tree routing

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 640
Author(s):  
Shyamala G ◽  
G R Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Global Routing ◽  
Buffer Insertion ◽  
Device Layer ◽  
Wire Length ◽  
Delay Constraints ◽  
Tree Routing ◽  
Steiner Minimum Tree

<p><span>This work presents a method to solve the problem of constructing Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree (RSMT) for a group of pins in the presence of obstacles. In modern </span><span>very large-scale integrated circuit</span><span> (VLSI) designs, the obstacles, generally blocks the metal and the device layer. Therefore routing on top of blockage is a possible solution but buffers cannot be placed over the obstacle. Modern VLSI design OARSMT construction has long wire length, which results in signal violation. To address this issue a slew constraint interconnect need to be considered in routing over obstacle. This is called the Obstacle-Avoiding Rectilinear Steiner minimum trees (OARSMT) problem with slew constraints over obstacles. The drawback of traditional OARSMT is that they only consider slew constraint, and delay constraints are neglected. It induces high routing resources overhead due to buffer insertion and does not solve global routing solution. This work presents an Obstacle Aware Delay Optimized Rectilinear Steiner Minimum Tree (OADORSMT) Routing to address the delay, slew constraint and reduce the routing resources. Experiments are conduced to evaluate the performance of proposed approach over existing approach in term of wire length and worst negative slack. The experiments are conducted for small and large nets considering fixed and varied obstacles and outcome shows the proposed efficiency over existing approaches. The OADORSMT is designed in such a way where it can be parallelized to obtain better efficiency.</span></p>

A Reliable, Low Power and Nonvolatile MTJ-Based Flip-Flop for Advanced Nanoelectronics

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 1850205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Rajaei
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Magnetic Tunnel Junction ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Reliability Challenge

Very large-scale integrated circuit (VLSI) design faces many challenges with today’s nanometer CMOS technology, including leakage current and reliability issues. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) hybrid with CMOS transistors can offer many advantages for future VLSI design such as high performance, low power consumption, easy integration with CMOS and also nonvolatility. However, MTJ-based logic circuits suffer from a reliability challenge that is the read disturbance issue. This paper proposes a new nonvolatile magnetic flip-flop (MFF) that offers a disturbance-free sensing and a low power write operation over the previous MFFs. This magnetic-based logic circuit is based on the previous two-in-one (TIO) MTJ cell that presents the aforementioned attributes. Radiation-induced single event upset, as another reliability challenge, is also taken into consideration for the MFFs and another MFF robust against radiation effects is suggested and evaluated.

Scanning Electron Microscopy in Hybrid Microelectronics

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
S. Khadpe ◽  
R. Faryniak
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Thick Film ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Circuit Components ◽  
Hybrid Microcircuit ◽  
Electrical Connections ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is an important tool in Thick Film Hybrid Microcircuits Manufacturing because of its large depth of focus and three dimensional capability. This paper discusses some of the important areas in which the SEM is used to monitor process control and component failure modes during the various stages of manufacture of a typical hybrid microcircuit.Figure 1 shows a thick film hybrid microcircuit used in a Motorola Paging Receiver. The circuit consists of thick film resistors and conductors screened and fired on a ceramic (aluminum oxide) substrate. Two integrated circuit dice are bonded to the conductors by means of conductive epoxy and electrical connections from each integrated circuit to the substrate are made by ultrasonically bonding 1 mil aluminum wires from the die pads to appropriate conductor pads on the substrate. In addition to the integrated circuits and the resistors, the circuit includes seven chip capacitors soldered onto the substrate. Some of the important considerations involved in the selection and reliability aspects of the hybrid circuit components are: (a) the quality of the substrate; (b) the surface structure of the thick film conductors; (c) the metallization characteristics of the integrated circuit; and (d) the quality of the wire bond interconnections.

Assessment of quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke

2016 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
A. Babirad
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
Angioplasty And Stenting

Cerebrovascular diseases are a problem of the world today, and according to the forecast, the problem of the near future arises. The main risk factors for the development of ischemic disorders of the cerebral circulation include oblique and aging, arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and heart disease. An effective strategy for the prevention of cerebrovascular events is based on the implementation of large-scale risk control measures, including the use of antiagregant and anticoagulant therapy, invasive interventions such as atheromectomy, angioplasty and stenting. In this connection, the efforts of neurologists, cardiologists, angiosurgery, endocrinologists and other specialists are the basis for achieving an acceptable clinical outcome. A review of the SF-36 method for assessing the quality of life in patients with the effects of transient ischemic stroke is presented. The assessment of quality of life is recognized in world medical practice and research, an indicator that is also used to assess the quality of the health system and in general sociological research.

