Appositive Word Groups as an Instrument for Creating Fake News

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Getsov ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Fake News ◽  
The Common

The paper analyses the manipulative potential of one insufficiently-explored sentence part in Bulgarian syntax – the appositive, and also the appositive phrases, which are composed of a complement (object or subject complement) and the noun it describes. The paper also stresses the appositive word groups (constructions) that follow the ‘common noun+common noun’ model. The fact that word order in this type of appositive word groups has a role in changing the intention of communication and in creating – deliberately or not – fake news in media discourse is well supported and richly illustrated.

scholarly journals Syntactic Patterns in Welsh and English Nicknames: A Comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jędrzejewska-Pyszczak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
English Language ◽  
Direct Reference ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
Proper Noun ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Descriptive Content ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Common

The paper aims to investigate linguistic constructions that underlie Welsh and English nickname formations and, consequently, provide clues as to the function of nicknaming in both languages. The analysis, backed with examples, reveals that Welsh llysenwau retain their identificatory function and focus on enabling unambiguous nomination of individual community members. This assumption is borne out by the observation that the proper noun is the indispensible element in the structure of a Welsh nickname and the rule as such is harmed in a handful of examples only. In contrast, in English denominations instead of the proper noun it is mostly the common noun that constitutes the core of the formation. What follows is that the linguistic reality of nicknaming patterns might be considered as more context-sensitive in the English language, while the inherent presence of official designations, i.e. the first/second name or the surname, in Welsh designations increases the autonomy of reference. It could be anticipated then that English nicknames would outweigh their Welsh counterparts with regard to descriptive content employed to compensate for the weakening of direct reference as otherwise guaranteed by the inclusion of the name proper. Another issue tackled in the paper is the criterion of word order as the underlying feature of nicknames under discussion. The investigation is aimed at determining whether the two systems typical of Welsh and English, namely VSO and SVO, remain relatively undisturbed or show traces of interaction.

scholarly journals Wstrząsająca treść jako manipulacyjny element dyskursu konfliktu

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Anna Hłuszko
Keyword(s):  
Hate Speech ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Web News

Shock content as a manipulative component of conflict discourseDifficult socio-political situation in Ukraine creates specific media discourse, which in turn gives rise to a number of phenomena, connected to information war categories, war of meanings, hate speech etc. Active entry of military issues into web news content affects traditional approach to the media-text drafting. The report examines the trends of shock visual content and its announcement in the web headlines. The influence of the content emotionalization, which is one of the common features for conflict discourse, not only on text style, but also on features of page making, selection and use of photo illustrations, headline creation, is studied. The material covering military developments usually involve deaths, injuries, loss, destruction of settlements as a result of hostilities, that is, they focus on information on suffering of both military and civilians. This results in stronger integration of shock visual content into the news, which in turn may be used as manipulation and propaganda tool. On the one hand it is used to demonstrate crimes of the enemy, on the other — as an evidence of Ukrainian military success. From the point of view of ethic and humanism the justification of such tactic is doubtful in both cases. However, the study shows that open image of death, blood, injuries in the materials and the announcement of such content in headlines are the cause of high popularity of such publications, and this mainstreams the problem of dehumanizing impact both on material’s subjects and on media audience.

The treatment of syntax by some early 19th-century linguists

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Graffi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Core ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One

Summary This article examines the views about syntax held by Humboldt, on the one hand, and by the founders of historical-comparative grammar (Bopp, Rask, Grimm, Pott, Schleicher), on the other. In general, it is noted that the grammaire générale tradition of 17th and 18th centuries still survives in the work of such scholars, despite of all criticism they seemingly raised against it. For Humboldt, the common core of all languages has its source in the identity of human thought; also his treatment of the verb and especially his reference to a ‘natural’ word order (i.e., SVO) are clearly reminiscent of this tradition. Traces thereof are also found in Bopp’s analysis of Indo-European conjugation, and in some of Rask’s writings. For instance, Rask, just as Humboldt, assumes a ‘natural’ word order and proposes a list of possible syntactic forms which closely remind us of Girard’s membres de phrase. Grimm’s position appears as more innovative, heavily influenced by a Romantic view of language, but some older conceptions sometimes show up in his work, e.g., when he deals with the notion of ‘subject’. Pott does not completely reject general grammar and a logically-based view of language; he only stresses the need of a more empirical approach than that adopted by the 17th and 18th century linguists. This picture radically changed with Steinthai and Schleicher: the former scholar pronounced a ‘divorce’ between grammar and logic, while the latter one argued that syntax does not belong to linguistics proper and rejected any possibility of postulating syntactic distinctions which do not have any direct morphological correlate.

