Level of economic security of NATO Eastern flank countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (32) ◽  
pp. 202-221
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sałek-Imińska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Eastern Flank ◽  
National Economies

In the modern world an undoubted increase in the economic factor of maintaining the security of states is observed. Economic security is an important element of the functioning of national economies, including the states of the eastern flank of NATO. Perceiving economic security as a balance of development needs of these states we can identify several areas of activity of its quantifiers, which can include development, infrastructure and balance opportunities and needs. To determine the levels of these quantifiers, we must use a carefully selected set of meters. One of them is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which clearly describes the measurable features present in the analyzed national economies. The objective of this article is to attempt to indicate the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states in terms of the level of economic growth measured by GDP. From an autonomous perspective, this meter does not give grounds for expressing value judgments in the context of the widely understood level of economic security, but it constitutes their necessary component and basis for further analyzes and evaluations. For the needs of the elaboration, an assumption was made, being a simplification of the economic reality, indicating that changes in annual GDP will show the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states. Hence, an increase in GDP growth lower than 1.9% in a period, which the analysis refers to, is a sign of a decrease in the level of economic security of a given state and vice versa. In all the states of NATO’s eastern flank, an improvement in its level was observed, where in 2017 in all the states of NATO’s eastern flank the rate of GDP growth was higher than the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9%. Years 2014–2016 also constitute a period of improvement in the level of the economic security of the analyzed states, except for Bulgaria in 2014, Estonia and Lithuania in 2015 and Estonia in 2016. While the period from 2008 to 2013 is a period when the level of the economic security of the states of NATO’s eastern flank is diverse and there are no indications that it improved. In the context of the analyzed problem, the best years were 2008 and 2011, for which GDP growth was the highest. In 2008 Estonia, Latvia and Hungary were those that did not reach the critical threshold (decline in economic security). The other six states were characterized by an increase in the level of economic security. The following year is a period when all the states (except for Poland) did not register any improvement. This resulted from a general economic recession, which was observed in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Considering the number of years for which the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9% was not reached, we can claim that the economy of Poland (2 periods: 2012–2013), and then Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovakia (3 periods), Romania (4 years) and Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary (5 years) were characterized by the highest level of economic security in the analyzed period.

scholarly journals Problems of the Growth of the External Public Debt of the Kyrgyz Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cholpon Toktosunova ◽  
Nurmira Sharsheeva ◽  
Gulnaz Abdukadyrova ◽  
Nazgul Rasulova ◽  
Saikal Esenamanova
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Dialectical Logic ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Foreign Loans ◽  
Internal Sources ◽  
National Economies

The problems of the growth of public debt affect an increasing number of states in the modern world. Most countries record a significant shortage of their resources when making domestic investments and cover the state budget deficit and carry out socio-economic transformations. This lack of funds led to the formation of an economic debt system. At the same time, with the liberalization and globalization of financial markets, there will be an increase in the dependence of national economies on external replenishment. When carrying out economic transformations, most of the modern world countries resort to using external and internal sources of financing.The Kyrgyz Republic is no exception to this rule and today is largely dependent on external funding from foreign donors. At the same time, the lack of a consistent policy in attracting and using external and internal financial resources has led to the formation of significant external debt, which does not allow for economic transformations to ensure the country’s economic security. As a result of this study, recommendations were formed for the Ministry of Finance of the Kyrgyz Republic, which proposes a balanced policy of attracting expensive foreign loans to reduce the debt burden. In this study, the principles of dialectical logic, the unity of the logical and the historical, and generally scientific methods of cognition were used. Analysis, synthesis, consistency, special comparisons, groupings, classifications, generalization can be distinguished.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF THE MODEL OF INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Gaiduchok ◽  
◽  
Oleksiy Stupnytskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
Political Economic