Model and Method for Contributor’s Quality Assessment in Community Image Tagging Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
A. V. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Preference Relation ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Characteristic Matrix ◽  
Image Tagging ◽  
Proposed Model

Introduction: Large-scale human-computer systems involving people of various skills and motivation into the information processing process are currently used in a wide spectrum of applications. An acute problem in such systems is assessing the expected quality of each contributor; for example, in order to penalize incompetent or inaccurate ones and to promote diligent ones.Purpose: To develop a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality in community tagging systems. This method should only use generally unreliable and incomplete information provided by contributors (with ground truth tags unknown).Results:A mathematical model is proposed for community image tagging (including the model of a contributor), along with a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality. The method is based on comparing tag sets provided by different contributors for the same images, being a modification of pairwise comparison method with preference relation replaced by a special domination characteristic. Expected contributors’ quality is evaluated as a positive eigenvector of a pairwise domination characteristic matrix. Community tagging simulation has confirmed that the proposed method allows you to adequately estimate the expected quality of community tagging system contributors (provided that the contributors' behavior fits the proposed model).Practical relevance: The obtained results can be used in the development of systems based on coordinated efforts of community (primarily, community tagging systems). 

Translation and Validation of the Thai Version of the Wisconsin Quality of Life Questionnaire (TH WISQoL) for Kidney Stone Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1194-1199
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Sf 36

Objective: To develop and validate a Thai version of the Wisconsin Quality of Life (TH WISQoL) Questionnaire. Materials and Methods: The authors developed the TH WISQoL Questionnaire based on a standard multi-step process. Subsequently, the authors recruited patients with kidney stone and requested them to complete the TH WISQoL and a validated Thai version of the 36-Item Short Form Survey (TH SF-36). The authors calculated the internal consistency and interdomain correlation of TH WISQoL and compared the convergent validity between the two instruments. Results: Thirty kidney stone patients completed the TH WISQoL and the TH SF-36. The TH WISQoL showed acceptable internal consistency for all domains (Cronbach’s alpha 0.768 to 0.909). Interdomain correlation was high for most domains (r=0.698 to 0.779), except for the correlation between Vitality and Disease domains, which showed a moderate correlation (r=0.575). For convergent validity, TH WISQoL demonstrated a good overall correlation to TH SF-36, (r=0.796, p<0.05). Conclusion: The TH WISQoL is valid and reliable for evaluating the quality of life of Thai patients with kidney stone. A further large-scale multi-center study is warranted to confirm its applicability in Thailand. Keywords: Quality of life, Kidney stone, Validation, Outcome measurement

Behavior Models of Voltage Differencing Inverting Buffered Amplifier and Applications in Circuit Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-303
Author(s):  
YongAn LI
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Circuit Analysis ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Very Large Scale Integration ◽  
Behavioral Models ◽  
Order Filter ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
Behavior Models

Background: The symbolic nodal analysis acts as a pivotal part of the very large scale integration (VLSI) design. Methods: In this work, based on the terminal relations for the pathological elements and the voltage differencing inverting buffered amplifier (VDIBA), twelve alternative pathological models for the VDIBA are presented. Moreover, the proposed models are applied to the VDIBA-based second-order filter and oscillator so as to simplify the circuit analysis. Results: The result shows that the behavioral models for the VDIBA are systematic, effective and powerful in the symbolic nodal circuit analysis.</P>

Evaluating Qualitative Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeasik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Journal Editors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Grant Proposals

This book provides the qualitative research community with some insight on how to evaluate the quality of qualitative research. This topic has gained little attention during the past few decades. We, qualitative researchers, read journal articles, serve on masters’ and doctoral committees, and also make decisions on whether conference proposals, manuscripts, or large-scale grant proposals should be accepted or rejected. It is assumed that various perspectives or criteria, depending on various paradigms, theories, or fields of discipline, have been used in assessing the quality of qualitative research. Nonetheless, until now, no textbook has been specifically devoted to exploring theories, practices, and reflections associated with the evaluation of qualitative research. This book constructs a typology of evaluating qualitative research, examines actual information from websites and qualitative journal editors, and reflects on some challenges that are currently encountered by the qualitative research community. Many different kinds of journals’ review guidelines and available assessment tools are collected and analyzed. Consequently, core criteria that stand out among these evaluation tools are presented. Readers are invited to join the author to confidently proclaim: “Fortunately, there are commonly agreed, bold standards for evaluating the goodness of qualitative research in the academic research community. These standards are a part of what is generally called ‘scientific research.’ ”

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