scholarly journals Violence and Trolling on Social Media

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Digital Communication ◽  
Media History ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Insight Into

‘Trolls for Trump’, virtual rape, fake news — social media discourse, including forms of virtual and real violence, has become a formidable, yet elusive, political force. What characterizes online vitriol? How do we understand the narratives generated, and also address their real-world — even life-and-death— impact? How can hatred, bullying, and dehumanization on social media platforms be addressed and countered in a post-truth world? Violence and Trolling on Social Media: History, Affect, and Effects of Online Vitriol unpacks discourses, metaphors, dynamics, and framing on social media, in order to begin to answer these questions. Written for and by cultural and media studies scholars, journalists, political philosophers, digital communication professionals, activists and advocates, this book connects theoretical approaches from cultural and media studies with practical challenges and experiences ‘from the field’, providing insight into a rough media landscape.

scholarly journals A tulajdonnevek fordítása – funkcionális, névelméleti megközelítésben I.

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariann Slíz
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Common Noun ◽  
Prototype Theory ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Given ◽  
Communicational Approach

The translation of proper names – a functional, onomastic theoretical approach I. Features of names as factors influencing translation The paper examines the questions surrounding the translation of proper nouns from an onomastic viewpoint blended with the results of translation studies, following a functional-communicational approach. Its goal is to create a model, which contains not only the applicable methods available to translators, but the (pragmatic and communicational) aspects and factors that could affect choosing between these. The novelty of the study is that it takes the meaning (denotation and connotation), the category (e.g. personal name) and sub-category (e.g. family name) of proper nouns into consideration, following the practices of prototype theory. Another innovative approach is the emphasise lain on the influence of composition on the translation of names. According to this, names consisting of several words should not be handled as single units, as earlier studies have consid-ered them, but following a two-step method: first holistically (e.g. the Eng. Flint Cliffs : Hung. Flint-sziklák, a place name), and then morphologically, while defining the categories of the name elements (e.g. Flint is a family name, cliffs is a common noun). This shows that translators are not completing a single operation but a combination of operations (transference in the case of the given name, and translation in the case of the common noun). Translations previously deemed ununderstandably heterogenous can thus be explained by applying this methodology.

scholarly journals ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASES IN THE OSSETIAN AND PERSIAN LANGUAGES

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Р.Г. ЦОПАНОВА ◽  
Э. ЧАНГИЗИ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Different Levels

Цель данного исследования – определить сходство и различия в образовании атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках. Новизна исследования заключается в том, что словосочетания в осетинском языке не исследовались в сравнении с аналогичными синтаксическими единицами в персидском языке.Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что сопоставительное изучение особенностей атрибутивных словосочетаний в осетинском и персидском языках даст возможность охарактеризовать общее и различное в этих языках в области синтаксиса словосочетания, что будет способствовать при необходимости лучшему изучению и исследованию этих языков в области синтаксиса, послужит также развитию межкультурной коммуникации осетин и иранцев, с которыми сейчас у осетин намечаются тесные культурные связи. Атрибутивные словосочетания в персидском языке чаще всего образуются на основе изафета, в ряде случаев используются послелог -ра и примыкание. В осетинском языке определение традиционно стоит перед определяемым словом и бывает выражено всеми знаменательными частями речи и связывается с ним падежными формами, существительными с несколькими послелогами, порядком слов. Для осетинского языка не характерна инверсия определения, но она возможна при его обособлении и изменении семантико-структурных и стилистических отношений между определением и определяемым словом. Инверсия определения не была чужда древнеперсидскому языку, а также языку скифов и алан, с которыми у осетин общее происхождение, на что указывает, помимо многих других свидетельств, лингвистическое единство этих языков на разных уровнях языковых структур. The purpose of this study is to determine the similarities and differences in the formation of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages. The novelty of the study lies in the fact, that phrases in the Ossetian language have not been studied in comparison with similar syntactic units in the Persian language. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that a comparative study of the features of attributive phrases in the Ossetian and Persian languages will make it possible to characterize the common and different phrases in these languages in the field of syntax, which will contribute, if necessary, to a better study and research of these languages in the field of syntax, will also serve the development of intercultural communication of the Ossetians and the Iranians, with whom the Ossetians are now developing close cultural ties. Attributive phrases in the Persian language are most often formed on the basis of an isafet, in some cases postposition ‘ra’ and adjunctions are used. In the Ossetian language, the definition traditionally stands before the word being defined and is expressed by all significant parts of speech and is associated with it by case forms, nouns with several postpositions, word order. The inversion of the attribute is not typical for the Ossetian language, but it is possible with its isolation and change of semantic-structural and stylistic relations between the attribute and the word it attributes. The inversion of the attribute was not alien to the ancient Persian language, as well as to the language of the Scythians and Alans, with whom the Ossetians have common origin, which is indicated, among many other evidence, by the linguistic unity of these languages at different levels of linguistic structures.