In modern times, it is believed that by reducing the risk of military intervention, military security has lost its relevance, and economic security has become a priority of national interests. The principle of economic security is as follows: national interests are supported through an economic system that supports free exchange and ensures the upward mobility of the nation. The analysis of economic security is based on the concept of national interests. It is well known that the problem of national security and its components cannot be considered only from the standpoint of current interests; it is closely related to the possibilities of their implementation over a significant, long-term period. Each stage of realization of national interests of the country is characterized by its assessment of its geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic conditions, security threats and the main carriers of these threats, the mechanism of realization of national interests (each of the stages has its own assessment of the main definitions and categories of security, the main vectors of geoeconomic policy). Economic security is the foundation and material basis of national security. A state is in a state of security if it protects its own national interests and is able to defend them through political, economic, socio-psychological, military and other actions. There is a close connection between economic security and the system of national and state interests, and it is through this category that the problems of economic potential and economic power of the state, geopolitical and geoeconomic positions of the country in the modern world are intertwined. At a time when regional forces are trying to expand markets, provide access to finance and the latest technology, economic security has become a necessary component of the ability of regional forces to expand their influence. The article is devoted to the study of economic security of Ukraine and its components using the model of quantitative assessment of economic security of Ukraine. Using the Fishburne method, a model is built that allows to obtain an integrated assessment of the level of economic security based on the synthesis of nine partial indicators.

Temporal patterns of tissue glycogen, glucose, and glycogen phosphorylase activity prior to hibernation in freeze-tolerant chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve C. Dinsmore ◽  
David L. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Glycogen Accumulation ◽  
Chorus Frogs ◽  
Glycogen Stores

Freezing survival may differ among winters in chorus frogs ( Pseudacris triseriata (Wied-Neuwied, 1838)), and low freezing survival is associated with low hepatic glycogen stores. The pattern of prehibernation liver glycogen accumulation in chorus frogs is unknown. Frogs might accumulate hepatic glycogen stores until a threshold level sufficient for winter survival is attained, after which frogs enter hibernation (critical threshold hypothesis). According to this model, frogs active late in the season should only be those with low hepatic glycogen stores. Alternatively, hepatic glycogen levels might continue to increase throughout the fall as long as frogs remain active (continuous increase hypothesis). We tested these hypotheses by measuring liver and leg muscle glycogen, glucose, and glycogen phosphorylase activities in chorus frogs throughout the fall prehibernation period in southeastern South Dakota. Hepatic glycogen levels were significantly related to date and increased throughout the fall period, consistent with the continuous increase hypothesis. This suggests that hepatic glycogen levels do not serve as a cue for entrance into hibernation. Liver phosphorylase activity did not vary significantly with progression of the fall season and activity was lower than in winter, suggesting that the winter increment of phosphorylase activity requires some stimulus during hibernation (e.g., low temperatures).

THREATS TO INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC SECURITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Y. Rudenko ◽  
◽  
E.S. Novopashina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
World Development

Radical changes are taking place in the modern world. Globalization caused by technological changes has become the main trend of world development. On the one hand, increased interdependence of countries and regions, and increasing the gap between rich and poor countries, aggravated the socio-economic, socio-political, ethno-cultural conflicts within countries. Therefore, maintaining international economic security requires new approaches and a new level of interstate interaction. The Russian Federation is in such a situation, which determines the need for research and implementation of a scientifically based security system.

scholarly journals Modern geopolitical challenges to russia's economic security: institutional factors and historical continuity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
S Rabkin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Impact

Using the main elements of the institutional analysis methodology, the author considers the impact of geopolitical factors on Russia's economic security. Based on historical and economic analysis, it is concluded that the decisions of the Crimean (Yalta) and Potsdam (1945) conferences that defined the contours of the multipolar model of the modern world should be followed. As a counteraction to the geopolitical challenges to the economic security of the Russian Federation in a multipolar world, it is proposed to consider the issues of spatial development as an institutional basis for the formation of a future model of global security.

TRANSFORMING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY SYSTEM OF TNCS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Григорий Дмитриевич Зверев ◽  
Людмила Ивановна Кругляк
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Security System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Universal Civilization

В статье приводится понятие экономической безопасности транснациональных компаний (ТНК) и направление ее трансформирования. Показаны особенности функционирования ТНК в современном мировом пространстве в сложных финансовых условиях. Определены основные направления трансформации, вызванные всеобщей цивилизацией и ростом научно-технического прогресса. The article presents the concept of economic security of multinational companies (TNCs) and the direction of its transformation. The features of the functioning of TNCs in the modern world space in difficult financial conditions are shown. The main directions of transformation caused by universal civilization and the growth of scientific and technological progress are determined.