scholarly journals Factors Behind the Effectiveness of an Unsupervised Neural Machine Translation System between Korean and Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7662
Author(s):  
Yong-Seok Choi ◽  
Yo-Han Park ◽  
Seung Yun ◽  
Sang-Hun Kim ◽  
Kong-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Machine Translation System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Morphological System

Korean and Japanese have different writing scripts but share the same Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order. In this study, we pre-train a language-generation model using a Masked Sequence-to-Sequence pre-training (MASS) method on Korean and Japanese monolingual corpora. When building the pre-trained generation model, we allow the smallest number of shared vocabularies between the two languages. Then, we build an unsupervised Neural Machine Translation (NMT) system between Korean and Japanese based on the pre-trained generation model. Despite the different writing scripts and few shared vocabularies, the unsupervised NMT system performs well compared to other pairs of languages. Our interest is in the common characteristics of both languages that make the unsupervised NMT perform so well. In this study, we propose a new method to analyze cross-attentions between a source and target language to estimate the language differences from the perspective of machine translation. We calculate cross-attention measurements between Korean–Japanese and Korean–English pairs and compare their performances and characteristics. The Korean–Japanese pair has little difference in word order and a morphological system, and thus the unsupervised NMT between Korean and Japanese can be trained well even without parallel sentences and shared vocabularies.

scholarly journals Discourse of a special event in mass media (on the example of Robert Rozhdestvensky Altai Regional Literary Festival)

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-221
Author(s):  
Anna Milyukova
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Special Event ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Common ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Regional Authorities

The subject of this article is the components of media discourse of a cultural event. Based on the quantitative content analysis and critical discourse analysis of media materials, the author examines peculiarities of the discourse of Robert Rozhdestvensky Altai Regional Literary Festival held since 2007. Analysis is conducted on the quantitative characteristics of publication dynamics (distribution of the material by type of media; by tone i.e. the context of mentioning – positive, negative, or neutral). Characteristic to these media texts is given from the perspective of organization of the discourse: determination of the tone of mentioning and discursive role of the mentioned individuals and organizations – active or passive, representation of communicative events. It is established that the event is covered primarily on the media platforms of regional authorities. Among the most frequently cited subjects in a positive context are the common participants, prominent figures, members of the poet's family, representatives of commercial organizations — sponsors and partners; while in a negative context – political parties, mass media, and administration. An active discursive role characterizes the organizations and representatives of culture and education, among whom are famous actors and authorities, including the governor; less active are the members of poet’s family, political parties, and commercial organizations. Therefore, most discursively active and presented in a positive way are the authorities, organizations and representatives of culture and education. Discursively passive participants are the common participants of a special event. The article demonstrates the positioning of the head of the region within structure of media discourse.

scholarly journals Building Trust When Truth Fractures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brewster Kahle
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Internet Archive ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Print Books ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ready Access ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Made In

In our current era of disinformation, ready access to trustworthy sources is critical. “Fake news,” sophisticated disinformation campaigns, and propaganda distort the common reality, polarize communities, and threaten open democratic systems. What citizens, journalists, and policymakers need is a canonical source of trusted information. For millions, that trusted source resides in the books and journals housed in libraries, curated and vetted by librarians. Yet today, as we turn inevitably to our screens for information, if a book isn’t digital, it is as if it doesn’t exist. To address this gap, the Internet Archive is actively working with the world’s great libraries to digitize their collections and to make them available to users via controlled digital lending, a process whereby libraries can loan digital copies of the print books on their shelves. By bringing millions of missing books and academic literature online, libraries can empower journalists, researchers, and Wikipedia editors to cite the best sources directly in their work, grounding readers in the vetted, published record, and extending the investment that libraries have made in their print collections.

Strongman, patronage and fake news

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Lyndon D. Ragragio
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Communicative Power

Abstract Human rights are essential pillars of democracies. But under populism, they are a proclaimed nemesis of political leaders who claim to represent the common people. This article argues that the discourses of strongman, patronage and fake news constitute three prominent right-wing populist ploys that erode human rights in Rodrigo Duterte’s Philippines. It interrogates the communicative power of populism as a means of disfiguring free expression and press freedom. Drawing from human rights and media reports and interviews, the pro-human rights current is reformatted by strongman pronouncement in the war on drugs, unity of long-established blocs of power through patronage, and belligerent charge of fake news.

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