THE MODEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT DESIGNED USING THE METHODS OF CORRELATION AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
P. A. Ilyin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
General Level ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Asset Turnover ◽  
National Economies

In the context of a slowdown in the growth of the world economy, and the national economies reformatting as a result of sanitary and epidemiological restrictions, the issue of establishing economic security criteria and indicators at various levels of the economy becomes urgent. The primary element of the Russian economy creating goods, performing work, and providing services is an enterprise. Since currently, there are different scientific points of view, and there is no unified approach to this issue, there is a need to create a scientifically based model, including using mathematical methods, for assessing the viability of an enterprise regarding the safety of its vital interests. Using the correlation and regression analysis, the author studies the linear dependence of economic security general level on the corresponding financial indicators, which are formed based on fifty simulated financial and economic situations in the company’s activities. To analyze, the author uses the coefficients of fixed assets depreciation, absolute liquidity, term liquidity, capitalization, financial independence, asset turnover autonomy, capital return, equity turnover, and economic, financial, and commercial profitability. As a result, the paper presents a model for assessing the general level of the company’s economic security. The resulting equation is significant, but only five of thirteen coefficients are valid at a given level of error and probability: the fixed assets depreciation coefficient, absolute liquidity coefficient, current liquidity coefficient, financial independence coefficient, and financial profitability coefficient. At the same time, the formulated system of indicators of exclusively financial security is not complete when studying the level of economic security of an enterprise, forming only the central part of the general (expanded) model of economic security of an enterprise.

Competitiveness and Employment: A Strategic Dilemma for Economic Policy

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 207-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Charles ◽  
Franz Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
National Competitiveness ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Market Intervention ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Global And Local

Competitiveness policy is usually described in liberal terms, suggesting a close relationship to competition and markets. However, the outcomes of such policies may work in the opposite direction. Competitiveness policy often results in heavy market intervention and distorts rather than strengthens competition. Based on misconceived problems of globalization and competition, it shifts the problem of competitiveness from the company level, where it belongs, to the level of a game between nations and their national economies. We show that the “national competitiveness game” and the “international productivity race” have perpetuated a vicious circle of high structural unemployment, global over-capacity in many markets, increased social exclusion and economic recession. These trends have been reinforced by cost-driven approaches to the exploitation of human and physical resources. We also argue that new forms of state intervention in the economy are vital to both maintain and enhance national wealth, but it has become more difficult to identify effective policy actions and their effect upon either national welfare. Governments at regional, national and supra-national levels increasingly have to manage or steer global and local interdependencies under conditions of increased uncertainty.

International trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Анастасия Руднева ◽  
Anastasiya Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic

The textbook examines the essence, place and role of international trade in the system of modern world economic relations and in ensuring international economic security, as well as forms and methods of international trade. Particular attention is paid to the specifics of pricing and state regulation of this form of MEO, including in the framework of the world trade organization, as well as trends in the development of international trade in the context of the transformation of its geographical and commodity structure, taking into account modern challenges and threats. The textbook is intended for bachelors studying in the direction of "Economics", graduate students, teachers and a wide range of readers interested in the discipline.

A cost analysis of alternative culling strategies for the eradication of classical swine fever in wildlife

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCA BOLZONI ◽  
GIULIO A. DE LEO
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Traditional Strategy

In the epidemiological literature, the eradication of a wildlife disease through culling is usually described in terms of a constant hunting rate to simulate the selective removal of animals from the population. By using simple SI (susceptible–infected) models, it is easy to prove that, if the hunting rate is high enough, the population eventually drops below a critical threshold level under which the pathogen is deemed to be extinct. However, hunting costs as well as the monetary benefits of disease control are almost systematically neglected. Moreover, the hunting rate is usually assumed to be constant over time, while in reality health authorities can implement more flexible culling policies. In this work we examine a class of more realistic time-variant culling strategies in a cost–benefit framework. Culling strategies differ in the way decisions are made about when and how much to cull; that is, whether hunting occurs when disease prevalence, host population density, or the number of carcasses exceeds (or is below) a given threshold. For each culling strategy, the optimal value of the control parameters and the hunting rate are those that minimize the sum of the culling costs and the sanitary costs associated with infection over a specific period of time. Classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar populations has been taken as a reference example because of its potential economic impact on industrialized and developing countries.We show that the optimal time-flexible culling strategy is invariably more efficient than the best traditional strategy in which the hunting rate is held constant through time. We also show that the type of hunting strategy that is selected as optimal depends on the shape of the cost functions.

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